How permeable is the tropopause in the vicinity of the subtropical jet ?: Seasonal variability derived from model simulations
(CLaMS) and observations.
P. Konopka, G. G ¨unther, J.-U. Grooß, R. M ¨uller, C. M. Volk, C. Schiller, P. Hoor and L. L. Pan
P.Konopka@fz-juelich.de
http://www.fz-juelich.de/icg/icg-i/www export/p.konopka.
Research Center Juelich, ICG-I: Stratosphere, Germany
Extratropical tropopause - What is the challenge?
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
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0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000
1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111
Geophysica before take off, TROCCINOX, Brazil, 08.02.2005
Extratropical tropopause - What is the challenge?
Alt [km]
18.0
13.0
10.5
8.0
Equator North Pole
TROPICS
MID−LATITUDES
POLAR REGION
TTL
Subtropical Jet
Polar Jet 350
320
300 380
15.5
LOWERMOST
STRATOSPHERE
STRATOSPHERE (OVERWORLD)
Tropopause:
mixing layer rather than a surface Thickness depends on:
(-) thermal stability, position rela- tive to the jet..., e.g. Pan et al, JGR, 2007
(-) season, e.g. Hoor et al., JGR ,2002
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
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000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000
1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111
Extratropical tropopause - What is the challenge?
Alt [km]
18.0
13.0
10.5
8.0
Equator North Pole
TROPICS
MID−LATITUDES
POLAR REGION
TTL
Subtropical Jet
Polar Jet 350
320
300 380
15.5
DIABATIC ASCENT
LOWERMOST
STRATOSPHERE
DIABATIC DESCENT
CONVECTION
STRATOSPHERE (OVERWORLD)
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
Advective fluxes j ∼ u
maximum in winter, Appenzeller et al., JGR,
1996
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000
1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111 1111111
Geophysica before take off, TROCCINOX, Brazil, 08.02.2005
Extratropical tropopause - What is the challenge?
Alt [km]
18.0
13.0
10.5
8.0
Equator North Pole
TROPICS
MID−LATITUDES
POLAR REGION Subtropical Jet
Polar Jet 320
380
15.5
DIABATIC ASCENT
LOWERMOST
STRATOSPHERE
DIABATIC DESCENT
CONVECTION
STRATOSPHERE (OVERWORLD)
300
TTL 350
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
TWO−WAY MIXING TWO−WAY MIXING
Diffusive, mainly isentropic fluxes dominate transport !
j ∼ D∇µ
2D - e.g. Hegglin et al, 2005 3D - e.g. Nakamura et al., 2005, Levine et al, 2007 (95% of STE occurs isentrop- ically)
Extratropical tropopause - What is the challenge?
Alt [km]
18.0
13.0
10.5
8.0
Equator North Pole
TROPICS
MID−LATITUDES
POLAR REGION Subtropical Jet
Polar Jet 320
380
15.5
DIABATIC ASCENT
LOWERMOST
STRATOSPHERE
DIABATIC DESCENT
CONVECTION
STRATOSPHERE (OVERWORLD)
300
TTL 350
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111
TWO−WAY MIXING TWO−WAY MIXING
Diffusive, mainly isentropic fluxes dominate transport !
j ∼ D∇µ
2D - e.g. Hegglin et al, 2005 3D - e.g. Nakamura et al., 2005, Levine et al, 2007 (95% of STE occurs isentrop- ically)
Partition into advective and diffusive fluxes strongly depends on the resolved scales in the model !
typically: CTMs - down to 50 km horizontally
Geophysica before take off, TROCCINOX, Brazil, 08.02.2005
Subtropical jet as a seasonal mixing barrier
Effective diffusivity at θ = 350 K
Haynes and Shuckburgh, JGR, 2000
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
Subtropical jet as a seasonal mixing barrier
Effective diffusivity at θ = 350 K
Haynes and Shuckburgh, JGR, 2000 Strong transport barrier
for isentropic transport in winter
Subtropical jet as a seasonal mixing barrier
Effective diffusivity at θ = 350 K
Haynes and Shuckburgh, JGR, 2000 High permeabilty in summer
CLaMS-Model
Greenland from space shuttle (NASA) CLaMS - Lagrangian Chemistry Transport Model
Potential temperature/pressure as vertical coordinate in the stratosphere/troposphere Horizontal and vertical velocities from meteor. winds (ECMWF) and/or a radiation scheme Lagrangian mixing
Full stratospheric +
simplified tropospheric chemistry
Lagrangian particle sedimentation scheme parallelized code
McKenna et al., JGR, 2002, Konopka et al., JGR, 2004, Grooß et al., 2005, ACP, Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
Mixing Trajectory
Chemistry
Sedimentation
0000 00 1111 11 0000
00 1111 11 0000
00 1111 11 0000
00 1111 11
0000 00 1111 11
0000 00 1111 11
0000 00 1111 11 0000
00 1111 11
0000 00 1111 11
0000 00 1111 11 0000 00 1111 11
0000 00 1111 11
CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere
Convection AND radiative forcing ⇒ Hybride ζ-coordinates, Mahowald et al., JGR, 2002
Vertical cross section of PV (ECMWF), Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
0.
3.
6.
9.
11.
14.
17.
20.
|PV| [PVU]
3
3 3
3
400 400
400 400
380 380
380 380
360
360 360
360 340
340
340 340
320320 300 320 300
300 280
280 250
200 100
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere
Convection AND radiative forcing ⇒ Hybride ζ-coordinates, Mahowald et al., JGR, 2002
Vertical cross section of PV (ECMWF), Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
0.
3.
6.
9.
11.
14.
17.
20.
|PV| [PVU]
3
3 3
3
400 400
400 400
380 380
380 380
360
360 360
360 340
340
340 340
320320 300 320 300
300 280
280 250
200 100
above tropopause ζ = θ (pot. Temp.)
below tropopause ζ ∼ p (Pressure)
CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere
Convection AND radiative forcing ⇒ Hybride ζ-coordinates, Mahowald et al., JGR, 2002
Vertical cross section of PV (ECMWF), Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
0.
3.
6.
9.
11.
14.
17.
20.
|PV| [PVU]
3
3 3
3
400 400
400 400
380 380
380 380
360
360 360
360 340
340
340 340
320320 300 320 300
300 280
280 250
200 100
above tropopause ζ = θ (pot. Temp.)
below tropopause ζ ∼ p (Pressure) above tropopause
dζ
dt = dθ
dt
below tropopause
dζ
dt = Ω (ECMWF)
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere
Convection AND radiative forcing ⇒ Hybride ζ-coordinates, Mahowald et al., JGR, 2002
Vertical cross section of PV (ECMWF), Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
−50 0 50
Latitude [deg N]
100
Pressure [hPa]
0.
3.
6.
9.
11.
14.
17.
20.
|PV| [PVU]
3
3 3
3
400 400
400 400
380 380
380 380
360
360 360
360 340
340
340 340
320320 300 320 300
300 280
280 250
200 100
above tropopause ζ = θ (pot. Temp.)
below tropopause ζ ∼ p (Pressure) above tropopause
dζ
dt = dθ
dt
below tropopause
dζ
dt = Ω (ECMWF) hor/vert resolution 100 km/200 m Sim. time: 2001-2006
Simplified chemistry for: CH4, N2O, CO2, CO, O3 (passive), In addition: H2O, Ice, Age of air
...Mixing in CLaMS...
“a new view on the
irreversibility”
Mixing in CLaMS
Hurricane Ivan from space shuttle (NASA)
Large-scale wind
Small-scale deformations
Filamentation
Mixing
(irreversibility)
Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical jet
Subtropical jet
over Himalayas
Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical jet
Hurricane Ivan from space shuttle (NASA)
Subtropical jet over Himalayas
Strong
deformations ...
Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical jet
Subtropical jet over Himalayas
... and mixing !
Pan et al., 2006, JGR
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
Lagrangian realization of Smagorinsky idea (1963) D ∼ ∇× u (i.e. D ∼ shear and strain rates)
Mixing in CLaMS is controlled by the critical defor-
mations which are driven by (local) vertical shear
and horizontal strain rates
...Validation of CLaMS...
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
A case study
A case study
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
A case study
Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
CO/O 3 correlations
SONEX observations in a tropopasue fold, Pan et al., 2006, JGR
Pure trajectory transport !!
40 60 80 100
CO[ppbv]
100 200 300 400
Ozone [ppbv]
A B
C
D Mixing lines
Initial corr.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Strat. Air [%]
Exp CLaMS
CO/O 3 correlations
SONEX observations in a tropopasue fold, Pan et al., 2006, JGR
40 60 80 100
CO[ppbv]
100 200 300 400
Ozone [ppbv]
A B
C
D Mixing lines
Initial corr.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Strat. Air [%]
Exp CLaMS
40 60 80 100
CO[ppbv]
100 200 300 400
Ozone [ppbv]
A B
C
D Mixing lines
Initial corr.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Strat. Air [%]
Exp CLaMS
CLaMS with mixing
Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.26 2.51 5.01 10.00 PDF (%)
February−2003
Correlation within the mixing layer:
northern hemisphere θ < 380 K
1 <PV< 3 PVU
Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.26 2.51 5.01 10.00 PDF (%)
February−2003
Correlation within the mixing layer:
northern hemisphere θ < 380 K
1 <PV< 3 PVU
340 < θ < 380 K
Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.26 2.51 5.01 10.00 PDF (%)
February−2003
Correlation within the mixing layer:
northern hemisphere θ < 380 K
1 <PV< 3 PVU
340 < θ < 380 K
0 20 40 60
Latitude [deg N]
100.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
420.
450.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0 20 40 60
Latitude [deg N]
100.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
420.
450.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0.10 0.16 0.25 0.40 0.63 1.00 1.58 2.51 3.98 6.31 10.00 PDF (%)
10
10 10
15
15
20
20
30 40
700 500 300 200 150 100 75
75
320
320
3 340
3 360
3 380
3
Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.26 2.51 5.01 10.00 PDF (%)
February−2003
Correlation within the mixing layer:
northern hemisphere θ < 380 K
1 <PV< 3 PVU
340 < θ < 380 K
0 < θ < 330 K
Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.26 2.51 5.01 10.00 PDF (%)
February−2003
Correlation within the mixing layer:
northern hemisphere θ < 380 K
1 <PV< 3 PVU
340 < θ < 380 K
0 < θ < 330 K
0 20 40 60
Latitude [deg N]
100.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
420.
450.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0 20 40 60
Latitude [deg N]
100.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
420.
450.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0.10 0.16 0.25 0.40 0.63 1.00 1.58 2.51 3.98 6.31 10.00 PDF (%)
10
10 10
15
15
20
20
30 40
700 500 300 200 150 100 75
75
320
320
3 340
3 360
3 380
3
Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.26 2.51 5.01 10.00 PDF (%)
February−2003
Correlation within the mixing layer:
northern hemisphere θ < 380 K
1 <PV< 3 PVU
340 < θ < 380 K
0 < θ < 330 K
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CO (ppbv) 100
200 300 400 500
O3 (ppbv)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.26 2.51 5.01 10.00 PDF (%)
August−2003
340 < θ < 380 K
0 < θ < 330 K
Example: START 2005
Pan et al., JGR, 2007
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
...Mixing-driven transport
across the tropopause
Mixing intensity (Dec - Jan - Feb - Mar)
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
150.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
150.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0.
4.
8.
12.
16.
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
40.
44.
48.
52.
56.
60.
Mixed Air [%]
10
10
10
10 10
20
20
20
20 25
25 30
30 35
40
500
300 300
200 100
100 70
70
310
310 2
2
4
4 195
200
200
330 330
2 2
4
4 195
200
200 340 340
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
350
2 2
4
4 195
200
200 360
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
380
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
420
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
Summer Winter
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
Mixing intensity (Dec - Jan - Feb - Mar)
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
150.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
150.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0.
4.
8.
12.
16.
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
40.
44.
48.
52.
56.
60.
Mixed Air [%]
10
10
10
10 10
20
20
20
20 25
25 30
30 35
40
500
300 300
200 100
100 70
70
310
310 2
2
4
4 195
200
200
330 330
2 2
4
4 195
200
200 340 340
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
350
2 2
4
4 195
200
200 360
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
380
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
420
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
Summer Winter
High local mixing intensity in CLaMS does not
necessarily implicate a permeable transport barrier
Mixing intensity (Dec - Jan - Feb - Mar)
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
150.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
150.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0.
4.
8.
12.
16.
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
40.
44.
48.
52.
56.
60.
Mixed Air [%]
10
10
10
10 10
20
20
20
20 25
25 30
30 35
40
500
300 300
200 100
100 70
70
310
310 2
2
4
4 195
200
200
330 330
2 2
4
4 195
200
200 340 340
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
350
2 2
4
4 195
200
200 360
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
380
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
420
2 2
4
4 195
200
200
Summer Winter
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
200.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
200.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
0.0 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.4 4.6 6.3 8.6 11.7 15.8 21.5 29.3 39.8 54.1 73.6 100.0 BT [%]
500
300 300
200
200 100
100
310
310
330 330
340 340
350 360 380 420
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
30 40
2 2
4 4
Zonally averaged signature of boundary layer tracer
after ≈ 4 month of transport: Dec - Jan - Feb - Mar
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Stratospheric ozone in the troposphere (500 hPa)
−50 0 50
Latitude
−50 0 50
Latitude
01.01.02 01.01.03 01.01.04 01.01.05 01.01.06
time
0.
8.
16.
24.
32.
40.
48.
56.
64.
72.
80.
88.
96.
104.
112.
120.
O3 (ppbv)
p ≈500 hPa
O3 passively transported O3 set to 0 in the boundary layer
Conclusions
Large isentropic, two-way diffusive fluxes dominate the transport across the extratropical tropopause.
These fluxes are mainly driven by seasonally variable permeability across the
(subtropical and polar) jets and by cross-tropopause gradients of the tracer gases:
j ∼ D∇µ, µ-mixing ratio
But, such fluxes depend on the considered species and can only be hardly validated ! On the other side, seasonality of the permeability of the jets can be described in terms of the observed tracer-tracer correlations (CO/O3, H2O/O3)
Such correlations can be used to validate transport within the models
Tracer distributions, tracer correlations and age spectrum are more important than the quantification of the fluxes
Example: highest values of stratospheric ozone at 500 hPa in late spring and summer
Forschungszentrum Jülich
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−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
200.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
200.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
0.0 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.4 4.6 6.3 8.6 11.7 15.8 21.5 29.3 39.8 54.1 73.6 100.0 BT [%]
500
300 300
200
200 100
100
310
310
330 330
340 340
350 360 380 420
20
20
20
20
25 25
25
25
30 40
2 2
4 4
Zonally averaged signature of
boundary layer tracer after ≈ 4 month of
transport
Dec - Jan - Feb - Mar
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
200.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
200.
250.
300.
340.
360.
380.
450.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K]
0.0 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.4 4.6 6.3 8.6 11.7 15.8 21.5 29.3 39.8 54.1 73.6 100.0 B. Layer [%]
500
300 300
200
200 100
100
310
310
330 330
340 340
350 360 380 420
20
20
20
20
25 25
25
25
30 40
2 2
4 4
No mixing !!
Summer versus winter
Equator 90 N
90 S
Summer Winter
Summer Winter
Convection
Convection ITCZ
ITCZ TTL
Cold trap
Transport Barrier
Forschungszentrum Jülich
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CLaMS versus all Geophysica flights
(2003-2006)
CLaMS versus all Geophysica flights
(2003-2006)
Forschungszentrum Jülich
in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
50.
250.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
700.
1500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature [K]
December 2003 December 2003
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
50.
250.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
700.
1500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature [K]
−25.0
−12.5
−6.3
−3.2
−1.6
−0.8
−0.4
−0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.3 12.5 25.0 dζ/dt [K]
10
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20 30
30 30
−10
−10
−20
−20
−30 −40
800 500
300 200 100
100 50
50 30
30
10 10
5 5
320 320
340 360 380 450 700
2 2
4 4
zonally and monthly aver- aged vert. velocity,
Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
50.
250.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
700.
1500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature [K]
December 2003 December 2003
−50 0 50
Latitude, [deg N]
50.
250.
340.
360.
380.
450.
500.
700.
1500.
Hybrid Pot. Temperature [K]
−25.0
−12.5
−6.3
−3.2
−1.6
−0.8
−0.4
−0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.3 12.5 25.0 dζ/dt [K]
10
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20 30
30 30
−10
−10
−20
−20
−30 −40
800 500
300 200 100
100 50
50 30
30
10 10
5 5
320 320
340 360 380 450 700
2 2
4 4
zonally and monthly aver- aged vert. velocity,
Konopka et al., ACP, 2007
hor/vert resolution 100 km/200 m Sim. time: 2001-2006
Simplified chemistry for: CH4, N2O, CO2, CO, O3 (passive), In addition: H2O, Ice, Age of air
