/s/-‐aspira(on and sound change in two varie(es of Andalusian Spanish
Hanna Ruch & Sandra Peters
Introduc(on
Weakening of syllable final /s/: [s] ⟶ [h]
since XVI century (Frago 1993) /st/ e.g. pasta, pestaña, las tazas
Standard Spanish
[ˈpasta, pesˈtaɲa, las ˈtaθas]
/s/-‐aspira(on
Andalusia, Cuba, Buenos Aires, ...
[ˈpahta, pehˈtaɲa, lah ˈtaθah]
1
Introduc(on
hVp://mapa-‐de-‐espana.blogspot.com/
State of the art
/sp, st, sk/ e.g. pasta
Tradi(onal dialectological studies:
[hp, ht, hk]; [pː, tː, kː], [p, t, k]
Recent studies (e.g. Torreira, Parrell, Moya)
Western Andalusian Spanish (WAS, i.e. Seville) [p
h, t
h, k
h]; [pː
h, tː
h, kː
h], [t
s]
Eastern Andalusian Spanish (EAS, i.e. Granada) [hp, ht, hk]; [pː, tː, kː]
3
Postaspira(on
Preaspira(on
Affrica(on
Gemina(on
State of the art
[t
h] [t
s]
[ht]
[tː]
[tː
h]
Granada Seville
Preaspira(on Postaspira(on
WAS EAS
State of the art
• Much varia(on in pronuncia(on of /sp, st, sk/
• Dialect dependent (Torreira)
• Age as a factor for /st/ in WAS (Moya; Ruch)
higher occurrence of [t
h] and [t
s] for younger than for older speakers
• Contradictory results for speech rate
-‐ less preaspira(on and more postaspira(on with higher speech rate (Parrell, to appear)
-‐ no effect of speech rate on VOT (Torreira, to appear)
5
State of the art
• Transcrip(on mode in tradi(onal studies and age differences in /st/-‐pronuncia(on: sound change
• Generaliza(on of longer VOT in WAS among younger speakers
• Postaspira(on not a robust cue (speech rate;
stress) -‐> not phonologized in WAS,
rather the result of extensive ar(culatory overlap (Torreira, to appear)
• Longer VOT also in EA /sp, st, sk/ (Torreira 2006)
Ques(ons
• Sound change from pre-‐ to postaspira(on in /sp, st, sk/ in Andalusian Spanish?
• Produc(on and percep(on; two varie(es:
Seville (WAS); Granada (EAS)
• Phone(c basis of the sound change [hC] ⟶ [C
h]?
– place of ar(cula(on /sp, st, sk/
– subsequent vowel /a, i, u/
• Search for a phone(c basis of sound change in EAS: less generaliza(on of postaspira(on
• First step: /st/ in Seville Spanish
7
Produc(on Seville
Hypothesis for /st/
• Young Sevillians produce longer VOT
• Young Sevillians produce less preaspira(on
• /s/-‐aspira(on -‐> longer closure dura(on
• /s/-‐aspira(on -‐> longer VOT
• longer VOT -‐> less preaspira(on
Produc(on Seville
Method
• 24 speakers from Seville 12 young, 12 old
• seven different /st/-‐words with a following /a/
estado, estaba, estanco, pestaña, las tazas, hasta, pasta 3 repe((ons
• eleven different /t/-‐words with a following /a/
(words and non-‐words)
bata, bita, buta, taro, tano, etapa, retara, pata, pita, puta, ata 3 repe((ons
• automa(c segmenta(on (MAuS); manually corrected
9
Produc(on Seville
VOT length of aspirated /st/
old young old young
ANOVA
independent variable:
VOT
dependent variable:
age, gender
highly significant:
age (F[1.16] = 19.5, p<0.001)
females males
Produc(on Seville
Young Sevillians produce less preaspira(on
11
Freq
a j
0 20 40 60 80
f
0 20 40 60 80
m no−segment
pre
GLMM
fixed factor:
existence of preaspira(on
random factors:
speaker, word
highly significant:
age (z=3.4, p<0.001)
old young
Produc(on Seville
Closure dura(on in unaspirated and aspirated stops
old young
mean
old young
unaspirated ([st]) postaspirated pre-‐ and postaspirated
MM
random-‐factors:
speaker, word fixed factors:
aspira(on, age highly significant:
aspira(on (χ2[1] = 44.0, p < 0.001) Significant:
age (χ2[1] = 6.5, p
< 0.05)
Produc(on Seville
13
VOT length in unaspirated and aspirated words (/st/)
MM
random-‐factors:
speaker, word fixed factors:
aspira(on, age highly significant:
aspira(on (χ2[1] = 29.1, p < 0.001)
Significant:
age (χ2[1] = 5.7, p <
0.05)
Interac(on highly significant
(χ2[1] = 45.9, p < 0.001)
unaspirated ([st]) aspirated
mean
old young
Produc(on Seville
% of preaspira(on
Longer VOT -‐> less preaspira(on
Dura(on of VOT
GLMM
fixed factor:
existence of preaspira(on
random factors:
speaker, word
significant (young men):
aspiraFon (z=2.1,
p<0.05)
Produc(on Seville
Summary
• Differences in produc(on of /st/ in Seville Spanish
o Young speakers produce longer VOT
o Young speakers produce less preaspira(on o Closure dura(on in aspirated stops
o VOT dura(on seems to affect existence of preaspira(on (only in 1 group of speakers)
• No differences between age and gender in /t/
15
Percep(on
S(muli -‐ 2 nine-‐step con(nua
-‐ endpoints: 15 ms VOT and 60 ms
/pata/
/pasta/
pata-‐con(nuum
pasta-‐con(nuum
Percep(on
17
• S(muli: 2 x 9 x 10 = 180, randomised
• 73 subjects:
Seville (20 young, 18 old); Granada (19 young, 14 old)
• young: 18-‐49 years, old: 50-‐87 years
Percep(on Seville
Hypothesis
• Young Sevillians need a shorter VOT to perceive [pat
ha] as pasta
• Young Sevillians can dis(nguish more easily between [pat
ha] and [pata]
Percep(on Seville
Results cross-‐over point
19
number of s(mulus
GLMM
dependent:
response, fixed factor:
step
random factors:
speaker, con(nuum highly significant:
age (F[1.37] = 15, p<0.001)
old young
Percep(on Seville
Results slope
20
GLMM
dependent:
response, fixed factor:
step
random factors:
speaker, con(nuum
highly significant:
age (F[1.37] = 39.9, p<0.001)
/pata/-‐answers
number of s(mulus
red = young black = old
Percep(on Seville
Summary
• Differences between old/young in percep(on
o Old listeners need a longer VOT to hear [pat
ha]
o Young listeners can separate more easily between [pat
ha] and [pata]
o Young subjects make a more categorical
dis(nc(on between long and short VOT than older ones.
21
Percep(on Seville-‐Granada
Hypothesis
• Listeners from Granada need longer VOT to hear /pasta/ [pat
ha]
• SE listeners dis(nguish more categorically
• Granada: differences among age
– previous studies: no (EAS: preaspira(on)
– informal observa(ons
Percep(on Seville-‐Granada
Cross-‐over point Slope
23
Seville Granada
old young
2 4 6 8
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
Stimulus Nummer
Proportion /pata/-Antworten
s(mulus number
% pata-‐answers
a.Granada j.Granada a.Sevilla j.Sevilla
234567
old young old young
Granada Seville
s(mulus number
Percep(on Seville-‐Granada
• Younger listeners are more sensi(ve to longer VOT
• Young Sevillians dins(nguish more categorically between [t
h] and [t] than young Granadians
• Older listeners perceive VOT-‐differences more gradually than younger ones
• Other cues for /st/-‐/t/ contrast in Granada?
– total dura(on – closure dura(on
– dura(on of preceding vowel
• Sound change in progress also in Granada!
• Speech produc(on?
Produc(on Seville-‐Granada
Sound change in progress also in Granada?
• Differences in VOT according to age in GR
• Shorter VOT-‐dura(on in /st/ for Granada
• More preaspira(on in GR than in SE Differences /st/-‐/t/
• VOT: SE:young > GR:young > SE:old, GR:old
• other cues?
– existence of preaspira(on – closure dura(on
25
Produc(on Seville-‐Granada
Method
• Same procedure as for Seville data
• 2 age groups, 2 dialects, 12 subjects/group
= 48 speakers
• 5 /st/-‐words estado, estaba, estanco, pestaña, las tazas
2 /t/-‐words etapa, retara
• Automa(c segmenta(on, manual correc(on Sta(s(cs
• Anova (speaker-‐wise mean values)
• GLMM (frequency of preaspira(on)
/st/ in 3-‐syllabic words
pestaña, estanco, estaba, estado, las tazas
27
alt.Granada jung.Granada alt.Sevilla jung.Sevilla
80100120140
Verschluss in 3-silbigen /sta/-Wörtern
Dauer
Closure dura(on
old young old young
Granada Seville
alt.Granada jung.Granada alt.Sevilla jung.Sevilla
20304050607080
VOT in 3-silbigen /sta/-Wörtern
Dauer
VOT dura(on
old young old young
Granada Seville
*** ***
**
Produc(on Seville-‐Granada
Produc(on Seville-‐Granada
Occurrence of preaspira(on (voiced and voiceless)
28
Granada Sevilla
3silbige /sta/-Wörter mit und ohne Präaspiration
Anzahl Tokens 050100150
preaspiration no preaspiration
Granada Sevilla
3silbige /sta/-Wörter mit und ohne Präaspiration, nur alte Sprecher
Anzahl Tokens 020406080100number of tokens
Granada Sevilla
older speakers younger speakers
**
*
Granada Sevilla
3silbige /sta/-Wörter mit und ohne Präaspiration, nur junge Sprecher
Anzahl Tokens 020406080100
Granada Sevilla
Produc(on Seville-‐Granada
Closure difference /st/-‐/t/ VOT difference /st/-‐/t/
29
old young old young
Granada Seville
alt.Granada jung.Granada alt.Sevilla jung.Sevilla
0102030405060
VOT-Differenz /st/-/t/ in 3-silbigen Wörtern Differenz in msdifference (ms)
old young old young
Granada Seville
alt.Granada jung.Granada alt.Sevilla jung.Sevilla
0204060
Verschluss-Differenz /st/-/t/ in 3-silbigen Wörtern Differenz in ms difference (ms)
n.s.
*
***
Produc(on Seville-‐Granada
Discussion
• Sound change in progress also in Granada
• VOT difference between /st/ and /t/ strongest for young Sevillian speakers
• Other cues (closure dura(on, preaspira(on) for older and Granada speakers stronger than for young Sevillians
• Only 3-‐syllabic words, not for /pasta, hasta/!
30
Discussion
31
• VOT-‐differences between dialects and age groups seem to be stronger in produc(on than in
percep(on -‐> produc(on-‐based sound change?
• Postaspira(on as phone(c consequence of
preaspira(on -‐ phonologized in WAS but not (yet) in EAS?
• Why do young GR listeners much beVer than old SE listeners, although in produc(on they do the same?
Produc(on-‐Percep(on
32
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2345678
VOT.Diff
Perz_um
0 10 20 30 40 50
234567
VOT.Diff
Perz_um
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5
Neigung
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1.5-1.0-0.5
Neigung
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2345678
VOT.Diff
Perz_um
0 10 20 30 40 50
234567
VOT.Diff
Perz_um
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5
VOT.Diff
Neigung
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1.5-1.0-0.5
VOT.Diff
Neigung
Seville Granada
cross-‐over point slope gradual categorical
VOT-‐difference /st/-‐/t/
Next steps
Produc(on-‐percep(on rela(onship
Comparisons between speakers or between tokens?
33
/st/-‐/t/ produc:on percep:on
cross-‐over point
slope
VOT long low abrupt
preaspira(on frequent high flat
closure
dura(on high high flat
Literatur
• Moya Corral, J. A. (2008): “No(cia de un sonido emergente: la africada dental procedente del grupo -‐st-‐ en Andalucía”. In:
Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna 26, 457–
465.
• Parrell, B. (to appear): The role of gestural phasing in Western Andalusian Spanish aspira(on. Journa of Phone(cs.
• Torreira, F. (2006): Coar(cula(on between Aspirated-‐s and Voiceless Stops in Spanish: An Interdialectal Comparison. In Selected Proceedings of the 9th Hispanic Linguis(cs
Symposium, 113-‐120. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
• Torreira, F. (to appear): Inves(ga(ng the nature of aspirated stops in Western Andalusian Spanish. In: Journal of the
Interna(onal Phone(c Associa(on.
Thank you
for your aVen(on!
35
