Purpose of this document
This file contains supplementary material to the manucript entitled 'The Importance of Policy Design Fit For Effectiveness: Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Policy Integration in Regional Transport Planning'. This file provides additional information as to how data was calibrated as part of the QCA analysis.
Content
The table below provides an overview of the scores of the individual cases on the basis of which the QCA analysis was carried out.
A detailed account on the scores for each case is provided on an individual sheet, which also includes an overview of the goals and means that were adopted at the maco-, meso- and micro- level. All scores were assigned based on the outcomes of a document analysis.
Case Case Name Macro level goals Meso level goals Mico level goals Macro level means Meso level means Micro level means Policy Design Effectiveness Coherence Consistence Congruence Effectiveness
DR Drenthe Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Yes 0 1 0 1
FL Flevoland Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Yes 1 1 1 1
FR Friesland Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal No 1 0 0 0
GE Gelderland Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal No 1 0 0 0
GR Groningen Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Unimodal Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Yes 0 0 0 1
LI Limburg Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal No 0 1 0 0
NB Noord-Brabant Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Yes 0 1 0 1
NH Noord-Holland Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal No 1 0 0 0
OV Overijssel Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal Land use transport integration Land use transport integration Land use transport integration Yes 0 0 0 1
UT Utrecht Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Yes 0 1 0 1
ZE Zeeland Intgrated land use and transport Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Multimodal Yes 0 1 0 1
SH Zuid-Holland Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Intgrated land use and transport Yes 1 1 1 1
Policy design component scores QCA Condition scores
Goals Means Macro level Integrated land use and transport
Drenthe explicitly stated that one reason for adopting the new spatial policy strategy in 2007 was to accord to the growing recognition on the importance of integrating mobility and spatial planning.
Multimodal The policy design of Drenthe reflects an intra- sectoral instrument logic as they focus on coordinating within the transport system between different infrastructure networks to give effect to mobility goals.
Meso level Multimodal
Drenthe's high abstract ambitions on land use transport integration are insufficiently translated to the meso level.
Meso level goals presented in Drenthe's Traffic and Transport Plan focus on promoting economic and social developement by improving mobility. Eventhough the term accessibility is often mentioned, it is presented as a transport problem as the link with land use policy is not clearly established.
Multimodal
The instrument mix of Drenthe has clear multimodal focus. Investment programs cover all modalities, their network analysis takes an multimodal perspective and their Traffic and Transport Commission and Northern Netherlands Partnership are acting as a boundary spanning structures between transport units within the province as well as between levels of government.
Micro level Multimodal
Mobility goals are operationalized in a large variety of specific on-the-ground measures that comprise policy action on all infrastructure networks and transport modes. In adittion, some general land use measures are mentioned but they remain very generic and do not cleary contribute to a shared overarching goal.
Multimodal Also at mirco-level, the instrument mix of Drenthe has a clear multimodal character and focusses on attain overarching goals on mobility. For example, investment programs cover all infrastructure networks and specific instruments are in place to coordinate transport policy action between infrastructure units within the province as well as between levels of government.
Scoring of Drenthe
Yes
In their annual reports, the province of Drenthe gives a detailed explanation of what actions have been taken to give effect to their Traffic and Transport Plan. These report show that the annual policy measures that were planned for each year were successfully delivered for over 92% of the time. From aggregating these micro-level measures throughout the years it is concluded that meso-level goals were achieved as collaboration and accessibility were improved. For example, by 2017, all routes that were described in the Traffic and Transport Plan have improved.
Furthermore, all formulared projects have been realized or are under development, the road capacity was successfully increased to improve car accessibility improved, and the collaboration instruments were successfully used to develop and implement shared mobility goals. The success of Drenthe's policy design is confirmed by available monitoring data. This data shows that meso-level goals were met: bicycle use and public transport grew, multiple location specific mobility plans were developed and implemented, multiple so-called transport hubs were realized to improve the transfer between modes and encourage mixed-mode travel. The last is reflected by the increased use of Park & Ride facilities.
Effectiveness
Transport Policy Design of Drenthe
Policy Goals Policy Means
Macro level
Meso level
Micro level
Sustainable development through policy integration Drenthe aims to achieve sustainable development through integrated spatial planning.
Collectively invest in mobility
Drenthe underlines that successful attaining transport planning objectives requires collaborative instruments that help formulate and implement transport policy in together with national government, surrounding provinces, municipalities and private stakeholders.
Provinciaal Verkeers en Vervoersplan Drenthe 2007- 2020Provincial Traffic and Transport Plan D renthe 2007- 2020 in English.
Uitvoeringsagenda Implementation Plan in English.
Convenanten Covenants in English.
Provinciaal Uitvoeringsprogramma Verkeer en Vervoer Provincial Traffic and Transport Program in English.
Achieve spatial-economic development Strengthen spatial economic development in urban networks as well as the countryside and improve the business climate of Drenthe by optimizing accessibility of the province while creating conditions for more sustainable forms of mobility.
The Implementation Plan presents the Specific transport policy measures. Each measure is specified in terms of background, related policy frameworks, effect, performance, conditions, actors, planning and costs. The implementation plan convers a wide variety of transport oriented measures across all modes of transport. The Implementation Plan is a dy namic plan with a scope of 5 years but is updated annually. Furthermore Drenthe uses the Implementation Plan to collaborate and negotiate with national government, provinces and municipalities.
Optimally connect Groningen, Assen and Emmen with the international transport corridors to Germany. Relieve bottlenecks on the international transport corridors A6/A7,A28/A7 and A28/
A37. Relieve bottlenecks on the N33 transport corridor. Realize a connection with Twente. Realize a high-quality rail connection between economic activity centers Groningen – Assen and Emmen – Coevorden. Relieve the bottleneck on the railway between Coevorden and Germany. Improve the waterways between Meppel- Ramspol and Almelo-Coevorden.
Encourage Groning Airport Eelde to develop in a sustainable way in relation to surrounding airports.
Spatial-economic activities will be concentrated in the urban centers Asse, Emmen, Coevorden, Hoogeveen and Meppel to maintain the rural landscape. Provide these urban centres with sufficient car, public transport and bicycle infrastructure and services enable mobility to grow.
Collaborate with municipalities to coordinate between infrastructure development and land use development. The transport system is taken as the basis for planning land use development. New urban development has to by accessible by public transport and bicycle.
Investeringsprogramma Verkeer en Vervoer Traffic and Transport Investment Program in English.
This investment program directs the transport spending of Drenthe over a period of 10 years. It allocates budgets the implementing the Provincial Plan on Traffic and Transport.
The investment program of 2011- 2020 allocates €234 million of provincial budget. In addition the program includes external funding. The budget is divided between the policy goals that are defined in the Provincial Plan for Traffic and Transport. The Investment program of 2011- 2020 allocated €1,1 billion to the goal Spatial-Economic Development and €439 million to the goal Accessibility.
Dutch law requires provinces to formulate mobility policy in a Provincial Traffic and Transport Plan. The plan operationalizes national mobility policy to the regional level by describing how the provinces will carry out their formal responsibility on regional infrastructure planning. Goals are formulated in coordination with policy on spatial planning, economy and environment.
Furthermore, policy goals are translated into packages of projects and other policy measures. A network analysis is performed to prioritize between different measures. Projects with a high priority are labelled as ster projecten. The Implementation Plan provides an overview of the mixes of measures that are taken to attain specific policy goals.
Netwerkanalyse Network Analysis in English.
A network analysis is performed for the Groningen-Assen region and S outhern Drenthe, which includes Emmen, Coevorden, Hoogeveen, Meppel and Hardenberg. Both analyses include all transport networks and take into account the movement of people and freight.
A network analysis measures how projected land use and mobility development will impact the transport system of Drenthe.
Outcomes are used to develop policy and to prioritize between policy measures.
Sterprojecten Star Projects in English.
Star projects are infrastructure projects that are given high priority. Star projects are selected based on the outcomes of the network analysis and deliberations between Drenthe, national government and municipalities.
Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland (SNN) Northern Netherlands Partnership in English.
This is a partnership between the provinces Groningen, Friesland and D renthe. The partnership aims to improve the spatial- economic structure of the Northern Netherlands. This partnership working formulates regional transport policy strategies and negotiates with national government.
Verkeers- en Vervoersberaad Drenthe Traffic and Transport Commission in English
All provincial infrastructure managers are represented in this commission. It is a formal administrative body that is involved in the decision making on regional mobility policy.
Furthermore, the commission is responsible for advising the Provincial Council on infrastructure investments.
Covenants are use to put down financial agreements between Drenthe and other governments or private parties on shared projects or on policy measures that are taken in collaboration.
Covenants are generally made for four years and will be revised when this period ends.
Covenants are made for a wide variety of policy topics.
Improve accessibility Achieve location-specific and sustainable accessibility by exploiting the benefits of each specific transport mode and improving transfers to encourage mixed-mode travel.
Organize collaboration Organize collaboration between governments, policy sectors and private stakeholders and interest groups to realize policy goals on mobility.
Achieve spatial-economic and social development and sustainable mobility Mobility is critical for achieving spatial-economic and social development.Therefore, optimizing transport networks is of vital importance. Furthermore, Drenthe aims at increasing levels of travel by sustainable modes of transport by enhancing the bicycle network, Improving public transport and encouraging mixed-mode journeys.
Optimise the accessibility of urban centres by combining measures on car, public transport, cycling and freight.
Relieve the bottlenecks on road network. Make the bus a more attractive option for traveling by improving quality and reliability.
Promote cycling.
Journey times may be a maximum of 1,5 times longer during rush hour. In 2020, urban centres can be accessed from villages within 15 kilometre range within 20 minutes by car and public transport. In 2020, urban centres can be accessed by car and public transport from villages within a 15 kilometre range within 20 minutes. In 2020, urban centres can be accessed by bicycle from v illages within 7.5 kilometre range within 30 minutes. In 2020, 95% of the trips in rush hour are on time. A package of road, bicycle and public transport infrastructure projects are formulated to improve the accessibility of Assen, Emmen, Hoogeveen, Meppel, Coevorden, Leek, Roden and the countryside.
Drenthe takes part in serval collaborative platforms on mobility. For each they define specifc goals. Lobby for extending the A37 to the German A1 in the Noordelijke Ontwik kelingsas. Use Samenwerkingsverband Noord- Nederland to coordinate strategic decision making on mobility between Friesland, Groningen and D renthe. Further develop the principle of gebiedsgericht samenwerken by formulating accessibility profiles, learning from best practices and financing infrastructure development in public-private partnerships. Use OV bureau Groningen-Drenthe to develop integrated policy on public transport in collaboration with national government, municipalities and infrastructure managers. Coordinate provincial decision-making on transport in Verkeers- en Vervoersberaad Drenthe.
This is an annual program Is developed by the Province of Drenthe in collaboration with the Traffic and Transport Commission. It provides an overview of all transport measures that are taken on all transport networks in Drenthe.
This program also includes measures that are taken by national governments or municipalities. The content of the Provincial Traffic and Transport Program is inspired by the Investment Program.
Provinciaal Omgevingsplan Provincial Spatial Plan in English.
Long term spatial strategy until 2010 and 2015, depending on the policy sector. Sustainable development of Drenthe is adopted as the overarching ambition in the plan. The plan integrates land use, water management, environment and transport policy from a spatial planning perspective. More specifically, the plan presents strategic policy for Drenthe on six topics: society, water, infrastructure, landscape quality, land use and sustainable energy.
These topic are integrated in so- called development strategies.
The plan presents a urban development strategy and a rural development strategy.
Goals Means Macro level Integrated land use and transport
In 2006, Flevoland adopted its first integrated spatial planning strategy as part of their ambition to take into account the interrelation between land use, transport, environment and water management.
Integrated land use and transport In thier governance strategy, Flevoland descibe an inter-sectoral approach to policy formation and implementation. This inter-sectoral logic is reflected in their instrument mix, which include several instruments that span horizontal and vertical boundaries between land use and transport sectors.
Meso level Integrated land use and transport In their spatial planning strategy, Flevoland explicitly aim at integrating planning of land use and transport infrastructure to attain overarching objectives such as economic development, vitality and accessibility, which span the boundary of land use and transport.
Integrated land use and transport The instrument mix of Flevoland comprises of several procedural instruments such regional policy agenda, land use decree and the transport commission, which promote coordinated action on land use and transport on shared policy goals.
Micro level Integrated land use and transport At mirco level, Flevoland formulates a variety of specific on-the-ground policy goals. These include unimodal goals (e.g. norms on road capacity), multimodal (e.g. modal shift to bicycle), and combined land use and transport goals (e.g. accessibility of every location by public transport).
Integrated land use and transport Also at the mirco-level, the instrument mix of Flevoland has a focus on encouraging processes of land use transport integration. Eventhough the mix contains sectoral instruments, the regional policy agenda plays a prominent role coordinating efforts between land use and transport at regional level.
Effectiveness
Scoring of Flevoland
Yes
The annual reports of Flevoland provide a detailed description of the output that was achieved for both infrastructure planning and land use planning. The reports show that combined measures on land use and transport contributed to integrated goals on liveability, accessibility and economic development. Furthermore, the annual reports discribe that their regional collaborative approach has strongly developed. Shared policy agenda's were successfully used to integrate land use and transport planning. The effecitveness of Flevoland's policy design is reflected by the monitoring data, which shows , in line with their goals, that bicycle use has been steadily inceasing, that all locations in Flevoland can be accessed by public transport, that accessibility bottlenecks were fixed, that their norms on accessibility were met, and that public transport network wascompleted as planned.
Policy Design of Flevoland
Policy Goals Policy Means
Macro level
Meso level
Micro level
Integrated spatial planning In their spatial planning strategy, Flevoland adopts an integrated policy approach that addresses the interrelationships between land use policy, transport policy, environmental policy and water management.
Regional collaboration
Flevoland adopts a collaborative approach to the formation and implementation of spatial policy. They emphasize the role of regional policy agendas in developing and del ivering spatial planning goals in collaboration with national and local governments.
Omgevingsplan F levoland 2006 Spatial Planning Strategy 2006 Flevoland in English
Nota mobiliteit F levoland The Mobility Plan Flevoland in English
Vervoers beraad Flevoland Transport Commission Flevoland in English Provinciaal
Meerjarenprogramma Infrastructuur en Transport Provincial Long-Range Programme on Infrastructure and Transport in English Making Flevoland accessible to
everybody Coordinate transport investment and urban development so as to support economic development and to ensure people can reach their destination fast while maintaining liveability.
The Mobility Plan i s sectoral operationalisation of the spatial planning strategy and provides the policy framework of guiding investments that are adopted in the provincial long-range programme on infrastructure and transport. The mobility plan has been developed in collaboration with all nati onal and municipal infrastructure managers. Only by adopting an integrated approach to the transport system the goals of the plan can be attained.
- Achiveing a public transport network that covers the entire province and that provides quick and frequent connections between centers.
- Develop a trainstation in Almere Poort, Lelystad Zuid and Dronten.
-Make work locations accessible by bicycle, public transport and car.
- Promote cycling for short distance trips up to 7.5km by explaning the bicyle network and Making locations of residence, employment and services accesible by bicycle.
- In 95% of car trips during rush hour, the whole journey does not exceed 1,25 times normal travel ti me.
- Avoid structural congestion on the provincial road network.
This long term spatial plan provides an integrated policy framework on land use, transport, environmental pol icy and water management.
Beleidsregel locatiebeleid Stedelijk Gebied 2008 Urban Land Use Policy Decree 2008 in english
This decree is aimed at implementing Flevoland’s policy on concentrating the development of businesses, offices and services. The decree defines specific criteria for new land use development. It differentiates between 7 location ty pes divi ded in 3 categories (i urban centres, ii mixed housing and working locations and iii speci fic work locations) and formulates specific requirements on size, accessibility, spatial quality and liveability per location ty pe.
Netwerkanalyses Network Analysis in English
The Network Analys is is us ed to identify existing and future bottlenecks on the road infrastructure network.
The transport commissi on advises the provincial and municipal council on infrastructure and public transport. Furthermore, the commission is respons ible for advising the provincial council on infrastructure investments. The chairman of the commissi on is the provincial deputy on mobility.
Other members of the commission are the decision- makers on transport policy of al municpalities in Flevoland and the regional director of the Dutch national transport agency Rijkswaterstaat.
Operationalize policy goals in regional policy agendas Flevoland operationalizes their spatial policy in collaboration with national and local infrastructure network managers in three regional agendas:
Northern Flevoland, Eastern Flevoland and Southern Flevoland.
Concentrate land us e development Concentrate the development of businesses, offices and services to optimally contribute to the vitality of cities.
Urban and rural vitality and better accessible cities
Overall, Flevoland aims to enhance urban and rural vitality through an integrated planning of land use and transport. It’s policy is directed at exploiting existing infrastructure capacity, concentrating urban development in or in direct proximity of existi ng cities, improving the overall accessibility in Flevoland by car and public transport, and stimulating the use of bicycles in urban centres.
Eastern Flevoland - Ensure regional accessibility;
major journey delays are unacceptable.
- Trips between cities cannot tak e more than 25% longer during rush hour.
- A passing lane for slow traffic is required when road traffic intensity exceeds 10.000-12.000 vehicles a day.
- A second lane is required when road traffic intensity exceeds 20.000-25.000 a day.
- The bicycle network should be of high quality.
- Every location in Flevoland can be reached by public transportation.
Specific land use development rules are formulated for Different location types in order to support the following goals:
- Enhance economic development of Flevoland.
- Control mobility growth by improving the acces sibility of businesses, offices and services by bicycle and public transport.
- Effeciently use existing infrastructure.
This programme defines Policy action on infrastructure development and mobility. The program generally spans a period of 4 or 5 year. The program aims to contribute to achieving the objectives defined in the mobility plan. It takes transport system perspective and combines measures on rail, road, water and bicycle infrastructure as well as public transport.
Gebiedsgerichte aanpak Area-Oriented Approach in English
In 2004 all road infrastructure managers in Flevoland have identified bottlenecks in the road network of Flevoland and formulated measures to relieve these bottlenecks. This collaboration is referred to as the area-oriented approach. Every 3 to 4 years the formulated measures are updated.
Northern Flevoland - Ensure regional accessibility;
major journey delays are unacceptable.
- Trips between cities cannot take more than 25% longer during rush hour.
- A passing lane for slow traffic is required when road traffic intensity exceeds 10.000-12.000 vehicles a day.
- A second lane is required when road traffic intensity exceeds 20.000-25.000 a day.
- The bicycle network should be of high quality.
- Every locati on in Flevoland can be reached by public transportation.
Southern Flevoland - Ensure regional accessibil ity;
major journey delays are unacceptable.
- Trips between cities cannot take more than 25% longer during rush hour.
- For car trips within cities the target avarage speed is 40 km/h - From every location in Almere, exept Almere Buiten Oost and Almere Haven Almere, the city centre reached by car within 10 minutes.
- Every location in Flevoland can be reached by public transportation.
Speerpuntgebieden Key Regions in English
Flevoland is devided into 7 key regions. Each region has a shared regional policy agenda to further operationalize and implement Policy defined in the spatial planning strategy in Close collaboration with national and local government. These regions are: Almere, OostvaardersWold, Luchthaven Lelystad, Markermeer/Ijsselmeer, Oostrand van Flevoland, West- Oost as and Noordelijk Flevoland.
Goals Means Macro level Integrated land use and transport
Friesland undelines in their policy plans that the integrated planning and development of transport infrastructure and land use can contribute to enhancing the overall sustainability and spatial quality of Fryslân. This reflects a general recignition that transport policy problems should be governed by taking a holistic approach to land use and transport planning.
Integrated land use and transport In their policy plans Friesland formualte an inter- sectoral logic on giving effect to their policy goals as the underline the positive effect of cross sectoral and multilevel integration on policy design effectveness.
Meso level Integrated land use and transport Goals such as increasing accessiblity, liveability, promoting economic development through transport, or controlling mobility growth through land use planning, require integrated action on land use and transport to be attained.
Multimodal
The instrument mix consists of seperate instruments for land use policy and transport policy. Several procedural instruments are in place that encourge collaboration between different modes of transport as well as between tiers of governement nut not between land use and transport.
Micro level Integrated land use and transport At the mirco level, transport goals are operationalized in an uni-sectoral way for each mode of transport. In addition to these sectoral goals, Friesland also adopted some integrated land use transport bbjectives.
Multimodal On mirco-level, the instrument mix of Friesland stimulates coordination and integration accros modes of transport. Investment programs include investments on all infrastructure networks and the area-orented approach and deliberation on traffic and transport Fryslân encourage collaboration on the planning and investment on different modes of transport accross levels of government. As such, these instruments function as boundary spanning structures between infrastructure departments within the province as well as between levels of government.
Effectiveness
Scoring of Friesland
No
The annual reports of the Province of Friesland indicate a sectoral, transport-oriented focus of policy action, which was primarily concerned with delivering infrastructure projects and managing public transport concessions. As a result, their transport goals on connectivity and the local integration of new infrastructure developments were met.
From the annual reports and the available policy evaluations it shows that over 90% of the planned projects were delivered on time, no bottlenecks emerged, goals on public transport are structurally met and bicycle use is steadily growing. Furthermore, the reports indicate that due to this sectoral focus, integrated action on land use and travel received limited to attention. Hardly any land use measures were taken to control mobility growth, promote sustainable modes of travel or through land use planning or promoting accessibility of Friesland as a stimulus for economic development, urban spatial structure and livability. This is confimed by an evaluation study that explicitly emphasized the need for developing an integrated perspective on land use and transport. Additionally, monitoring data which shows that urban development has not necessarily concentrated around urban centers, that transport emissions have grown, car use grew and the modal shift did not really took place. Therefore it is concluded that these integrated goals on meso level were not met.
Policy Design of Friesland
Policy Goals Policy Means
Macro level
Meso level
Micro level
Social and economic sustainabiliy, ecologial stability, and spatial quality Fryslân has a growing ambition to develop integrated policy. They underline that traffic and transport policy can contribute to the sustainability and spatial quality of Fryslân. Therefore, the main goal of the Provincial Traffic and Transport Plan 2006 has ben aligned to their long term spatial development strategy that is formulated in the Regional Plan of F ryslân 2007.
Collaboration enhances policy effectiveness
The province of Friesland underlines that policy integration improves policy effectiveness.
Therefore, Friesland focusses on good collaboration within the province between setors and as well as with national government and the 31 Frisian municipalities.
Provinciaal verkeer en vervoerplan 2006 Provincial traffic and transport plan 2006 in English.
Streekplan Fryslân 2007 Regional plan of Fryslân 2007 in English.
Uitvoeringsagenda Streekplan Regional development agenda.
Uitvoeringsprogramma Verkeer en Vervoer Program on traffic and transport in English.
Accessibility Promote the accessibility of Friesland by realizing a transport infrstructure network which stimulates economic development and to improves liveability .
This plan presents the spatial policy framework of Frieland. The plan revolves around enhancing spatial quality. The plan was formulated in collaboration with a large variety of stakeholders.
and functions as a linkinb pin between national and local spatial policy. The plan guides provincial decision-making on land use development and functions as an integrating policy framework voor other provincial policy. The plan cathegorizes locations and describes desired land use developement for each cathegory. Hereby, the plan aims to concentrate future business and housing developments in cities and towns.
- Leeuwarden. Increase the capacity of the ring road. Realize an extra traffic lane on the N31 at Wâldwei. Realize project
‘Centrale As’ and ‘N31 Haak om Leeuwarden’. Improve important bicyle routes to Leeuwarden.
Develop a new western approach road. Develope a station/transit hub at Westerhoek. Improve the public transport journey times.
-Harlingen. Realize an extra traffic lane on the N31 between the Afsluitdijk and Harlingen.
-Dokkum. Upgrade the N356 between Dokkum, the N31 Wâldwei and the route between Quatrebras, Hurdegaryp and Leeuwarden.
- Drachten. Upgrade the Frisian part of the N381 and N351.
- Heereveen and Joure. Upgrade the highway intersection at Joure.
- Sneek. Peform a study on improving the connection between Sneek and Leeuwarden.
Improve the traffic flow on the A7 around Sneek.
Vervoersprestatie regionaal (VPR) Regional traffic performance in English.
This instrument aims to improve the integration between land use planning and mobility at a regional level. The instrument was used during the formation of the traffic and transport plan 2006 and the regional plan of Fryslân 2007. It is a process- oriented planning instrument that is directed at achieving sustainable accessibility by promoting collaboration between policy makers and other stakeholders using several design and modelling tools.
In this plan, Fryslân presents its vision on accessibility, mobility and safety untill 2020. The traffic and transport plan is adopted in coordination with with the regional plan of Fryslân 2007.The plan follows the traffic and transport plan from 1999, which had to be revised to incorporate the national government’s 2004 mobility plan.
Mobiliteitstoets Mobility test in English.
A mobility test is required for major land use development projects that are expected to generate considerable traffic (e.g.
housing development projects, offices, recreation etc.). The test is formally embedded in the 2007 regional plan of Fry slân. The instrument aims to take into account mobility effects in the early stages of decision making on land use development. More specifically, the instruments focusses on assessing the inflience of proposed land use development on infrastrcuture capacity, traffic flow and safety.
Overleg Verkeer en Vervoer Fryslân Deliberation on traffic and transport Fryslân in English.
This govenrment body is directed at stilumating collaboration between the province of Fryslân and its municipalities on traffic and transport related policy issues.
Consessies/aanbesteding Consessions/ public tendering in English.
The province of Fryslân sees public consessions as their main instrument to attain their policy goals on public transport.
Consessions are made for 4 individual regions. Amongst other things, the coordination between different transport modes and serv ices is a requirement in these consessions.
Gebiedsgewijze aanpak Area-oriented approach in English.
This instrument stimulates collaboration between the province, municipalities and national government to create integrated and area-based transport policy sollutions. The area-oriented approach is directed at solving bottlenecks on provincial infrastructure in coherence with bottlnecks on national and local infrastructure networks. Based on outcomes of this instruments can be used to changed, planning, programming and budgeting of infrastructure development. The province of Fryslân is devided into 7 ‘areas’:
Northwest Fryslân, Center Fryslân, Northeast F ryslân, Southeast Fryslân, Southwest Fryslân and the Wadden Islands.
Meetings are organised seperately for each of these
‘areas’, typically, four times a year.
This regional development agenda is renewed every four years and aims to implment the regional plan of Fry slân. The agenda provides an extensive overview of all planned and ongoing policy action realted tot the regional plan.
Connectivity Provide high quality connections between urban centers and connect regional centers to nearby urban centers.
Minimize environmental impact Promote sustainable modes of travel and reduce the impact of new infrastructure development on surroundings.
Sustainable transport system
Overall, Friesland aims to promote a sustainable traffic and transport system that meets traffic volumes, strengthnens the Frisian economy, and minimizes the impact of transport on nature, landscape and the environment.
- Concentrate future housing, business and service development in urban and regional centers to encourage bicycle and public transport use.
- Plan future land use development around exisiting transport capacity.
- Encourage freight transport over rail and water by encouraging business development along waterways and providing intermodal tranfer terminals.
- Roads. Friesland has developed a detailed infrastructure development plan for the coming decade to relieve bottlenecks.
-Bicycles. Promoting cycling for trips between 7.5km and 15 km.
Complete the planned expansion of a fine-grained bicycle network for commuting and leisure that aims to improve the accessiblility of urban center, regional centers, and other important locations of serv ices, housing, leisure, education and employment by bicycle.
- Public transport. Provides serv ices to meet the demand for public transport. Every town needs to be accessibile by public transport. Increase public transport patronage by planning urban development in the proximity of existing public transport services.
- Consider, in line with the Regional Plan of Fryslân 2007, infrastructure and its surroundings as an integrated whole by promoting the spatial integration of transport infrastructure .
This is a detailed annual program that describes all planned policy action on traffic and transport. It includes measures on the development and maintainance of infrastrucure (roads, railways and waterways), public transport serv ices, traffic safety and sustainable mobility. The program consists of a dynamic policy agenda that is update annualy to adapt to changing circumstances and a detailed overview of the programmed projects. The provincial traffic an transport plan 2006 serves as the overarching policy framework for this program.
Control mobility growth through land use planning Reduce the need to travel through land use planning
Goals Means Macro level Integrated land use and transport
In their Traffic and Transport Plan, Gelderland clearly recognizes that the reciprocal relationship between land use and transport can be used to serve broader policy objectives such as promoting economic or sustainable development.
Integrated land use and transport
A strong principle underlying instrument choice is the notion that successfully addressing policy problems, including transport problems, well require integrated government action at a regional level as policy problems will differ accross regions.
Meso level Integrated land use and transport Both their goals on imrpving acessibility and on sustainable mobility solutions require integrated action on land use and transport to be attained.
Integrated land use and transport
Gelderland's policy design comprises of an extensive mix of policy instruments. Even though Gelderland still has seperated visions on transport and land use, the instrument mix inludes 'Regional Operationalisation' as an instruments to encourge spatial policy integration on regional level. It is a key instrument within the instrument mix that helps spann across policy sectors and levels of government.
Micro level Integrated land use and transport Eventhough much of the meso goals have been operationalized seperately for each transport mode, Gelderland also formulates integrated land use and transport goals at the micro level, such as coordination of future land use development around transport nodes.
Multimodal
On micro level, it apprears that transport policy and land use policy each have a seperate regional operationalisation; on micro level these instruments that are in place to coordinate between land use and transport do not realy do so. So instead, on micro level, the instrument mix has a multimodal character. Despite the uni-modal instruments that are in place - e.g. the seperate visions on the road network and the public transport network - the mix also includes a variety of instruments that take into account the interrelation between different modes of transport - e.g. traffic and transport plan, network analysis and the area-oriented approach.
Effectiveness
Scoring of Gelderland
No
On meso-level, Gelderland emphasizes their ambition to find sustainable mobility solution through collective action on land use and transport planning.
The annual reports, however, describe fragmented government action on land use and transport planning. The reports indicate that government action was primarily aimed at attaining sectoral transport goals on micro level. Despite their sectoral orientation, the annual reports do acknowledge the importance of coordinating land use planning and transport planning. However, no concrete measures were described that indicate that integrated action on land use and transport took place. For example, eventhough Gelderland collaborated intesively with municipalities on ”Dynamic Cities and Vital Regions”, there was not much attention for the integration of land use and transport for attaining shared goals. Policy evaluations and monitoring data support this finding from the annual reports; they show that eventhough Gelderland was successful in attaining sectoral micro-level transport goals, they also indicate that Gelderland dit not attain their meso-level objectives on finding sustainable mobility solutions or on imporving accessibility by combining land use and transport measures.
Policy Design of Gelderland
Policy Goals Policy Means
Macro level
Meso level
Micro level
Contribute to a sustainabl e transport system that promotes econo mic growth and social integration Take an integrated approach to transport planning by using transport investments to serve broader economic, environmental and social policy goals, and by using spatial planning and economic development policy to support transport policy goals.
Collaboration on spatial p olicy problems
Gelderland wants to address crosscutting spatial policy problems on regional level in close collaboration with other governments.
Provinciaal Verkeer en Vervoerplan Gelderland Provincial traffic and transport plan Gelderland in English.
Wegennet visie Road network vision i n English.
Visi e op de regionale overslagpunten Regional transfer vision in English.
Netwerk nota Policy note on the public transport network in English.
Improve the accessib ility of cities, businesses and services by car, publ ic transport and bicyle Improve overall accessibility and optimalize the reliability and robustness of the transport system by coordinating between ro ad, public transport, freight and cycle networks.
Th is long-term vision on the expansion of the road infrastructure network integrates spatial, economic and transport interests. The vision presents a detailed plan on the future infrastructure network of Gelderland to help support future decision-making on infrastructure investments, the formulation of transport pol icy solutions and the prioritization of policy measures.
Make agreements with cities and regions (WERV, Stedendriehoek, KAN) on accessibility goals.
Develop a freight transport network including regional transfer facilities. Develop a transfer facility at Lorentz business park. Businesses that attract large volumes of traffic should be concentrated near multi-modal transfer centers to reduce congestion on roads. Take into account traffic management during the planning of new business parks.
Streekplan Gelderland 2005 Regional plan of Gelderland 2005 in English.
This regional plan formulates provincial policy on spatial development for the coming 10 years. Amongst other things the plan addresses spatial structure of the province and formulates potential locations for large scale housing development, business parks, transit oriented development, distribution centers and industry. The plan is meant to inspire municipal land use plans.
This traffic and transport plan puts down provincial transport policy for the period 2004 until 2014 and revolves around promoting sustainable mobility.
The plan is formulated in line Dutch planning legislation
’Planwet Verkeer en Vervoer’.
The plan has a strong focus on implementation and includes an extensive overview of the measures Gelderland will take to address transport issues.
Together these measures are formulated to f ind the right balance between accessibility, the environment and safety.
Dynamische beleid sagenda Dynamic policy agenda in English.
This 2-year action plan operationalizes the policy defined in the provincial traffic and transport plan. It gives a detailed discription of the actions that will be taken the next two year to attain the formulated policy objectives. The policy agenda also describes the role of the province and other partners in taking the policy measures that are defined. Th is dynamic agenda is designed to allow government action to adapt to changing circumstances.
Netwerkan alyse Network analysis in English.
This network analysis was conducted in 2006 to analyse the influence of spatial and economic development on accessibility in Gelderland untill 2020. Th e analysis provides insight into the projected development of housing, businesses and mobility under different growth-scenarios.
The anlysis takes into account different modes of transport (roads, railways, waterways and public transport). Outcomes of the analysis serve as input for decision-making on accessibility in Gelderland.
Regionale uitwerking Regional operationalization in English.
Gelderland is devided into 6 regions: Achterhoek, Knooppunt Arnhem Nijmegen, Rivierenland, De Vallei, Stedendriehoek, Noordwest Veluwe. Within each of these regions, the province collabrates with municipalities on shared policy probl ems. Each of these regions has its own policy agenda and action program. Th e action program is an annual program of all the policy measures that are taken in that region. The provincial traffic and transport plan and the 2005 regional plan of Gelderland, each have its own regional operationalisation.
Gebied sgerich t werken Area-orieted approach in English.
The area-oriented approach encourages collaboration on transport problems with a specific area. It is a process tool that encourages shared decision making on transport policy amongst all concerned government actors. This instrument helps governments to develop integrated policy responses that are tai lored to the policy pro blems for a specific location.
This vision focusses on promoting the transfer between railways and roads, as well as, between waterways and road. It identifies potential locations for such intermodal tranfer nodes.
Encourage sustainable mobli lity sollutions Avoid mobility issues by concentrating economic and spatial develpment along exisiting infrastructure, encourge use of public transport an reduce trip lengths through land use planning and reduce the impact of moblity and infrastru cture on surroundings, people’s health and the environment.
Produce sustainable sollutions for mobility problems Implement transport policy sollutions that benefit accessibil ity, safety, and the environment.
Freight transport network The freight transport network has to facilitate sustainable economic growth in Gelderland. Freight trips concentrates on routes to and from economic centers (e.g.
inner cities, harbours, business districts, shopping centers) and are carried out by railways, road as well as waterwaterways.
Exisiting bottlenecks on the freight transport network need to be addressed by taking a regional approach.
Bicycle in frastructure network Promote cycling for short and middle-long trips and improve the transfer between bicycle and public transport.
Invest in a regional bicycle network. Improve regional coordination between the bicycle networks of different infrastructure managers. Provide good bicycle parking infrastructure. Implement the bicycle infrastructure plan.
Enhance the overall accessibility of services by bicycle by improving a regional bicycle network in collaboration with municipalities and the bicycle union. Improve cycling infrastructure in the Veluwe.
Invest in bicycle paring at busstops and bicyle infrastructure along provincial roads in the KAN region.
The Regional Plan defines detailed policy on urban development around specific transport nodes. Coordinate locations for urban development with the available quality and capacity of the public transport network and road network.
Promote multimodel travel by investing in transfer nodes for people and goods (e.g.
carpooling, Park&Ride, bicycle parking at stations). Develop a transfer center at Geldermalsen.
Develop carpool facilities along the A1 and A50 at Apeldoorn.
Expand the container terminal in Nijmegen. Promote multimodal access to regional business parks.
Th e Regional Plan defines detailed policy on how to coordinate land use development and available transport capacity on road, public transport and bicycle infrastructure. Study the impact of large scale urban development projects on the transport system. Formulate a spatial integration plan for infrastruture projects. Integrate infrastucture, recreation and nature policy for the Veluwe to minimize noise and light nuisances, and to avoid the fragmentation of landscapes.
Implement mobility management measures to pevenent traffic congestion at the businessparks Wehl and Groenlo.
Th is policy note addresses the role of public transport within the transport system of Gelderland. It focusses on the concept mobility and underlines that different transport modes transport modes these cannot be considered seperate from one another. From this integrated transport perspective the focus lays on promoting the use of public transport while maintaining optimal mobility.
Furthermore, the policy note it is directed at developing high- quality public transport serices and at promoting sustainable forms of public transport.
Lobby for a prominante position of Arnhem Central Station on the future high-speed train route.
Provide high-quality public transport services and cycling infrastru cture in and around cities and economic acitvity centers. Complete all projects defined in the policy note on public transport network. Extend the Randstad railway to Geldermalsen. Increase ridership levels on the Tiel-Arnhem train service, Neder Betuwe-Rhenen bus service and the train/bus service to Den Bosch. Encourge public transport in Rivierengebied and De Vallei as an attractive alternative to the car. Encourgae multimodal travel by coordinating the development of public transport nodes, land use development and mobility management. Devel op the following train stations:
Apeldoorn De Maten, Voorst- Empe, Apeldoorn Osseveld, Twello, Deventer Zuid. Provide a high-quality public transport service between Ede and Wageningen and develop a bus lane along the N781. Tender the Valleilijn service as a high-quality public transport service.
Public transport network Enhance the quality and attractiveness of public transport services and impove the coordination between the fast net (fast and frequent regional train and bus services), the regio net (regional services outside urban centers) and the regio taxi (public transport service for all other locations).
Transp ort nodes Improve the coordination and connection between transport systems by encouraging transfer of goods and people at intermodel transfer nodes.
Investigate how current ferry services can be maintained.
Realize the following ring roads:
Hedel (2006-2009), Voorthuizen- Putten (2009-2010), Druten- Beneden Leeuwen (2008-2009), Laag Soeren (2005-2006), Zeddam (2004-2005), Lochem (2009-2010), Zutphen-Eefde (2009-2011), Harderwijk N302 (2006- 2010), Arnhem-Heteren (2005-2006), Hummelo (2010- 2011). Lobby for increasing the capacity of the A1, A2, A12 and A50 highways, the realization of the A18 Varsseveld-Enschede and the A15 Ressen-A12. Improve the de N302 (A28- Harderwijk- Flevoland). Upgrade the N309, N302, N788, N786, the intersection at Hoevelaken and the Playroute. Reroute the N332- N825 at Lochem.
Road network Optimise Gelderland’s road infrastru cture network in terms of traffic f low, transport capacity and reduced environmental impact by tailoring solitions to the local situation in collaboration with other infrastru cture managers.
Goals Means Macro level Integrated land use and transport
The spatial planning strategy of Groningen is an integrated strategy directed at sustainable development.
It reflects a general recognition that stainable development demands integrated effort across different policy domains and levels of government, including the domains of transport and land use planning.
Integrated land use and transport Groningen gives effect to its policy following an integrated policy making logic. Policy problems are considered to transcend administrative boundaries and requires instruments that promote integrated policy action on regional level. Groningen underlines that procedural instruments such as the area-oriented approach are the key instruments for implemeting spatial
Meso level Multimodal
Groningen's meso-level goals have a strong transport focus. To improve accessibility Groningen aims to coordinate action between different transport networks.
This goals does not include a land use policy component;
it is a multimodal goal.
Integrated land use and transport The instrument mix of Groningen has multiple procedural instruments that spann across sectoral boundaries of land use planning and transport planning, e.g. the Provincial Spatial Planning Strategy, Verdaas's 7 Step Principle, the Area- Oriented Approach and hte Groningen-Assen Accessibility Strategy.
Micro level Unimodal
On mirco-level, the goals are operationalized in a strongly sectoral way. Specific targets are define individually for roads, public transport, bicycle, waterways, aviation and freight.
Integrated land use and transport The micro level of policy means illustrates how policy integration is promoted at a regional level using the area-oriented approach. Specifically in the Groningen-Assen region, land use transport integration is a key topic in promoting accessibility. In other regions, LUTI isnot a key topic as the focus lays on other policy problems that are addressed via other forms of policy integration.
Effectiveness
Scoring of Groningen
Yes
The annual reports shows that Groningen invested much in improving its total infrastructure network.
Initially, efforts were directed at improving roads, bicycle network, public transport, waterways and the freight network rhough individual project. Project descriptions indicate that, in line with their goals, the spatial integration of infrastructure developments received sufficient attention. From 2014 onwards more projects focused on the transfer between transport modes to encourage multi-modal travel. In general evaluation provide evidence that Groningen was successful in attaining their tranport-oriented accessibility goals.
Furthermore, the annual report indicate that many additional measures were taken, which were developed on the regional policy agendas. Regional policy evaluation concludes that the extensive package of infrastructure measures that were taken were successfull in improving accessibility by improving traffic flow and relieving some of the bottlenecks. Regarding the goal of stimulating more sustainable transport, provincial monitoring shows that, overall, the modal split remained roughly the same but cycling (particularly within cities) and the use of public transport steadily increased. However, on a more local level, especially around Groningen, some key changes were witnessed. Cycling increased considerably. Furthermore, increased use of Park and Ride facilities promoted multi-modal travel. Lastly, a a strong relationship was found between the increased quality of public transport services and decreased in car use at a local level.
Policy Design of Groningen
Policy Goals Policy Means
Macro level
Meso level
Micro level
Sustainable development of Groningen
Promote the sustainable development of the province of Groningen by creating sustainable places, by strengthening the characteristic features of Groningen, and by creating strong cities and vital rural areas in six interrelated policy themes: i) a clean and safe Groningen, ii) characterisitcs of Groning en, iii) accessibility of Groningen, iv) entrepreneurial Groningen, v) energetic Groningen and vi) living in Groningen.
Regional collaboration on spatial policy problems
The operationalisation and implementation of provincial spatial policy occurs on regional level by identifying and addressing shared policy problems in collaboration with relevant stakeholders. Gelderland underlines the importance off shared regi onal policy agendas for operationalizing and implementing shared spatial policy.
Provinciaal Omgevingsplan Provincial Spatial Planning Strategy in English.
Provinciale omgevingsverordening Provincial Ordinance on Spatial Planning in English.
Meerjarenprogramma Infrastructuur en Transport (MIT) Long-Range Programme on Infrastructure and Transport in English.
Provinciaal uitvoeringsprogramma Provincial Spatial Policy Program.
Improve accessibility Improve the national and international accessibility of Groningen by fixing major transport bottlenecks by a combination of measures road, public transport, waterways, aviation and freight.
The Provincial Ordi nance on Spatial Planning comprises of legally binding rules on spatial planni ng and land use. The ordinance has a sectoral scope and does not contain land use planni ng legislation to support transport policy goals.
Ladder van Verdaas Verdaas’s 7 Step Princi ple in English.
Verdaas’s 7 Step Princi ple structures the decision-making on imporving accessibility. It holds that the following options should be explored in this specific order: 1) Land use planning. New locations for housing and working are located in the T- structure of highways A7 and A28 at places along existing infrastructure and public transport connections. 2) Use pricing to promote travel outside rush hours and the use of sustainable transport modes. 3) Provide high-quality public transport services.
4) Mobility management.
Increase patronage of available high-quality public transport services. 5) Use available infrastructure capacity. 6) Adjust exisiting infrastructure.
7) Built new infrastructure.
The Provincial Spatial Planning Strategy is an integrated policy strategy on environment, traffic and transport, water and land use for the province of Groningen. The strategy was adopted in 2009 and replaced in 2015.
Gebiedsgericht werken The Area-Oriented Approach in English.
The Area-Oriented Approach aims to ecourage collaboration with municipaliti es and water boards on shared policy problems at a regional level (North, East, West and Central).
These regional collaborations are fundamental in the implementation of the spatial planning strategy of Groningen.
Agreements that are made in these reg ional collaborations are put down in regional programmes (Regional Visions Groningen-Assen, North, East, West, Agenda for the Veenkoloniën and Eemsdelta).
Bereikbaarheidsstrategie Groningen-Assen Groningen-Assen Accessibility Strategy in English.
The Groningen-Assen region is an reg ional collaboration between provinces and municipalities that is primarily concerned with improving accessibility. As part of thi s collaboration a reg ional accessibility strategy was formulated. This strategy comprises of an integrated policy programme that combines policy action on road, public transport, bicycle and freight transport.
Furthermore, thi s strategy is used to coordinate land use development on a regional level to support shared accessibility goals.
The MIT is an infrastructure development program which is directed at implementing the goals on accessibility as defined in the provincial spatial planning strategy. MIT provides an overview of all transport infrastructure projects in which the province is involved and shows their progress.
Sustainable traffic Promote sustainable modes of transport.
Minimize externalities of infrastructure Reduce the spatial impact of transport infrastructure.
Accessible Groningen Promote the accessibility of Groningen.
- Roads. The main road network remains congestion free. People can reach important services in the city of Groningen within 30 minutes from any location within a 15 km radius. Improve the following routes: A28 Meppel- Zwolle, A28 at Hoogeveen, A7 at Joure, southern ring road Groningen, N3 Assen - Zuidbroek - Appingedam/Delfzijl, N361 Mensingeweer - Winsum – Groningen, N355 Noordhorn/Zuidhorn - Groningen, main access road of Leek and Roden, eastern and northern ring road of Groningen (N370/N46), N360 Delfzijl - Ten Boer – Groningen, N366 Veendam - Stadskanaal – Emmen.
- Public transport. Ridership increases each year with 2%. Establish railway connections with the Randstad, Northern Germany, Scandinavia and between Veendam and Stadskanaal. Increase the capacity of the railway service Groning-Zwolle, double the railway line Groningen-Leeuwarden. Construct a railway between Groningen and Herenveen.Groningen central station can be reached by public transport within 30 min from any location within a 15 km radius. Provide high quality public transport services between Groningen and the main surrounding cities. People should be able to travel with a regional tram service to Groningen. Provide public transport services that are an attractive alternative to car use.
- Bicycle. Promote cycling, also for trips longer than 10 km. Realize high- quality bicycle connections between commuter towns and Groningen.
- Waterways. Improve the accessibility of businesses and other land uses over water.
- Aviation. As regional shareholder of Groningen Airport Eelde, the province of Groningen encourages the further devel opment of this airport.
- Freight. Improve infrastructure networks to avoid congestions and enhance safety.
- Promote the use of cleaner technologies for public bus tranport to reduce CO2 emissions.
- Stimulate the use of clean fuels for cars.
- Promote cycling.
Integrate infrastructure developments into its spatial context.
Reduce the visual impact of infrastructure.
This annual program serves to implement the policy defined in the provincial spatial planning strategy. It is revised every year as part of the provincial budgetting cycle. It is an instrument that prioritizes between policy measures and allocates financial and human resources to realize them. The province of Groningen has a variety of these annual programs.
