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EXTRACTION OF A "LIQUID-DROP" PART OP THE HF-ENERGY M.Brack

N i e l s B o h r I n s t i t u t e , Copenhagen

Once a r e a s o n a b l e e f f e c t i v e n u c l e o n - n u c l e o n i n t e r a c t i o n XT i s f o u n d a n d h a s "been f i t t e d t o r e p r o d u c e n u c l e a r m a s s e s , r a - d i i and d e f o r m a t i o n s i n t h e H F - a p p r o x i m a t i o n , one m i g h t t r y t o e x t r a c t f r o m t h e HF-energy some smooth p a r t w h i c h v a r i e s o n l y s l o w l y w i t h d e f o r m a t i o n and w i t h n u c l e o n numbers, s u c h t h a t i t c a n be f i t t e d by some l i q u i d - d r o p l i k e e x p r e s s i o n . T h i s p r o - c e d u r e c a n t h e n be u s e d t o e x t r a c t t h e l i q u i d - d r o p (LD) param- e t e r s l i k e s u r f a c e e n e r g y , volume a n d s u r f a c e symmetry c o e f - f i c i e n t s , e t c * f r o m t h a t g i v e n e f f e c t i v e i n t e r a c t i o n .

I r e p o r t h e r e a b o u t some work w h i c h i s u n d e r p r o g r e s s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h P h . Q u e n t i n . I n a p r e v i o u s p a p e r (1) we

have p r e s e n t e d i n d e t a i l o u r method w h i c h i s b a s i c a l l y r e l y i n g u p o n S t r u t i n s k yfs method ( 2 ) o f a v e r a g i n g t h e s i n g l e p a r t i c l e

e n e r g y s p e c t r u m . W i t h o u t r e p e a t i n g any d e t a i l s , we summarize h e r e t h e m a i n s t e p s t o be t a k e n .

1. We s t a r t f r o m t h e H F - s o l u t i o n f o r any g i v e n n u c l e u s a t any d e f o r m a t i o n ( o b t a i n e d , i f n e c e s s a r y , w i t h a c o n s t r a i n e d H F - c a l c u l a t i o n ) . From t h e s e l f c o n s i s t e n t d e n s i t y m a t r i x 9 , we e x t r a c t a smooth p a r t 9 o b t a i n e d by a v e r a g i n g t h e s p e c t r u m of H F - e n e r g i e s £ ^ , t h u s w r i t i n g

£ = § -v £ ? . (A)

2. The smooth d e n s i t y j o a a t r i x § d e f i n e s some a v e r a g e ( " s h e l l model") p o t e n t i a l U t h r o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n

Q - (B)

(we w r i t e o n l y t h e d i r e c t terms h e r e ; t h e exchange c a n e a s i l y be i n c l u d e d i n t h e m e t h o d ) . The a v e r a g e p o t e n t i a l 0 h a s t h e e i g e n v a l u e s &i w h i c h c a n be f o u n d by s o l v i n g t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g S c h r o d i n g e r e q u a t i o n .

3* The t o t a l HF-energy EH F c a n t h e n be w r i t t e n a s

EH F = • E + <$E< + &EZ , (C)

where E i s o n l y dependent on smooth q u a n t i t i e s l i k e g ; S BA i s t h e f i r s t o r d e r s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e « s h e l l m o d e l " s p e c t r u m &L ( n o t e< l) i n t h e u s u a l way; $EZ i s a sum

o f t e r m s c o n t a i n i n g o n l y s e c o n d and h i g h e r powers o f <fj . The q u a n t i t i e s E a n d 6E4 c a n be c a l c u l a t e d e x p l i c i t l y ; S Ea i s

t h e n f o u n d by s u b t r a c t i n g them f r o m E H f .

4. The e n e r g y E c a n now be f i t t e d t o a LD mass f o r m u l a i n o r d e r t o g a i n LD-para,meters. The f i t c a n be done i n two

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d i m e n s i o n s : e i t h e r as a f u n c t i o n o f p r o t o n and n e u t r o n numbers o r as a f u n c t i o n o f d e f o r m a t i o n . The s u r f a c e energy c a n t h e n be d e t e r m i n e d i n b o t h ways i n d e p e n d e n t l y .

I n t h i s method, t h e smooth p a r t E and t h e s h e l l - c o r r e c - t i o n s ST&J + <fE2 a r e d e f i n e d i n a c o n s i s t e n t and u n i q u e way;

no p a r a m e t e r s a r e i n t r o d u c e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e i n h e r e n t i n t h e e f f e c t i v e f o r c e u s e d . The o n l y t h i n g e x c e e d i n g u s u a l HP- t h e o r y i s t h e u s e o f t h e smoothed d e n s i t y J . I t s d e f i n i t i o n u s i n g S t r u t i n s k y ' s a v e r a g i n g method i s known t o a p p r o x i m a t e

c l o s e l y t h e d e n s i t i e s u s e d i n s e r a i c l a s s i c a l t h e o r i e s l i k e gen- e r a l i z e d Thomas-Fermi o r s t a t i s t i c a l methods ( 3 ) * By l o o k i n g a t t h e m a g n i t u d e o f SEZ , t h e c o n v e r g e n c e o f t h e s h e l l - c o r - r e c t i o n s e r i e s (C) c a n be c h e c k e d . Comparing t h e v a l u e s o f cTE^

a l l o w s t o t e s t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e s h e l l - m o d e l p o t e n t i a l s u s e d i n o r d i n a r y s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s . I n e x t r a c t i n g LD- p a r a m e t e r s , s i n c e we s t a r t f r o m H F - c a l c u l a t i o n s and n o t f r o m

e x p e r i m e n t a l m a s s e s , we have t h e a d v a n t a g e t h a t we c a n e x t r a - p o l a t e t o " f a n c y n u c l e i " w i t h v e r y l a r g e i s o s p i n asymmetry and t h e r e f o r e d e t e r m i n e t h e asymmetry c o e f f i c i e n t s more a c c u - r a t e l y t h a n i n u s u a l LD f i t s ( e . g . r e f . 4 ) .

A t p r e s e n t , we s t a y a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f s t e p 4 o f t h e p r o - gram o u t l i n e d . We have c a l c u l a t e d HF d e f o r m a t i o n e n e r g y c u r v e s and t h e i r d e c o m p o s i t i o n s (C) f o r t h e n u c l e i l wY b and 2 V*Pu; a c o n s t r a i n t was p u t on t h e q u a d r u p o l e moment Q (see ref.5)» F o r

i t * Yb we u s e d b o t h t h e S k y r m e - f o r c e S I I I (5) and N e g e l e ' s f o r c e i n t h e d e n s i t y m a t r i x e x p a n s i o n (DME, see r e f . 6 ) ; r e s u l t s a r e shown i n F i g . l . F o r ^ P u we u s e d t h e f o r c e S I I I o n l y , see P i g . 2 . The r e s u l t i n g c u r v e s E(Q) a r e I n d e e d smooth as f u n c t i o n s o f Q.

T h i s i n i t s e l f s u p p o r t s the_way o f d e f i n i n g § .

I n f i t t i n g t h e c u r v e s E(Q) t o LD d e f o r m a t i o n e n e r g y c u r v e s , one has t o c o r r e c t f o r t h e s p u r i o u s r o t a t i o n a l energy c o n t a i n e d i n SH F and E w h i c h stems f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t t h e H F - w a v e f u n c t i o n s a r e n o t e x a c t e i g e n s t a t e s o f t h e t o t a l s p i n J=0. A l s o , one has t o c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n s EH F and E do n o t f o l l o w t h e l o w - e s t p o s s i b l e p a t h i n t h e LD energy s u r f a c e ; t h e d e v i a t i o n s f r o m i t g i v e r i s e t o some o s c i l l a t i o n s o f E o f c a . ±1 MeV and t o an i n c r e a s e o f t h e LD f i s s i o n b a r r i e r . B o t h e f f e c t s c a n be s e e n i n F i g . 2 .

The s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n s c f E ^ and CTE2 o b t a i n e d f o r Yb a r e shown i n P i g . 3. The two c u r v e s f o r t h e f o r c e s S I I I and DME ag- r e e i n b o t h c a s e s w i t h i n c a . 1.5 MeV. The s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n

<TB<

f o u n d f r o m a deformed Woods-Saxon p o t e n t i a l ( r e f . 2 ) a l o n g t h e same d e f o r m a t i o n s i s a l s o shown; i t s agreement w i t h t h e c u r v e s e x t r a c t e d f r o m HF i s v e r y g o o d . The h i g h e r - o r d e r c o r r e c t i o n s d Et a r e s m a l l ; t h e i r o s c i l l a t i o n s a r o u n d a c o n s t a n t mean v a l u e o f c a . 1.5 MeV a r e n o t l a r g e r t h a n c a . ± 1 MeV . (The same i s t r u e forz l*°Pu.) T h u s , t h e s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n s e r i e s (C) i s r a p i d l y c o n - v e r g i n g and o m i t t i n g t h e h i g h e r - o r d e r terms <TE2 - w h i c h i s done i n a l l u s u a l s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s - does i n most c a s e s n o t a f f e c t t h e r e s u l t s c o n s i d e r a b l y .

S u m m a r i z i n g t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d so f a r , we c a n s t a t e : 1. I t i s p o s s i b l e t o e x t r a c t a smooth "LD-partl f f r o m a g i v e n HF d e f o r m a t i o n energy c u r v e w h i c h (by c o n s t r u c t i o n ) i s

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smooth as f u n c t i o n o f p a r t i c l e numbers and (as a r e s u l t ) i s smooth as f u n c t i o n o f d e f o r m a t i o n .

2. The s u r f a c e energy c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e f o r c e S I I I i s c l o s e t o t h e v a l u e g i v e n by Myers and S w i a t e c k i ( 4 ) , p r o b a b l y some 0.5 t o 1 MeV h i g h e r . The same c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e DME-force seems t o be much h i g h e r ; b u t t h i s r e s u l t m i g h t change by i n -

c l u d i n g t h s t a r t i n g e n e r g y c o r r e c t i o n s (see r e f . 6 ) o m i t t e d s o f a r . 3. The s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n s e r i e s (C) c o n v e r g e s r a p i d l y f o r

b o t h f o r c e s ; t h e s e c o n d and h i g h e r o r d e r c o r r e c t i o n s <JE2 a r e f o u n d t o be s u f f i c i e n t l y s m a l l t o be n e g l e c t e d i n most "normal1 1 S t r u t i n s k y c a l c u l a t i o n s ( e x c e p t p r o b a b l y f o r t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n n u c l e i , where &EA i s o f t h e same s m a l l o r d e r ) .

4. The d e f o r m e d Woods-Saxon p o t e n t i a l u s e d i n many S t r u t - i n s k y ^ c a l c u l a t i o n s ( r e f . 2 ) i s v e r y c l o s e t o t h e a v e r a g e p o t e n - t i a l U f o u n d f r o m t h e Skyrme-HF s o l u t i o n s ( s e e t h e c l o s e a g r e e -

ment o f £E„ i n F i g . 3 ) . _

3. An improvement of t h e f i t o f E(Q) t o a LD c u r v e c a n p r o b - a b l y be r e a c h e d by i n c l u s i o n o f a c u r v a t u r e - d e p e n d e n t t e r m , c o r - r e s p o n d i n g t o a t e r m o c Av* i n t h e mass f o r m u l a .

We a c k n o w l e d g e t h e u s e o f t h e DME code w h i c h was made av- a i l a b l e t o us by J . N e g e l e and D . V a u t h e r i n .

REFERENCES:

(1) M.Brack and P h . Q u e n t i n , 3 r d I n t . C o n f . on F i s s i o n , R o c h e s t e r 197 3, p a p e r IAEA-SM-174/98.

(2) V . M . S t r u t i n s k y , N u c l . P h y s . A 9 5 ( 1 9 6 7 ) 4 2 0 , A 1 2 2 ( 1 9 6 8 ) l . M . B r a c k e t a l . , Rev.Mod.Phys. 44 2 (1972) 320.

(3) M . B r a c k and H . C . P a u l i , N u c l . P h y s . A207 (1973) 4 0 1 , D . G r o s s , P h y s . L e t t . 42B (1972) 41,

R . K . B h a d u r i and S.Das G u p t a , P h y s . L e t t . 47B (1973) 1 2 9 , B . K . J e n n i n g s , N u c l . P h y s . A207 (1973) 538.

(4) W.D.Myers and W . S w i a t e c k i , N u c l . P h y s . 81 (1966) 1.

(5) see P h . Q u e n t i n ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h i s c o n f e r e n c e .

(6) J.W.Negele and D . V a u t h e r i n , P h y s . R e v . C £ (1972) 1 4 7 2 . FIGURE CAPTIONS:

F i g . T : D e f o r m a t i o n e n e r g i e s f o r t h e f o r c e s o f N e g e l e (DME) and Skyrme ( S I I I ) . The LD c u r v e i s t a k e n a l o n g t h e same d e f o r - m a t i o n p a t h as E ( Q ) ; LD p a r a m e t e r s f r o m r e f . ( 4 ) . l wY b * F i g . 2 : D e f o r m a t i o n e n e r g i e s w i t h f o r c e S I I I f o rz wP u . U p p e r p a r t :

I n t h e d a s h e d - d o t t e d c u r v e , some e s t i m a t e o f t h e a v e r a g e s p u r i o u s r o t a t i o n a l e n e r g y i s s u b t r a c t e d f r o m E . L o w e r p a r t : Et D i s a l o n g same p a t h i n d e f o r m a t i o n s p a c e a s E;

E & i s l o w e s t p o s s i b l e p a t h ("LD v a l l e y " ) .

F i g . 3: S h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n s f o r lw* Y b , f o r c e s S I I I and DME. U p p e r p a r t : sum o f s e c o n d and h i g h e r o r d e r c o r r e c t i o n s , <3%

Lower p a r t : F i r s t o r d e r s h e l l - c o r r e c t i o n . The dashed- d o t t e d c u r v e i s o b t a i n e d f r o m a deformed Woods-Sas&n s h e l l - m o d e l p o t e n t i a l (2) as n o r m a l l y u s e d ; i t i s n o t f i t t e d t o t h i s s p e c i a l c a s e .

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T i 1 ! 1 1 \ i i r

0 VO A SO 1ZO tb) 440

j i \ \ \ I 1 1 . S 1

0 **0 Q SO MO tb] Ai>0

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R - P r o c e s s N u c l e o s y n t h e s i s and N u c l e i f a r f r o m t h e R e g i o n o f B e t a - S t a b i l i t y *

T.Kodama

C e n t r o B r a s i l e i r o de P e s q u i s a s F i s i c a s , R i o de J a n e i r o , B r a s i l and

K . T a k a h a s h i

I n s t i t u t e o f P h y s i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f A a r h u s , A a r h u s , Denmark Summary

The s l o w - ( s - ) and r a p i d - ( r - ) n e u t r o n capture* p r o c e s s e s w i t h i n t e r v e n i n g b e t a - d e c a y s have been known t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

t h e . s y n t h e s i s o f h e a v y elements.*1"' I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e c a s e o f t h e s - p r o c e s s , t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s on t h e r - p r o c e s s need l a r g e e x t r a p o l a t i o n s o f n u c l e a r s y s t e m a t i c s a s t h i s p r o c e s s i s e x p e c t e d t o o c c u r i n t h e v e r y - n e u t r o n r i c h r e g i o n f a r f r o m t h e b e t a - s t a b i l i t y l i n e . I n 1 9 6 5 , S e e g e r e t a l . p r o p o s e d t h e q u a s i -

2)

s t a t i c model o f t h e r - p r o c e s s * R e c e n t l y , s e v e r a l a u t h o r s have a t t e m p t e d t o t r e a t i t s d y n a m i c s a s s u m i n g t h e t i m e - d e p e n d e n t

n e u t r o n - d e n s i t y and t e m p e r a t u r e , c l a i m i n g t h e more r e a l i s t i c a s t r o p h y s i c a l c i t e f o r t h e r - p r o c e s s . ' M o v i n g b a c k o n t o t h e

n u c l e a r s y s t e m a t i c s1 v i e w - p o i n t , h o w e v e r , t h e r e seems t o be l i t t l e p r o g r e s s s i n c e S e e g e r e t a l .

The r - p r o c e s s c a l c u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s tv/o g r o s s p r o p e r t i e s o f unknown n u c l e i c o n c e r n e d : n u c l e a r masses and b e t a - d e c a y h a l f - l i v e s . Many a u t h o r s ' h a v e made e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e

f o r m e r v a r i a b l e , b u t n o t on t h e l a t t e r . Now t h a t one w i s h e s t o t r e a t t h e dynamic r - p r o c e s s , t h e i m p r o v e d e s t i m a t e s o f t h e b e t a - d e c a y h a l f - l i v e s a r e i n d i s p e n s a b l e a s t h e y d e t e r m i n e t h e a b s o l u t e

Work L*y t o be p u b l i s h e d soon e l s e w h e r e

* * S u p p o r t e d i n p a r t b y CAPES and CNPq o f B r a s i l

# * *

A d d r e s s u n t i l March 3 1 , 1974 - 1 -

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t i m e - s c a l e o f t h e s y n t h e s i s .

I n t h i s w o r k , v/e use t h e g r o s s t h e o r y o f b e t a - d e c a y ^ t o g e t more r e l i a b l e p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e b e t a - d e c a y h a l f - l i v e s and r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e s . I n t h e abundance c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e q u a s i - s t a t i c model i s a d o p t e d f o r s i m p l i c i t y .

The r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e e t i m e - s c a l e o f t h e s y n t h e s i s i s

v e r y l i k e l y much l o n g e r t h a n t h o s e r e q u i r e d i n t h e r e c e n t d y n a m i c - r - p r o c e s s c a l c u l a t i o n . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f t a k i n g

i n t o a c c o u n t t h e e n e r g y r e l e a s e s du6 t o b e t a - d e c a y s o r f i s s i o n s * ' A n o t h e r s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n i s p a i d t o t h e n u c l e a r phenomena

e x p e c t e d t o o c c u r a f t e r t h e shut-down ( f r e e z i n g ) o f t h e n e u t r a n - f l u x and t e m p e r a t u r e . Among them, t h e e f f e c t o f d e l a y e d n e u t r o n e m i s s i o n s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t and much enough t o smooth o u t t h e . even-odd f l u c t u a t i o n i n t h e f r o z e n abundance c u r v e . ^ The e f f e c t o f d e l a y e d f i s s i o n seems t o be v e r y s m a l l . A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d abundance c u r v e w i t h t h e " e x p e r i m e n t a l, f one h a s been made i n t h e hope f h r making a f o r w a r d s t e p t o c l a r i f y i n g t h e

" t r u e " c i t e f o r t h e r - p r o c e s s . M e a n w h i l e , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b e t a - s t r e n g t h f u n c t i o n s a r e compared w i t h t h e r e c e n t e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .

I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e a u t h o r s v/ish t o a p p r e c i a t e a l l t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s t o t h i s work-shop f o r t h e i r g r e a t i n t e r e s t s i n t h e p r e s e n t v/ork.

R e f e r e n c e s

1) E.M.Burbidge e t a l , Rev.Mod.Phys.22(1957)547•

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K . S a t o e t a l , P r o g r . T h e o r . P h y s . 4 i ( l 9 7 3 ) l l 6 6 . D.N.Schramm, A s t r o p h y s . J . 1 8 5 ( 1 9 7 3 ) 2 9 3 .

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