Land-use Development at Mina

I

Master Thesis

submitted within the UNIGIS MSc programme at Z_GIS

University of Salzburg

Wesam Shuib Mirza

Gis_103136

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of

Master of Science (Geographical Information Science & Systems) – MSc (GISc)

Advisor:

Pro.Dr. Atef Hafez Salamah

Jeddah, 4 May 2017

Land-use Development

at Mina

II

Land-use Development at Mina

III

Science Pledge

By my signature below. I certify that my thesis is entirely the result of my own work. I have cited all sources I have used in my thesis and I have always indicated their origin.

_________________________________________________________________________

(Jeddah, 4 May 2017) (Signature)

IV

Abstract

Within three boundaries in only 11 years, Mina has experienced significant

urban changes of 5.06 km

²

, or 36.05% of the total urban area in 2015. These

changes are spreaded between new urban extensions on the one hand and a

change in the pattern of land-use in the old urban block on the other. The new

extensions contributed 62.56%, while the share of changes in the land-use types

of the old block did not exceed 37.44%. Despite the multiplicity of uses within

new extensions, only 6: municipal services, parking lots, roads, vacant land,

residential uses, and mountain areas together account for 96.68% of the total land

with new extensions. Although replacements and alteration have been used, there

are 5 uses that are not affected by this process, including religious uses for the

sanctity of these places. However, religious uses have seen new extensions at the

expense of other uses. Making the land use map in Mina at the present time,

2015, distinct from a range of land-use patterns that are commensurate with the

specific functionalities of Mina land. The legitimate boundaries on the one hand

and the hard mountain blocks on the other are the most important obstacles to the

development of land uses in Mina. However, the reconsideration of the legitimate

borders proved to be incorrect, especially from the south between Mina and

Muzdalifah. This leads to new horizons towards the development of Mina to the

South. Geographic information systems, as well as urban studies, have had the

greatest role in reaching these results.

V

Glossary

Arabic Word English Word

Arabic Word English Word

سابع نبا Ibn 'Abbaas

يكملا يسافلا نيدلا يقت Taqi al-Din al-Fassi AL-

Makki

يقهيبلا ماملإا Imam al-Bayhaqi

الله راج Jarallah

بدحلأا Al-Ahdab

حباصلا لبج Jabal Al-Ssabeh

يحاضلأا Adahi

سيوقلا لبج Quways

راصنلأا Al-Ansar

تارمج Jamarat

جرزخلاو سولأا Ous and Khazraj

ةرمج Jamarah

ةرقبلا Al-Baqarah

ةضورلا يح Rawdah

ةعيبلا Bayah

عئارشلا يح Al-Sharayea

عوطتلا Tatawaa

دلاخ Khalid

رسجلا El-Jisr

سرضم نب دلاخ Khalid ibn Madsr

ةرهوجلا Al-Jawharah

دواد Dawood

مرحلا Haram

سلح شيورد Darwish Hallas

ارضخلا Khadra

ايد ب Diab

فيخلا Al-Khayf

ةجحلا وذ Dhu al-Hijjah

ةدافرلا Rafda

ةملاس Salamah

ةبيقرلا Al-Rakiba

ناميلس Sulaiman

ىربكلا ننسلا Sunan al-Kubra

برعلا قوس Souk AL-Arab

نييبيعشلا Shuaibeen

ةعيبلا بيعش Shuaib Al Bayah

وكنشلا Shinku

لاوش Shawwal

ةيزيزعلا Alazizeyah

ىرغص Sogra

ةبقعلا Aqaba

فاوط Tawaf

يقرزلأا ةملاعلا Al-Alamma al-Azraqi

زيزعلا دبع Abdulaziz

ةرمعلا Umrah

ديجملا دبع Abdul Majeed

ةلبقلا Qibla

هدبع Abdo

ىرقلا Qura

هفرع Arafa

نيرقلا Kareen

دوبعملا نوع Awn Al-Maaboud

ةدعقلا Al-Qa'dah

ىحضلأا ديع Eid al-Adha

شابكلا Al-Kabsh

ىوتف Fatwa

ةبعكلا Kaaba

دهف Fahad

الله Allah

طسابم Mabasit

عتمتملا Mutamata

رجم Majar

ةنيدملا Al-Madina

نجلا سبحم Mahbes AL-Jinn

تلاسرملا Mursalat

ةفلدزم Muzdalifah

تلاسرملا Mursalat

رعاشم Mashaer = Holy site

مصيعملا Al-Maisam

ازرم باون جارعم Maraj Nawab Mirza

لصيف كلملا King Faisal

ةكم Makkah

ةيمأ نب ليعامسإ Ismail bin Umayya

هرفن Nafra

ةضافإ Ifadh

يده Hadi

روصنملا رفعج وبأ Abu Jaafar al-Mansur

يداو Wadi

ةيورت Tarwiah

رسحم يداو Mohasser Valley

قيرشت Tashreeq

ىطسو Wosta

VI

Preface

This thesis is made as a completion of the master degree requirement in Geographic Information Systems at King Abdulaziz University in corporation with the University of Salzburg as part of the UNIGIS program. This thesis was conducted under the supervision of Professor Atef Hafez Salamah in the department of Geography and Geographic Information Systems, King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah.

Wesam Mirza, May,2017

VII

Contents

Title

^Page

Chapter1: Introduction 1

1-1 Problem Statement 2

1-2 Objectives 3

1-3 Hypotheses 3

1-4 Methodology 3

1-5 Tools 4

1-6 GIS Research Implementation Track 8

1-7 Previous Studies 16

1-8 Study Terms 17

1-9 Study Area: (Mina) 18

1-9-1 Legitimate boundaries of Mina 18

1-9-2 Urban Area for Mina 2004 21

1-9-3 Urban Area for Mina 2015 24

Chapter 2 : The Distinctive Land-use in Mina 2015 29

2-1 Relative Weights for Main Uses 30

2-2 Residential Uses 30

2-3 Services 36

2-3-1 Municipal Services 37

2-3-1-1 Slaughterhouses 40

2-3-1-2 Parking 40

2-3-2 Public Facilities 42

2-3-3 Religious services 45

2-3-3-1 Al-Jamarat Facility 47

2-3-3-2 Al-Khayf Mosque 53

2-3-3-3 Al-Bayha Mosque 54

2-3-4 Security Services 55

2-3-5 Administrative Services 56

2-3-6 Government Services 59

2-3-7 Health Services 59

2-3-8 General Services 59

2-4 Economic Activities 63

2-5 Roads 65

2-6 Vacant Land 72

2-7 Other Uses 72

Chapter 3 : Mina Land-use Development 74

3-1 Quantitative changes in land-use during the period from 2004 to 2015 75

3-1-1 Land-use types with increased area 75

3-1-2 Land-use types with decreased area 84

3-1-3 Land-use types with no change in area 84

3-1-4 Land-use types prohibited in Mina 87

3-1-5 Land-use types appeared for the first time in Mina 87

3-2 Qualitative changes in land-use 88

3-2-1 Land-uses within new extensions 90

3-2-2 Alteration and replacement operations 92

3-2-2-1 Replaced land-uses 92

3-2-2-2 Alternative land-uses 97

3-3 Mina land-use development 98

3-4 Results 102

3-5 Recommendations 104

3-6 References 105

VIII

List of Figures

No ^Title Page

1 QuickBird satellite image 2004 5

2 Geo Eye satellite image 2015 6

3 Aerial Image 2007 7

4 Model of general query 10

5 Model of conditional query 10

6 Model of integrating land-use layers 11

7 Model of integrating the urban space layer in 2004-2015 process 12 8 Model of integrating the land-use 2015 with the urban space 2004 process 12 9 Model of extraction process for changes in land-use patterns 2015 13 10 Structural chart of the land-use extraction model with new extensions 13

11 Model of alteration and replacement query 14

12 Model of map content 15

13 Legitimate boundaries of Mina 19

14 Legitimate board of Mina 20

15 Mina urban area 2004 22

16 Mina urban area 2004 for Legitimate boundaries 23

17 Urban growth from 2004-2015 26

18 Mina urban area 2015 27

19 Directions of Mina Urban Extensions 2004-2015 28

20 Mina 1966 32

21 Mina residential land-use 2015 35

22 Mina municipal land-use 2015 39

23 Mina waiting area 2015 41

24 Mina public facilities 2015 43

25 Religious services 2015 in Mina 46

26 Location of Jamarat in Mina 50

27 Jamarat 2004 - 2015 52

28 Mina security services 2015 57

29 Mina administrative services 2015 58

30 Mina governmental services 60

31 Mina health services 2015 61

32 Mina general services 2015 62

33 Mina Economical services 2015 64

34 Mina roads 2015 66

35 Mina Main roads 67

36 Mina roads planning 68

37 Pedestrian roads 70

38 Mina vacant lands 73

39 Mina residential land-use expansion 78

40 Mina roads network expansion 80

41 Western squares of Jamarat 81

42 Mountains area 2004-2005 82

43 Linking AL-Azizeyah with Jamarat 83

44 Mina Emergency Hospital 2004-2015 86

45 Hydrological canals and dams 89

46 Land-use Classification 2015 91

IX

47 Land-use replacement 93

48 Transmission of the massacre 94

49 Proposed legitimate board of Mina 101

List of Tables

No Title Page

1 Land-use codes 9

2 Directions of urban extensions in Mina 2004-2015 25

3 The main types of land-use within the urban area by 2015 30 4 Main types of Services utilization within the urban Area of Mina in 2015 37 5 Main Types of Economic uses within the urban area of Mina in 2015 63 6 The main types of vacant lands within the urban area of Mina in 2015 72 7 The main types of other uses within the urban area of Mina in 2015 72 8 Land-use types, which increased during the period 2004-2015 76 9 Land-use types, which decreased during the period 2004-2015 84 10 Land-use types, which not changed during the period 2004-2015 84 11 Land-use types prohibited in Mina during the period 2004-2015 87

12 Land-use types appeared for the first time in Mina 87

13 Land-use types with new extensions in Mina during 2004-2015 90

14 Land-use development in Mina during 2004-2015 92

15 Development patterns in each type of land-use in Mina 2004-2015 95 16 The weights of the volume of change in each type of use of the total area

that has changed during the period 2004-2015

96 17 Relative importance of each alternative land-use 2004-2015. 98

List of Graphs

No Title Page

1 Land-use types, which increased during the period 2004-2015 77 2 Land-use types, which decreased during the period 2004-2015 85 3 The weights of the volume of change in each type of use of the total

area that has changed during the period 2004-2015

96 4 Relative importance of each alternative land-use 2004-2015 97

X

List of Photos

No Description Page

1 Muzdalifah train station (3). 25

2 The random camping of the pilgrims in the past. 31

3 Residential buildings around the Jamarat. 31

4 Building camps on the slopes of mountains. 33

5 One of Mina camps in the Hajj season. 34

6 Buildings on the slopes of Jabal Quways. 34

7 Residential uses around the Jamarat facility. 36

8 The Slaughterhouses in eastern Mina 38

9 Bus stops at Al-Maisam in the days of Al-Tashreeq 42

10 Mina in whole light at the sunset of the last days of Al-Tashreeq. 44

11 A two-level toilets complex. 44

12 Mina High-capacity tanks. 45

13 The Jamarat facility. 47

14 The facilities at the Jamarat facility 48

15 The western square of the Jamarat facility Looks like the bottleneck. 49

16 The symbol of Jamarah in an oval shape. 49

17 The entrances and the exits of Jamarat facility 51

18 Western squares of Jamarat. 53

19 Al-Khayf Mosque. 54

20 Al-Bayah Mosque. 55

21 Civil defense centers between the camps. 56

22 The central highways that cut Mina from south to north. 69

23 Pedestrian roads. 69

24 The road of Al- Shuaibeen Tunnels during the Hajj. 71 25 Some restaurants and barbershops in the outskirts of the Jamarat yards. 75

26 Cutting parts of the mountain blocks. 76

27 Cutting parts of the mountain for roads. 79

28 Majar Al-Kabsh dam and the water channels. 88

1} {

Chapter 1 Introduction

1-1 Problem Statement 1-2 Objectives

1-3 Hypotheses 1-4 Methodology 1-5 Tools

1-6 GIS Research Implementation Track 1-7 Previous Studies (Literature Review) 1-8 Study Terms

1-9 Study Area: (Mina) 1-9-1 Mina Boundaries 1-9-2 Mina Urban Area, 2004 1-9-3 Mina Urban Area, 2015

2} { 1-1 Problem Statement

Although the function of Mina is fixed and did not move to another place or numerous, the place assigned to Mina is always changing. Mina is still surrounded by holy Mashaer in holy Makkah doing one function which is the religious function, where lodging in Mina represents a rite of the pilgrimage rites. Mirza and Abu Sulaiman have said that "Mina the time and location is a holy place, where pilgrims rest and worship, its functions in the series of the rituals of Hajj predominantly migratory characterized by rapid travel. The pilgrim leaves Holy Makkah on the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, to lodge in Mina, then go to Arafat until sunset, then to Muzdalifah to stand for few hours, In the twenty-four hours at most, the pilgrim is suffering hardship and overcrowding, and has reached the maximum effort spent in Mina days of happiness and joy which is the result of that effort is an Islamic holiday in all its manifestations and characteristics This is in: Mina the time: a feast of Islam settled by pilgrims three days for the hasty and four days to the non-hasty "(Abu Sulaiman and Mirza, 2001, p. 5), and also celebrate the Muslims and pilgrims on the first day of the days of Mina Eid al-Adha, which is one of the largest Muslim holidays, which is not felt by the people of Holy Makkah for their concern in the service of pilgrims.

Despite this stability in the number and quality of jobs allocated to this place, it is always undergoing spatial changes aimed at providing the best services to the pilgrims of the House of Allah with all security and ease.

There is no doubt that these spatial changes in the area of Mina are generally due to two main reasons: To provide the best services to the residents of Mina at time of pilgrimage on one hand, and increase the capacity of pilgrims year after year on the other hand. This is what the Saudi government has been entrusted to since the time of its founder, King Abdulaziz (may Allah have mercy on him), where most of its concerns were the reconstruction and development of the two Holy Mosques and the holy sites.

The period of time from 2004 to 2015 is one of the most obvious periods of spatial changes in Mina. This period witnessed a number of projects, the most important of which were the removal of slaughterhouses from camps area (2004), the development of Jamarat Bridge and the surrounding area (2006), The project of southern holy Mashaer train (2009), and the expansion of the western squares of the Jamarat facility (2012), the project of linking the Shaibeen area with the third level of the Jamarat facility (2012), the implementation of the first phase of the project linking the area of Al-Azizeyah with the second level of the Jamarat facility (2012), the transfer of cows and camels slaughterhouses from Al-Maisam to Al-Khadra area (2013) and finally the implementation of the second phase of linking the area of Al-Azizeyah with the second level of the Jamarat facility (2014).

What indicates that many of these projects in Mina have included landmarks that are important and main. Al-Rakiba mentioned in his book Al-Hajj to Holy Makkah: "Mina has three main features: A. Place for throwing stones B. Al-Khayf mosque. C. Places of slaughter sacrifices for the pilgrims "(Al-Rakiba, 1984, p. 378).

"The scientific approach is based on the facts and begins by observing the phenomena, and the observation leads to raising the mind to a number of questions. The search for answers leads to the assumption of the hypotheses, which we imagine between the phenomena we observe, and then we try to ascertain their validity and validity of phenomena analogous to it, which requires the use of measurement sometimes to determine that relationship "(Salamah, 2009, p.

13).

3} {

This is why the first number of questions comes to mind: How could a space of no more than 7.807 km² accommodate all these mega projects within a short period? Or on the other hand, How could a space of no more than 7.807 km² accommodate an increase in the number of pilgrims from 2,012,074 pilgrims in 2004 to 3,161,573 Hajj 2012 (General Organization for Statistics)? Under these different projects in Mina, Has the urban scale changed to accommodate these huge projects and the increasing numbers of pilgrims? Or Was the change in the use of land by replacing the use of another place to accommodate these huge projects and these increasing numbers of pilgrims?

There is no doubt that the determination of the urban area surrounding Mina on one hand and the mapping of the land-uses on the other hand, whether the beginning of the period of study or the end of the year 2015 will answer the previous questions. If the area of Mina has urban extensions to benefit from unused areas for housing pilgrims and implementing new projects, the urban space during the mentioned period may be subject to change. If the use of land during the period under consideration is subject to changes in the substitution of the uses of another place, the dynamics of land-use must be disclosed during the period under study.

1-2 Objectives

The service of the pilgrims of the House of God is the greatest honor to be received by man, and by providing all that is useful and beneficial to facilitate Hajj rituals simply and easily.

Including research and studies on improving the level of pilgrims’ services, as Dawood bin DarwishHallas said, "The research is not merely a repetition of previous efforts, or a compilation of the parties of a scattered topic among the folds of books. Rather, the result of every research effort must be directed to adding additional knowledge or solving a problem. Thus, the results of scientific research are a direct and a clear reflection on the progress of society, and thus the problem arises from the interaction of man with his environment and this interaction depends on the factors related to the person itself and factors related to the environment as well and therefore the activities that man exercises in his environment and the experiences he experiences in his daily life is an important source to provide him with the problems to be studied "(Hallas, 2006, p. 33).

The current research aims at uncovering the mechanism of land-use changes in Mina region to accommodate the huge projects that are taking place year after year, and how to develop the land-use map in Mina to accommodate more pilgrims and provide more services for them.

1-3 Hypotheses

"The hypothesis is a guess based on experience and the accuracy of observation of relationships and their causes. The hypothesis does not come from a vacuum; it is a possible answer to the research question or a possible outcome of an expected procedure. The hypothesis represents a relationship between two or more variables "(Diab, 2003, p. 37).

The research is based on two main hypotheses: Although the boundaries of Mina region are constant and have not changed, their urban boundary may have experienced an increase in the absorption of large projects and the increasing numbers of pilgrims. The implementation of many of the above-mentioned projects in Mina may require change to land-use.

1-4 Methodology

The scientific approach in geographical research is the method used in the current study, because it has the ability to solve problems using quantitative analysis or spatial analysis. "The scientific approach depends on the tripling of the problem and then formulating the hypotheses

4} {

and achieving the objective of the study" (Salamah, 2009, p. 8). Spatial analysis is one of the methods used to address the problem of current research, because the parameters of the current research are spatial data – spatial rather than digital - quantity.

1-5 Tools

The study is based on satellite images and aerial photos which are one of the most important tools used by the researcher to identify the new extensions in Mina region. The digital map of land-uses, quoted by Holy Makkah Municipality, does not include all land-uses included in the image. For this reason, the research was based on satellite images of Holy Makkah dating back to 2004 by the QuickBird satellite with 65 cm resolution with the WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_37N coordinate system as shown in Figure (1), and another image dated back to 2015, which was taken by the GeoEye satellite at 30 cm with the WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_37N coordinates are shown in Figure (2). In addition to a high-resolution aerial image dating back to 2007 with 10 cm resolution and a UTM_Zone_37_Northern_Hemisphere coordinate system, it was converted to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_37N and used to number some land-uses for their spatial accuracy and visibility as shown in Figure (3).

The field study to reveal the quality of new land-uses in Mina, as well as the review of land- uses of ancient lands, was the second main tool for the research.

Therefore, the researcher had to use geographic information systems (GIS) programs, in particular the ArcGIS program to digitize new extensions and add land-use patterns and classifications, as well as spatial analysis of these uses.

In order to answer the research questions, examine its hypotheses and achieve the target, it is necessary to first identify the required data, then the processes that can be used to process these data to achieve the required results.

5} {

Figure (1)

6} {

Figure (2)

7} {

Figure (3)

8} { 1-6 GIS Research Implementation Track

GIS consists of five main components: The acquisition, processing, management, analysis, and presenting data, "so as it is a tool, geographic information systems includes functions of processing geographical data under digital form (Acquisition), and also a system of data management (Archivage), as well as processing functions and the intersection and conversion of these spatial data (Analyse), and finally management of format final output (Affichage), and as it is an information system, imposes certain models of the real world. Resulting, that geographic information systems include tools allow to realize this abstraction (Abstraction), so in the French text of this definition is often called "A 5" GIS "(Salamah, 2013A, p. 2).

So, the application of geographic information systems (GIS) to this study has been followed to highlight changes in land-use on one hand and its development on the other, in four successive stages, as follows:

A. Data Acquisition: Data collection operations is considered the collection of data for the research to be carried out, which in turn contains many procedures, which began to reveal data sources such as the correct digital maps of the study area, such as vector data and Raster data , Because the validity and accuracy of the collected data lead to greater accuracy in spatial analysis and thus affect the results and outputs that will be relied upon in the study of land-use change in the region between 2004 and 2015. This has been sought by accredited agencies using GIS, such as Umm Al Qura University, represented by the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Holy Makkah municipality, represented by the General Directorate of Holy Sites and Seasons.

The best reliable data for the preparation of a Master map for 2004 and 2015 was the General Directorate of Holy Sites and Seasons in Holy Makkah Municipality for conducting an annual field survey of the area of the holy sites boundaries, which contains the boundary of Arafat, Mina and Muzdalifah by virtue of its competence in planning the holy sites and land-use distributions and municipal services using geographic information systems. In addition to possessing high-resolution satellite images for the study period, which were used to explore and digitize the uses of many of the lands that did not come in the aforementioned digital maps such as sites that are difficult to access such as transmission towers located on the mountain roads and mountain peaks.

Which is worthy to mention, Land-use for 2015 was not a single layer, but was in several layers of up to 11 layers, each containing one type of land-use pattern, such as service layers, roads, and mabasit (commercial use) Mountains, tents, etc. Some of the others also have detailed branches of a single pattern, such as layers assembled in one layer first to prepare the toilet layer, landfill containers, transmission towers and power towers before integrating them with other layers in one layer to establish the land-use map.

Therefore, despite the existence of a modern land-use map in Mina, many land-uses are not codified, making the process of acquiring GIS system comes in later stage next to data- gathering process, so the satellite image was used to detect the exploited land but not signed by the map and the field study was used to reveal the pattern of land-use.

Satellite imagery was also a key source in determining the urban area in Mina region between 2004 and 2015, by digitizing two-dimensional layers of each area.

Although the data source of each layer is as mentioned above, the 2004 land-use codes differ from the land-use codes by 2015, which necessitated the standardization of land-use codes in the 2004 Land-use Digital Map with the same land-use codes by 2015 as shown in Table (1) According to the approved classification of land-use issued by the Ministry of Municipal and

9} {

Rural Affairs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in addition to translating the metadata from Arabic into English.

The researcher acquisition of GIS software (ArcGIS) has enabled the development of a complete database with standardized data consisting of two layers of land-use and two for urban boundary, as well as other complementary layers to the subject, such as the boundary layer of the holy sites and the layer for Muzdalifah and Arafat borders, and finally the layer of administrative districts around Mina.

Table (1): Land-use codes

Land-use Code

Land-use Code

Proposed Services Education services 15

1

Residential Government Services 16

2

Industrial Workshops 17

3

Fuel stations Social Services 18

4

General facilities Administrative 19

Services 5

Training Security Services 20

6

Farm Postal Services 21

7

Commercial Municipal services 22

8

Mountains Open Area 23

9

Entertainment Cultural Services 24

10

Waiting area Religious Services 25

11

Roads 6

Services Sports 2 12

Hydrological Canal Health services 39

13

Dams General Services 100

14

Source: Prepared by the researcher based on the unified coding system for land-use in the Ministry of Municipal and rural affairs.

B. Data Store: ArcCatalog was used in the storage process. Digital maps were converted from Shapefile to Geodatabase to link and integrate the layers and give them the same spatial properties as the unit of measurement and projection for best analysis.

ArcMap was also used in data management for both 2004 and 2015 data, enabling the editing, deletion and addition of many spatial and descriptive data.

It should be noted that the management function has had the most impact on the results obtained in this study. Thanks to this function, through the general query or the conditional query, the area of each type of land-use was detected, whether through the 2004 data or the 2015 data. The areas and distribution of the new urban extensions were also revealed, as well as the usage patterns. The substitution and alteration experienced by the older class during the studied period is also shown in Figures (4) and (5). "ArcGIS provides two methods for asking and executing queries: The first is the Tabular Query, where the query's formula and result is based on the Attributes, the second is Spatial Queries, where the query formula and its result are based on the spatial relationships between the different phenomena. On the results of composite queries combining spatial and spatial queries "(Mohamed Abdou, 2012, p. 221).

10} {

C. Data Preprocessing and Analysis: Data processing is a major requirement before the spatial analysis of the study area. Several processing had been conducted using ArcMap such as unifying the geographic coordinate system of all layers and satellite images. The land-use map for 2004 was Ain Al-Abed (Ain_el_Abd_UTM_Zone_37N), while the land-use map for 2015 was the World Coordinating System (WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_37N). For this, "it is essential that the GIS application program has the possibility of converting from one coordinate system to another so as to facilitate the matching of data on basic maps" (Aziz, 2000, p. 225).

Figure (4): Model of general query

Figure (5): Model of conditional query

11} {

Data Analysis process was represented by the spatial analysis process because most of the data on which search data are spatial. Spatial analysis processes are represented as follows:

 The process of integrating land-use layers into a single layer using the Union tool from the Analysis menu in the ArcToolbox program of ArcGIS, where land-uses from the above- mentioned form (Shapefile) in eleven separate layers, each land-use is stored in a separate layer from the other, some patterns in more than one layer, for this the eleven layers were united into one layer combining layers: Blocks, roads, tents, services, toilets, mabasit and land waste containers (commercial use) Mountains, train stations, waiting areas (bus stops) and finally the layer of the Jamarat facility, resulting in one layer containing all land-uses in the area as shown in Figure (6).

Undoubtedly, the union of these classes together in a single layer necessitated the modification of the metadata for the new layer to calculate land-use patterns for each piece of land in Mina.

Figure (6): Model of integrating land use layers

+ +

+

+ +

+

+

12} {

 The process of integrating the urban space layer in 2004 with the urban area in the same area in the year 2015, which helped to generate new information in the map of urban growth in Mina during the previous period and helped to determine the size of the increase and trends of urban growth during the mentioned period as shown in Figure (7).

 The process of integrating the land-use layer dated 2015 with the urban growth layer produced by the previous process, to discover land-use patterns with the new extensions witnessed by the region during the mentioned period, as shown in Figure (8).

 Extraction process for changes in land-use patterns during the period studied through the analysis tools included in the analysis tools group in the ArcToolBox section, which contains the function of Overlay, which allows the extraction of part of the spatial data from

Figure (7): Model of integrating the urban space layer in 2004-2015 process

Figure (8): Model of integrating the land-use 2015 with the urban space 2004 process

13} {

another, through the Erase function listed within Overlay functions. By clicking on Erase, a dialog box appears, containing four cells, the name of the layer to be extracted or truncated is recorded which is the land-use layer 2015 in the first cell. And then write down the name of the layer to be used for the pieces of the first layer on which is the layer of urban space for the year 2004 in the second cell, and then record the third cell name of the class to record the result, to show the dialog box as shown in Figure (9).

Thus, a new layer containing the fraction of the land-use layer of 2015, based on the 2004 urban boundary, appears to show the process as shown in Figure (10).

 The process of integrating the land-use map 2004 with the land-use map in 2015 to form a layer where each Polygon has two codes, one for 2004 and the other for 2015. Thus, the function of adding new descriptive data enabled any new field from analyzing descriptive data for land-use codes 2004 and 2015, thereby detecting the change in use during the mentioned period. This was done by calculating the difference between the 2004 and 2015 usage codes for each polygon, and then, after limiting these differences, they were classified into three categories: Negative, positive and last zero. There is no doubt that zero values indicate constant use without change during the study period from 2004 to 2015. While positive or negative values indicate a change in land-use during the same period, as shown in Figure (11). It is worth mentioning that the integration of functions in geographic

Figure (9): Model of extraction process for changes in land-use patterns 2015

Figure (10): Structural chart of the land-use extraction model with new extensions

New Extensions Land Use Land-use Urban

Boundary 2004 Land-use Urban

Boundary

2015

- =

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information systems has made it possible to limit the lands whose uses were exposed to change during the period studied, and to identify alternative uses on the other hand by inquiring about the values greater than or less than zero from the difference field illustrated in Figure (11).

D. Production and Layout: "The map as a small symbolic representation of the earth or a part of it is of great importance through which we can identify many of the details that we need from any place on the surface of the earth, and the map becomes more important with the rapid development and growth that humanity is going through at the moment. With the development of man and the development of the place by act, the need for the map to describe the phenomena and observations on the scale of the city and village and its natural elements, such as mountains, valleys, rivers and seas, and those man-made elements such as buildings, roads, tunnels, bridges, gardens and others "(Jarallah, Al-Shehri, 2007, p.2)

The output of the data represents results of the analyzes mentioned on tables and A4 maps scale with portrait layout and other with landscape layout consisting of a main frame surrounded by numbers representing the coordinate grid as well as another frame within the main frame containing the title of the map and the logo of academic agencies which the research is presented, Map legend that contain map symbols clarifications. Although the map includes the geographical coordinates in the frame as mentioned above, the addition of the north direction may provide the reader with visual checking when reading the coordinates. The map also contains the meter scale for land-use maps, and other maps on a kilometer scale, such as maps showing the boundaries of the urban scale and the legal boundaries as shown in Figure (12).

The research axes in this study can be divided into four geographical and cartographic axes:

The urban boundary of Mina in 2004 and 2015, and the quantitative changes in land-use during the period from 2004 to 2015, the qualitative changes in land-use during the period from 2004 to 2015. After the detection of the mechanism of land-use change during the period under study, Mina future land-uses were conceptualized.

The introduction presented the first chapter, which includes the methodology as well as the boundaries of the study area. The second chapter contains an explanation of the distinctive use of land in Mina, while the changes, both quantitative and qualitative, as well as the development of land-use in Mina came in chapter three in addition to the results, recommendations, and the references.

Figure (11): Model of alteration and replacement query

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Figure (12): Model of map content

16} { 1-7 Previous Studies

There is no doubt that the studies on land-use are very numerous and varied from one city to another and from one country to another and from time to time, as is the case with many publications such as The: The Use of Land in a Geographical Study of Salah Al-Din Shami and Urban and Rural Land-use Planning to Osman Mohamed Ghoneim, And the book of Environment and Land-use Planning for Mohamed Jamal Ahmed Younes, and the book of Geography of Urban and Rural for Mohamed Medhat Jaber, and many scientific researches such as Subdivision Plans and the Reality of Land-use in the City of Dura (Al Khalil Governorate) for Ahmed Saleh Abu Hassan. Finally, many researches such as the Tourism Function and its Impact on Land-use Change in Taif for Nozha Yekzan Al-Jabri, and the study of Faryal bint Mohamed Al-Hajri on the Land-use in the Central Business District of Al-Khobar City, and the study of Nasser bin Abdullah Al-Saleh on Religious Function and Its Impact on the Internal Structure and Uses of Land in Holy Makkah, and Ahmed Hassan Ibrahim Hassan's study on The Effect of Tourist Function on the Map of Land-use in Abha City, and finally Ahmed Mostafa Al-Nahhas study on Commercial Uses in Khamis Mushait City.

Therefore, the use of these studies in self-education is limited to the literature of the geographical subject which is land-use, as is the case with the subjects addressed and how to address them.

There is no doubt that studies related to GIS applications in urbanization, particularly the subject of land-use, are less prevalent than the previous type, but are also not limited. As is the case with the study the Production of Digital Maps of the City of Dammam for Jarallah bin Ahmed Al-Jarallah and Abdullah bin Mohamed Al-Shehri, and Atef Hafez Salamah study Geographic Information Systems and Development Decision Support (2013A), and Spatial Dimensions of the Division of Administrative Work in the City of Riyadh (2013B).

Therefore, the benefit of these type of studies was limited to how to deal with GIS, how to address the aspects of the subject, and the preparation of tables, forms and maps that were reached in these studies, which helped the researcher to identify most of the topics of the current study.

As for the third and final type of studies related to the applications of geographic information systems on the one hand and the land-use on the other hand and the development of land-uses from past to present then to the future, such as the current one, is very limited. This kind of study has been realistically utilized and has had the most impact in the current study is the study of Atef Hafez Salamah, published on the International Information Network as part of the events of the second gathering of geographic information systems in Al-Khobar, entitled GIS Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Urban Urbanization (2007). It was fortunate to find that the author of this research is the supervisor of the current study. Therefore, his research was well utilized by inquiring about many things related to the terms studied, such as spatial space and levels of spatial analysis, and processes that were used to get the results reached. So, this study was a bright light for the current study.

Although the program used to prepare the above study was Arc-Info, the version that works through the DOS computer program, the scientific supervision has facilitated the implementation of all operations through the ArcGIS version 10, which works through the program Operating WINDOWS, which helped to develop the supervisor's previous application in the city of Ismailiah in Egypt.

As such the different conditions between the Egyptian city of Ismailiah and the Saudi city of Holy Makkah have made the present study distinguished from the previous study. The first city extends its study from 1973 to 2000, which is limited to studying the past and the present at that time, While the second city – Holy Makkah - through one of its districts - Mina - extends its

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study to the past, present and future, where the study of Mina during the period from 2004 to 2015, and then develop a vision for the use of land in the future.

1-8 Study Terms

 Urban Area: "an area occupying a place of land with clear boundaries, clear entrances, a clear center and a network of traffic corridors (sidewalks and roads) that connect all parts of the neighborhood to each other. The majority of the uses of this space are residential uses"

(Abdel Wahab, El-Borombly and Ahmed, p. 5).

 Hajj: It is the fifth pillar of Islam that is obligatory for every Muslim once in a lifetime for whoever is able to find thereto a way and to visit specific places, at a specific time, and specifically the Muslim performs specific acts, rituals and rituals. The specific place is the house of God and the holy places (Arafat, Mina, Muzdalifah) in Holy Makkah.

The specific time is the months of Hajj, ie, Shawwal, Dhu al-Qa'dah and Dhu al-Hijjah.

 Pilgrim: who performs the acts and rituals of Pilgrimage.

 Umrah: It is the visit of the House of God at any time worshiping to God.

 Hijri months: They are the months that follow the twelve-month Islamic Hijri calendar and depend on the number of days on the moon cycle. The Muslims depend on the Hijri calendar to determine their religious occasions, such as fasting, holidays and Arafat.

 Rites: It is what the Islamic religion ordered to do the work of rituals and acts of movement at specific times and places close to God and gathered rituals.

 Tashreeq Days: These are the three days in which pilgrims live at Mina, which follows the day of Eid al-Adha, the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, which is the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth day.

 Tarwiah Day: It is the eighth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, during which the pilgrims leave Makkah to Mina to spend by a day and then go to Arafat's Holy site the next day, the ninth of Dhu al-Hijjah.

 Nafra: It is the speed of pilgrims to move from a specific Holy site to another specific Holy site at a specified time, such as the evacuation from Arafat to Muzdalifah after sunset on the ninth day of Dhu al-Hijjah.

 Worship: Worship by words and deeds.

 Crowding: It is the organization and management of the movement of pilgrims from a certain place to a specific place in the form of groups at specific times and in a specific period of time and aims to avoid overcrowding and bottlenecks such as the grouping of pilgrims from their camps to the Jamarat facility.

 Dhu al-Hijjah: It is the twelfth month of the Hijri lunar months.

 Hajj season: The period of time from the beginning of the rituals and rituals of the Hajj until the end of the last three months of the Hijri year, ie Shawwal and Al-Qa'dah, and the argument for saying "Hajj is months of information" (Al-Baqarah, verse 197).

 Majar Al-Kabsh: It is the area north of the Jamarat area on the slopes of Mount Quways, which witnessed the divine event of the redemption of our Master Ismail with a sheep.

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 Mabasit: Shops and kiosks selling light food such as tea, coffee, pies and desserts.

 Frequent Transport (Shuttle Bus Service): It is a system to transport pilgrims around the clock from a certain holy place to another in a specific route, and it is intended for the purpose of reducing the time of stay or arrival from one Holy site to another.

 Throwing Stones: It is one of the important Hajj rituals performed by the pilgrims during the days of Tashreeq, where they throw the Aqaba, Middle and the Small Jamarah with stones at specific times.

 Shaving and Shortening Hair: They are religious rituals performed by Muslims in the holy places after the completion of the Umrah or Hajj, where the shortening of men and women is simple cut of head hair, but head hair cutting is for men only and the removal of hair is complete.

 Drinking Areas: They are places dedicated to drinking water refrigerators.

 Slaughterhouse: It is one of the rituals of Hajj, which leads on the day of Eid al-Adha, the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah and days of Tashreeq.

 Jamarat Facility: The area in the westernmost part of Mina, resembling the bottleneck, contains three Jamarah(s) in the form of beads inside a bowl, namely, the Jamarah of Aqaba, the Middle Jamarah and the Small Jamarah.

1-9 Study Area: (Mina)

Mina lies 5-7 km south-east of the Holy Mosque and east of Makkah, as shown in Figure (13) and lies within its three Holy borders. It is also located within the border of the holy mashaer, which include Arafat and Muzdalifah, it has been determined by a body to preserve the landmark and religious effects after the issuance of a royal order, and the third is the presence of Mina within the border of the Haram as well as the border of Arafat and Muzdalifah border.

1-9-1 Mina Boundaries

Mina is part of the Holy sites protected area, which includes Muzdalifah and Arafat, as well as Mina, located 5-7 km from the Holy Mosque of Makkah, the holy site is a piece of land that occupies part of the Mina valley, which covers an area of 7.807 km², and is inhabited only four days a year, especially during the Hajj period. The borders of the Mina are apparent for its association with natural phenomena, as stated by Al-Rakiba on the borders of Mina: “"Mina is the most obvious holy site within its borders, since most of them are natural boundaries. The watershed line of the hills on both sides of the valley is the border on both sides of the north and south, And Mohasser Valley is considered the border from the south-east (Muzdalifah) and Jamarah Al-Aqaba, which is about 3.5 km away from Mohasser Valley, which also the border on the north-west side of Mina (Al-Rakiba, 1984, p. 377). The holy site of Mina is located on the south side of Quways Mount, on the south side of Mina is Al-Ssabeh Mount, on the east is Muzdalifah and Mohasser Valley, and finally on the west by the Jamarat Al-Aqaba, as shown in Figure (14).

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21} { 1-9-2 Urban Area of Mina 2004

Although the area of the Mina is not more than 7.80 km², according to the boundaries of Mina, the borders of the urban area for the year 2004 are 14.04 km². This means that the urban area of Mina is larger than the boundaries by 6.24 km², or nearly double. This discrepancy is due to the extension of the urban area of the Mina as shown in Figure (15) as follows:

 The urban area extends from the north to Al-Maisam and Al-Khadra area due to the existence of some government services that have a direct role to serve pilgrims, such as the General Administration of Holy Places and Seasons and the headquarters of public security.

This is the maximum extension of the urban area to the north at the point (21° 27' 17.921"N, 39 ° 53'56.82"E).

 The urban area to the south reaches Al-Ssabeh Mount and Al-Mursalat district, where the camps extend to (21° 23' 193631" N, 39° 54' 9.187" E).

 On the east side is the urban area of Al-Ahdab Mountain and King Faisal Bridge, where the camps and the area below the King Faisal Bridge (the fourth ring), frequented by many irregular pilgrims for the settlement of the bridge during the days of Al- Tashreeq, As Al- Rakiba mentioned about the phenomenon of settlement, "it is a problem caused by the lack of access to places of accommodation or unwillingness of some of them to rent from the shops of accommodation" (Al-Rakiba, 1984, p. 394), where the proportion in 2011 was 6.2% (Holy Makkah Municipality Urban Observatory 1432H), For this, the maximum extension of the urban area border for the east is at a linear intersection (21° 25' 5.62" N, 39° 54' 47.431" E).

 Finally, on the west side, the urban area of Mina reaches Al-Rawdah and Al-Azizeyah districts, the most important access points to Makkah, which are used by the pilgrims who reside in Mina during the days of Al- Tashreeq to go to the Haram to perform Tawaf Al- Ifadh after the Jamarat. This reaches the maximum stretch of the urban area from the west to (21° 52' 38.063" N, 39° 51' 25.749" E).

 As a result, we find that urban area of Mina has exceeded the its border, as Muzdalifah exceeded an area of 2.583 km² from the western side of the holy site that has tents, as well as to go beyond the urban area of the boundaries of the holy sites protected from the south side and attached to part of the adjacent Al-Mursalat district as it appears in Figure (16).

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Figure (15)

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Figure (16)

24} { 1-9-3 Developed Urban Area of Mina 2015

As shown in Figure (17), the urban area of 2015 exceeds the border of urban area in 2004, This means that the urban area of Mina has witnessed an urban growth of 3.17 km². The area of urban boundary in 2015 is 17.21 km², while the area of urban boundary in 2004 is 14.04 km², as shown from Figure (18).

This new extension is due to several reasons, including alteration and replacement of some land-uses, and the development of new land-uses, especially from the north and south and west, while the East did not see any extension as shown in Figure (19) as shown:

 From the north the urban area includes, Al-Maisam, Al-Khadra and Al-Sharayea area were the site of the slaughter of sheep and cattle and the slaughter of cows and camels. The sheep and cattle slaughter was located inside the camps area and was transferred at the end of 2004 from inside the camps residential area to Al-Khadra; In addition, the slaughter of cows and camels was also transferred from Al-Maisam area to Al-Khadra area next to the sheep and cattle slaughter, which was transferred in 2004 to Al-Khadra area near Al-Sharayea neighborhood in 2013. Therefore, the maximum extension of the urban area reached the north at the point (21° 27' 30.407" N, 39° 55' 18.27" E).

 As for the south, the urban area of Mina reached Al-Ssabeh Mountain, Al-Mursalat District, Al-Azizeyah District, for the construction of new tunnels, linking Al-Azizeyah to Al- Jamarat Bridge to facilitate access to Al-Azizeyah neighborhood, In addition to the construction of the Muzdalifah No. 3 train station and its parking lots used by the pilgrims on the morning of Arafat (9th of Dhu al-Hijjah), after the day of al- Tarwiah (8th of Dhu al- Hijjah) to move from Mina to Arafat near Mina towards Arafat and then return to Muzdalifah After sunset on the same day for being inside Muzdalifah, Also used by residents of Makkah and pilgrims inside Makkah to enter and exit from Mina by stop their cars there because of the availability of parking areas and use the southern train of Mashaer to throw Jamarat and stay in Mina every day of the days of Tashreeq and then exit after the completion of these two rites to spend the rest of the day outside Mina after midnight as shown in Photo (1) where the entry of small cars to that area is not prohibited in the days of Tashreeq. This is the maximum extension from the south point at (21° 22' 55.275" N, 39°

53' 32.304" E).

 Finally, on the western side, the urban area of Mina was able to cut off part of Al Rawdah district into the area of Mashaer within the expansion of the western squares of the Jamarat compound by expropriating the properties of some buildings in Al-Rawdah district adjacent to the western areas of the Jamarat facility. As well as cutting part of the mountains surrounding the Mina from the west to expand the yards of the Jamarat. In addition to opening a double road for cars parallel to the pedestrian road to connect the Jamarat Square on the road leading to the Haram through Mahbes El-Jinn. Thus, the maximum extension of the urban area of the west is at the point (21° 25' 39.373" N, 39° 51' 24.967" E).

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It is clear from the above that the north-eastern extensions were the largest, followed by the southwestern extensions, then the north-western extensions and finally the south-eastern extensions. The north-eastern extensions were 1.13 km², the southwestern extensions were 0.84 km², while the north-west or south-east extensions did not exceed 0.67, 0.53 km² respectively, as shown in Table (2).

Table (2): Directions of developed urban extensions in Mina 2004-2015

% Km²

Directions

35.65 1.13

North-eastern

26.50 0.84

South-western

21.13 0.67

North-western

16.72 0.53

South-eastern

100.00 3.17

Total

Source: Prepared by the researcher based on satellite images and field study, as well as GIS programs.

It is clear from the above that urban growth was a natural reaction to the huge projects witnessed in the area of Mina during the period from 2004 to 2015. The question that arises now is: Did the major projects in Mina only expand urban development, or did they help change its land-use map?

The previous question can be answered by first quantitative analysis of the development of land-use in Mina during the period studied, and second the spatial analysis, but before them we must analyze the distinctive land-use in Mina by 2015 as shown in the following study.

Photo (1): Muzdalifah train station (3) on the second day of Al-Tashreeq. At the top of the photo are the parking lots and small parking spaces belonging to the pilgrims and residents coming from Makkah who want to enter the station through to perform their rituals.

Source of image: Photograph by researcher

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Figure (17)

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Figure (18)

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Figure (19)

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Chapter 2

The Distinctive Land-use in Mina 2015

2-1

Percentages of Main Uses

2-2

Residential Uses

2-3

Services

2-3-1

Municipal Services

2-3-1-1

Slaughterhouses

2-3-1-2

Parking

2-3-2

Public Facilities

2-3-3

Religious services

2-3-3-1

Al-Jamarat Facility

2-3-3-2

Al-Khayf Mosque

2-3-3-3

Al-Bayah Mosque

2-3-4

Security Services

2-3-5

Administrative Services

2-3-6

Government Services

2-3-7

Health Services

2-3-8

General Services

2-4

Economic Activities

2-5

Roads

2-6

Vacant Land

2-7

Other Uses

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2-1 Percentages of Main Uses

"Land is usually divided into four main uses: residential use, the most important of these uses, open spaces, second patterns of use, industrial use, and then educational use" (Al-Mutairi, 1985, p. 249). The data shown in Table (3) reflect the peculiarity of Mina area with respect to land-use. The urban area of Mina is 17.21 km² occupied by six main uses: services, economic activities, residential uses, roads, vacant land and other uses.

The residential uses are primarily occupying 33.74% of the total area of urban space in Mina, then services of all types, followed by vacant lands, roads, other uses and economic activities.

Table (3) The main types of land-use within the urban area by 2015.

Main Land Use Patterns M² Km² %

Residential Uses 5805098 5.81 33.74

Services 4068685 4.07 23.65

Vacant Lands 4026757 4.03 23.40

Roads 3247813 3.25 18.88

Other Uses 44800 0.04 0.26

Economic Activities 13559 0.01 0.079

Total 17206712 17.21 100

Source: Prepared by the researcher based on satellite images and field study, as well as GIS programs.

There is no doubt that the religious function of Mina as a rite of pilgrimage rites, requires the pilgrims whenever they can stay overnight in Mina, which reflected on the proportion of residential use, which occupied 33.74%, in addition to the various services provided to pilgrims to reach the total residential uses of pilgrims and services provided to them as well as Roads to more than 3/4 total land area within the urban area of Mina.

The shortage of economic activity area is less than 1% of the total area of urban area in Mina. This is normal due to the main activity of the area as a rite of pilgrimage and a settlement to pilgrims during the days of al-Tashreeq.

The following is an analytical study of each major type of land-use pattern within Mina urban area.

2-2 Residential Uses

"The residential function is one of the first uses of land in the city and the first motive to its growth" (Al-Saadi, 2006, p. 41). Therefore, residential expansion has helped to increase the capacity of pilgrims’ housing inside Mina to the extension of its urban boundaries exceeding its boundaries, it also led to the expansion of other land-uses such as economic and governmental uses, as well as ways to provide services to residents of Mina.

The history of residence in Mina is dated back to the era of prophet Ibrahim, peace be upon him when he was called by God for Hajj, since then pilgrims come to Mina a few days to perform the rituals of Hajj, which naturally led to the development of housing patterns in Mina through the ages. The pilgrims used to live previously in cloth tents that protect them from the sun or other climatic conditions, such as cold and dust, and they were distributed inside Mina randomly, as shown in the Photo (2); And then residential buildings appeared around the area of Jamarat, which belonged to the residents of Mina previously and they are currently removed where it was inhabited by a small proportion of pilgrims as shown in Photo (3), while most of

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them lived in tents, where most of the area of Mina throughout the year is a vacant land and space inhabited by some tribes at the Jamarat throughout the year as shown in Figure (20) which is taken by the satellite in 1966.

Photo (2): The random camping of the pilgrims in the past and appears at the top of the Photo on the left side Al-Khayf Mosque.

Photo (3): Residential buildings around the Jamarat, where the Photo shows near the buildings of Jamarat Symbols.

Source of image: National Geographic

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Figure (20)

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As the number of pilgrims increased, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as a first stage, re- planned and organized Mina to increase the capacity of the areas designated for the pilgrims' housing. The residential uses in the center of the valley were concentrated in comparison with the surrounding areas. The center of Wadi Mina was also divided into squares of camps (Blocks) based on security, safety and camp function and its suitability to the public environment. The terraces were built on the slopes of the mountains by fragmenting and refining the mountainous areas adjacent to the center of Mina as shown in Photo (4), In addition to removing the residential buildings of the inhabitants who previously lived in Mina and compensate them accordingly.

The second stage consisted of the construction of the upgraded tents instead of the traditional cloth tents that were installed with ropes and wedges, leaving large distances between tents that could not be exploited. The tents were designed to be fire resistant, especially after a fire in 1997 which killed and injured a number of pilgrims for the use of unsecured thermal sources and subsistence indiscriminately, fire resistant tents were built in the same form and traditional Islamic character of the traditional values to preserve the privacy of the place and the original architectural form of Mina, as well as its spiritual aspect.

At present, 4.06 km² of Mina is covered with tents, with different dimensions of 12 m x 8 m, 8 m x 8 m, 6 m x 8 m and 4 m x 3 m according to the purpose of the tent. These camps were provided with corridors, toilets, ablution facilities and waste dumps. They also had an air- conditioning network and safety equipment such as a fire-fighting network as shown in the Photo (5).

Photo () : Building camps on the slopes of mountains. 4 Source of image: Photograph by researcher