POINT BARRO'V, ALASI{A,

,_.

REPORT

OF THE

INTERNATIONAL POLAR EXPEDITION

'to

POINT BARRO'V, ALASI{A,

IN RESPONSE TO

THE RESOLUTION OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF DECEMBEH 11, 1884.

. le_·

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1885.

48TH CONGRESS, l

2(1 Sessioll. _~

uouse

OF HEPHESEN'l'ATlVES. _j Ex. Doe.

I

No. 44.

'I"HE

EXPEDITION TO POINT BAHHOW, ALASKA.

LETTER

SEORETARY OF

TIlA,,")IITTJXI;.

WAR,

•

I 'WI._.vorv

.

respectfully, your ebedieut servant,

In response to a resolution of the 1101/8(',the report of the International Polar Expeditlon. to Point Barroic, Alaska.

DECE)/IlEnHi, ll':'134.-Helj'nel1tothe Committee011Naval Affairsal111ordered to be printed,

LETTERS OF TRANS1\:fITTAL.

'VAR DEPART~ENT,

Washil1[Jton City, December15, 1884.

The Secretary of\\Tar has the honor to transmit to the House of Represeutatives the report of the International PolarExpedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, together with the letter of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, of this date, submitting the report to this Department, the same being furnished in response to the resolution of the House of Representatives of December 11, 1884, as

fO]]OWR:

••R('.~oll'(,t7, That the Secretary of War be requested to transmit to the House of Representa- tives, if not inconsistent with the public service, the report of the Iuternatioual Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, by Lieut. P. H. Hay, U. S. Army, for the years 1881, 1882, and ]88:3."

HOBEHT T. I.IXCOLX, Sccrctarf

of

lVai'.

The SPEAKER OF TIlE HousnOF HEPRESENTATlVES.

,VAR DEPART:'IIENT,

OFJ.'lCE 01" THE eHIEl' SIGl'lAL OFFICER,

Wasltingtoll City, December Vi, ]884.

SIR: I have the honor to tl'ans';lir. herewith the report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, called fin' hyresolution of House of Representatives of December 12, 18tH-,

W. B. HAZEX, Briqadier and Brad J16(jor ucncrat, Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army.

'.1'he Hon. SECRETARY OF 'YAR, WashinfJfon, D. C.

LETTER OF TRANSM:ITTAL.

P. H. HAY, First Lieutcnant Eiqhtli L^C• 8. III/alli/'!!, A. 8, 0., Comlllolldill!J.Jo:.llp('(Wion.

WASHINGTON, D. C., November1,1884.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a full report of the operations of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, under mycommand, for the years 1881,1882, and 188:1- The work in meteorology and magnetism is as complete as it was possible to make it with the means placed atmy disposal.

The work of geographical exploration, having been made of secondary importance, wasconf nr-d to such short expeditions as I was able to make from the home station, without suspendiug O!

interfering with the regular work; but enough was done to demonstrate that the work of expkua tion ill the Arctic can be carried on, at any season of the year, with the assistance of the natives, with comparative safety aud but very little suffering, and I trust that our experience will tend to remove some of the prejudices now existing in the public mind ag:linst Arctic exploration.

I regret exceedingly that I was not given more time to prepare myself for this uudertakiug, as my previous training had not been of such a character as to tit me for it, except ill the matter ofcom maurlaIHIcqni pmeut,

I cannot speak too highly of the faithfulness aud devotion of the members of ^till' expedition to their duty. 'I'o their cheerful assistance and ready obedience is due all credit for the success attending' the expedition.

In preparing this report I have been placed under many obligations to Prof. Spencer F. Buinl, Director of the United States National Museum, and to Prof..J.E. Hilgard, Superintendent United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, for advice, as well as valuable assistance in their departments;

also to Mr. Charles.'L Schotr, assistant, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, for the reduc- tion and discussion of the magnetic observations; to 1\11'.H.S. Avery, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, for the reduction and discussions of tides; to Private A. L. Mcltae, SigIl:!I Corps, U. S. Army, for the reduction and discussion of the ground cnrreuts : and to Sergt. .Iohn Munloch, Signal Corps, U. S. Army, naturalist of the expedition. for his able awl valuable assistance throughout the whole expedition, aud in prepuriug' this report.

I am, very l'csp.,dfnlly, your obedient servant,

UIIlEF SWNAL OFFICER, UNITED STATES AU;\IY,

1rasltill[lltm, 1>. O.

CONTENTS.

PART I.-Onmms AXP I~ST1:t'Cno~s.

PAHT H.-NARRATIVE.

l'ART HI.-ETIIXOGRArJIICAL SKETCH Ob' rrn: XATIVl-:S IJF POIYf BAI:ROW (I~CU'D1XGVOCABl'J.ARY ,\Xll UST OF

ETJI:"OLOGICAL SrECDIEXS COLLECTED).

PAIn' IV.-NA1THAL III;;TOI:Y.

1'.'1.HT V.--:\II:TI':'.!:IJLIlC;Y (IXClXIJIX(; .~L·I:OI:A).

PAIn' VL,-,~Lv;XF';I;;~1.

PA1:T VIL-Tllll'''.

l'AI>TVllI.-2\IlSCI:LL.~XEOC;;OB,"El:VATIO~S(EARI'll CL:l:HENTl", f:TC.).

5

7

~^.._---~~^..~_._~---

ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS.

',VAI: JJEPAWL'lIE~T,OFFICE OF .THE ('mEF SIGNAL OFFICIm, W(/811inaton,

J».

^C.,,JUHe ~4, 1881.

[E:dr:H't. ]

:)

IY. By direction ofthe Sl'('retnry of \Var, the following-nruned o11ieers, civilians, and enlist(>11 men me assigued to duty as tJ](· expeditionary force to Poir.t Barrow. Alaska Territory, viz: First Lieut. P. Henry Hay, Eighth Infantry, ..\cting Signal Oflieer ; Acting: Assistant Surgeon, Georgo Scott Oldmixon, U. S, Artny,; Scrgt. .Iumes Cassidy, Signal COqIS, F. S. Army, observer; Sergt.

Jolm Murdoch, Signal Corps, U. S. Army (A. M., Harvard), naturalist and observer; Sergt.

Middleton Smith, Signal Corps, U. S. Army. nnturalist and observer , Capt. E. P. Horendcen, interpreter, storekeeper, &c,; Mr. A. C. Dark, astronomer and magnetic observer (Coast Sur.

vey): one carpenter ; one1:001,; one laborer,

Y. First Lieut. P. H. Hay, Eighth Infantry, Acting Signal Officer, is hereby assigned to tlio command of the oxpedition, and is charged with the execution of the orders and instructions given below. He will forward fill reports and observations to the Chief Signal Officer, who is charged with the control and supervision ofth« expedition.

VI. As soon as pructicahle, Lieutenant Hay "ill sail with his party from San Francisco for Point Barrow, latitude 71° 2'j' 1I0rtlJ. lougtitude l;j(j~15' West (Beechey), mHI establish there no permanentstation of observation. to be occupied until the summer of 1884, when hewillreturn here, unless other orders reach him. On the way ont and back, a stoppage of a few days only will be made at Plover Bay (latitude(I.p 22' 0/1 north, longtitnde 173⁰ 21'32/1west), for the purpose of determining the error and sea rate of his chronometers. The vessel conveying him to his destina- tion will not be detained at thepermanent station longer than is necessary to unload the stores.

. "W. B. HAZBN,

Briglldier «n d Brecct Jrajor-Oc)/uaT, ChieffHonal Officer, U. S .•1nny.

Official:

LOUIS V. CAZIARC,

First Lieutenant, Second AI·tillcry,Acting Signal Officer.

[Instructions No. 7G.1

'YAR DEPARTMENT, OFrICE OF THE CIIlEI·' SIGNAL OFI<'ICER,

ll'a.yTJingtmt, II. C., June 24, 1881.

The following gelleraland det~·dledinstructionswill govern in the establisluueut and manage- ment of the expedition orgauized under Special Orders No. 10:!,\\':n⁰ Department, Ofllce of the Chief Signal Officer, ",Yashing-toll, D. C., dated .Iune 24, 1881.

'I'hepermanent station will he cstablisherl at the most suitable point in the vicinity, and, if practicable, at or ill the immediate neighborhood of Point Barrow, Alaska Territory, (latitude

710 2'j' north ; longitude ),'")110 1;";' west, as determined by Bcecliey).

I:Xt'EIJlT10~ TO POI~rr HAImOW, ALASKA.

Otlieia1:

LOFI8 V. UAZIAIW,

FirstLiultf/wnt, Second .'b'fiUffY, Actiny Sigllal O,(Jinf'.

T;1l' dll'll!;UIIH'tt'I'S will \11'rated at San Fraucisco, andwill have their sear~tesdetcrminc(l,by

all (l1'~I'I'Yiltio/l^{of time at} the 1~lIjtell States Coast and Geodetic Survey station at Plover 1)ay , 1 I ' 1 l-"~' '>1' 3⁰¹/1 i"(''t)

(latitlldl' lit' ~~,H" nort I; tl/lgltlll Cl,)'" - - :-;'" . .

TIlt' res';I,1 ~1:Ollld, (Ill arriva] at thepermauent station, discharge her cargo with the utmost

disp;:tl'll, :Il1d at oiln'lll' 01'41('1'('11 to return to Sail Francisco, Cal. Before yermittillg', the vessel to l,':m', :1('an-fn! 1':::lIl1ilwtion of tlie vicinity will be made and the exact site chosen101' the per- JlI<III('I~I';lati(l1l will b(\ located in latitude and longitude, elu-ouotuetrlcally, both by Lieutenant H:I"1I1l1 hy th« uavigutorof the vesselindependently, and a report in writing will be senthy the rct;ll'lIillg' ~'ess,'l. By the sallle means will be scut a transcript of all meteorological and other Oh"I'ITatiolls made tlllrillg tlu- \'fl,Yage, nnd also a listof apparatus and stores ImOiYlI to be broken,

llIi~sil'lg':11111 Ill'l'dell,to be suppliednext year.

.Aft('1' the ,1epartllrcofthe n'ssel, the energies of the partyshouldfirst be devoted to the erec- tlon oftlw houses required for dwellings,stores, audobservatories.

Spedal instructions regar(ling the meteorological, magnetic, tidal, pendulum,and such otler ohservaf ions as were rccommeuded h~- the Hamburg International Polar Conference, are trans- mitted herewith.

Carl'flll attention will be gin'n to the collection of specimens of the animal, mineral, and vege- table Id11gdoIIIs. These eollectiou» ureto be made as complete as possible, and are to be consid- ered the jlroperty of tile Govcriuuent of the United States, and arc to be at its disposal. The eollectiousill natural history uml ethnology arc mrule for, and will he transferred to, the National )[ nscuiu.

Itiscouteruplated that thepermanent station will be visited in 1882,1883, and 188*by a steam

01'sailill~ vessel, by which supplies for, and such additions to, the present party as are deemed needtnl willbe sent. Lists of stores required to be sent by the next season's vessel will be for- warded hy each returning boat.

The subject of fuel and native food-supply, its procurement and preservation,will receive full :lIHI careful atteution, as soon after the estahlislunent of the post as practicable. Full reports

upon this subiect will he expected.

A special('opyofall reports will llc made each tIa,y, which will be sent home each year hy

the retnrning vessel. •

'!'hefllllllalTatin~of the several branches will be prepared with accuracy, leaving the least possible amount of work afterwards to prepare themfor publication.

III I:ase of any fatal accident or permanent disability happening to Lieutenant Hay, the eo m- manrl Will de'"oli'c 011 t]H;officer next iu seniority, who will be governed by these iustrnctions•

. W. B. HAZE~,

BI'igw7ier IIn(l Brcret Jlajor,(Jo/eral, (,ltirf8i[J}Ull

0.fJit.:t:r,

U. 8. Arnu),

,

IXSnWCT/((\'8 nu: TIlE ('OJIJlASDl.W; OFFJJ'El!8 (if' THE Ixn:R.'T.,1rios.u.

" . / . L . POL.1n ST,1TIOXS

(leCTI'lED IT THI: 8[(;'v.1L SEI:nCE.

1. (~EXEHAL.

, , ,1. Regular meteorologicalana other observationswill he maintaincd uninterruptedly both at

~("1^.HHIat thejlul)/al/cllf statio ' " '1 ' 1 . .

.J' '

, 1 tl , . ' , ., n.runccorr ancoWIt 1 llll'itruet ions issuedto Big-nalSel'yil'eobservers

,U\( 1081 ((lIltalllf'tllll the;lecompall,inn" rt ' f . 1 ' . " ,

t .} .' 1 · ' . . ..,..^{I X} ract ^1'0111t leIIIoccelllllg'sof the Hamburn' conference

() " lit1~}ll'(,la] notos art:' appf'lHled where needed. ^{" n . ,}

~. Tho original 1'1'(,01',1 of these ohserv. t.i "'1\ 1 .

purposo '11111 'I fair , _ .f I . " . ' ',1 Ions i\I le kept 1Il tln- blank books snppl.iell for this . " ,., ((lP~ 0 t 11'l'olTPI,tf'II 'HId ' I ' l ' ' \ . " "

I!}weial fOI'IIl" '\S snPlll')l' I 1· , Il'l ,lcel l('sn Is i\IlllJC m,llle upon SlgualSerVIceand

, •• , 1('( III JOl1ll1 i'OIIlIlW::-I.

EXPE])ITIO~ TO POINT BARROW, ALASKA.

9

3, At sea a daily record will be kept, by dead reckoning and nstrouomieal observations, of

!be latitude and longitude of the vessel, by which the positious at till' time« oflll"teorolo,~ieal observations will be deduced, and on arriving' atthepermanent srutionthe local timearul lonuitudo will be immediatelydetermined, whence the Washington and C;ittingen times will he found by applying the correction for lougitnde,

4. An meteorological andtidal observations will be made at pxad hours of Washinrrton civil time. (The Iongitude of 'Yashingtoll Observarory is ;)h Rill I

~'.O!)

west of Grecnwich.)

'1'J;~ rl'~ltlar

magnetic observations will be made at even hours and minutes ofniitting'en mean time. (Ciiittinl:::en is Oh 3!)0I ·16'.24east. of Greenwich, or 5^h 47^m 58'.:33 east of Wnshington ; whr-nco 12 noon Wash- ington time is simultaneous with 5^h 47^m 58".33p. m. Gottingen time, or lih 1~1lI l".m a. Ill. Wash- ington time is simultaneous with 1:.l11oon at Giittingen.)

Ifhourly meteorological observations of all thesephenomena cannot be tuk ..n,then, if )Iossihle, take hi-hourly observations at the hours 1,3, ;), 7, !), 11a. Ill. and'p.m., 01' at least xix ouservn- tionsat3,7, and 11 a. 111. and p. m. On no account will the meteorological observation at 7 a. m., Washingtou time, be omitted.

5. Upon arrival at the permanent station the local time and longitude will be detcnuinerl at once, withoutwaiting for theerection of permanent shelters which will he hnilt for the meteorolog- ical, magnetic, and astronomical instruments, according to the plans aTHI material as specttlcd.

The meteorological and astronomical obscrvutories will he located ^COILveuieutly near to the dwelling of the observers, but that of the magnetic observatory will be determined by the con- sideration that these instruments must be removed 1'1'0111 all danger of "eing affected by the presence of steel 01' iron, including galvanized awl tinned iron, ] f ]1(',,<1 .. <1 to keep011' intrnders, a gnarl] or fence should surround the magnetic observatory.

(i. TIroobservation of titles will be made as complete as possible ill SIIIIIIIWI'by a gange011 the shore, and in winter through an opening in the ice, according to the instruetions furnished by the Superintendent of the United States Coast andGeodetic Snrvey. The ncccssitv for ohsPl'dng' the tides will suggest that the dwelling-house sllOI1111 he located as near the sea,as is safl' and con- venicnt.

7. In addition to the ship's log awl the oftlcial journal of the party, to be kepthy the corn- manding officer, and the official record of observations, to be kept bythe moteorological, magnetic;

tidal, and astronomical observers, each member of the party will he furnished with a diary, in which he will record all such incidents as specially interest him. This diary will notbeopen

to

inspection until delivered to the Chief Signa) Officerfor his sole use in compiling the full record of the expedition.

8. Accurate representations, eitherby the photographic process or sketching, will be made of all phenomena of an unusual character, or of whatever is characteristic of the country.

n.

Can'fnlly prepared topogruphical maps will he made of as muchof the surrounding country as is practicable.

n.

DETAILED Il'STRUCTIO.:;'S CO::\CEn~I~GOB8ERVATrONS, INSTHlT:\IE.:;'TS, f,~D 1'DIE, BY TJIE I~TEn~ATIOl\'ALrOLAH CO~FEREl\'CE,llA:\lBnW, ]879, OCTOl1En 1 TO :>.

1. OBLHiATORY OBSERVATlO.:;'S I~ rrn: Dm!AI~ OF ::\IETEOnOLOUY

1\0. 17. Temperature I?/ tlic air.-'fhe mercurial thermometers should lw graduated to two- tenths degr('(~sCentigrade, and the alcohol thermometers to whole degrees, and hoth verified at a.

centrul uietcorological station to w.ithiu one-tenth degree Ccntigrad«.

[The thsrurometcrs furnished are graduated toFalirenhcit ; they have IH'en compared with the Signa I Service standard, am] are provided wi th correction card!';..1

No, 18. The instruments should be placedat an altitude of between Li awl ::.0meters (;') to~ Iect), and it is recommended that they be exposed in a double shelter of lattice work, accordingto

H. Ex. H--:.l

10 EXPEIHTION TO POI~T BAHHOW, AllASKA.

, f t I The o1JservatiollB of

\" ' ).1' , 1']('lllOfl Tilt' outer shelter to be of "'"00<.1, the llll.ler o me a.

,V,I

~;'~1I11'1

tIH'l'Il;oIlH.ters em he mad« under various eonditious. , "

1111111 : ' \'11Ie^{SIt' tCI'S}\ fur^IUIlIS1'(.'\ (1^t"fJnsist of' " 'Ill, outer wooden louvre work awl an..inner gah-<1111zetlu.'on, I ,. le

I • , . . 1 ,,'1. " t 11) The minimum temperatures at various a ntur es slrelter, both framed so as to l,,:eastY se I . . , " , ... ' . ' . ' , 0' , . '

abovegl'OIlIlf1 \\'illhe observed, awl under such vanous eouditious as Cl~(,Ull1stanc~s,SI~",ge~~.J ^co So.

io.

The ulcohol thermometers ought to he compared at the S~'tlO11of observation with the st'l!lIhnllllerClll'i<l1 tlJcl'lnometer at the lowest. possible temperatures; ,

, ;0. ^eo,

Sea temperatures should be observed, whenever possible, att~e surface HmI.at eacll 10meters (about;.l:~feet) of depth; as instruments, proper for this obSe~YatlOn, th~ follO\~lu.~,^nJ:lj' he speciliell: deep, sea thermometers, as manufactured or invented by Ekmanu ; ): egretn ...'Y. Zam-

bra : l\IiIler' ( 'asellu : Jansen. , ,

I

Wllile at sea the temperature of the surface water wilt ~eobserved hourly, with ~~,1C ~lglJal Sorvice water thermometer, by the ordinary methods, and rue temperat me at each <>3 t~et ^of depth, whenever practieable; for greater depths, one of the above deep-sea instruments will 00 used,J

~o. si. The point 00 Ceutigrade_(3~0Fahrenheit), for

«n

the thermometers should be deter- mined from tune to time.

[Tile testingof thermometers will be made quarterly, according to the usual Signal Sen'ice rules.]

No.2~. Pressure

0/

^{tlu. ail'.-.\t}each station there must be at least two well-compared mer- curial barometers, a reserve barometer, and au aneroid.

No. 2:1. 'I'hostandard barometer ought to he compared or read once each day.

[Sewral mercurial aUII aneroid barometers are furnished, and all regular observations will he

\llIHl~

from a mercurial barometer, selected from among' them, which will be compared, once each daX, with the standard barometer. All barometers will be fullycompared with the standard once each month; such comparative readings will be entered on the regular Signal Service forms for this purpose.]

No. 24. 11llmidity.-The psvchrometers (i. e.,dr,\" and wet bulb) and hair llygrometer will be used with Reguault'a dew-point apparatus as a check, according toWild'sinstructions.

[Comparative readings, with these iustruments, will he frequently made and carefully pre- served for fut ure study.]

No, 25. The tcind.-The wind-vane and Robinson's anemometer are to he read from withiu the house (see the method of construction of the apparatus of the Swedish station at Spitzbergen), at the same time; the force of the wind will bo estimated according to the Beaufort scale and the wind-direction to sixteen compass points, referred to the true meridian.

[The points of the compass ou the wind-dial will be adjusted to the true meridian as is ordered for all Signal Service stations; self-registering instruments of the Signal Service pattern for the' velocity and direction of the wind to eigut points will be used. A record of' wind-force Oil the Beaufort scale (0 to 12), awl wind -direetion to sixteen points will also be kept and will he

entered in the specialeolumn.] .

. No. ~G. To aid in deciding the question whether the Robinson's anemometer, with large or

With 8111a11 cups, should he used tor determining the force of storms ill the Polar zone, it is rcc-

ollllllt~ndellthat both such be subjected to preliminary experiments.

r

An('I~lO~lIet(;rSof .tIle Signal fervieo pattern, having small cups ana short arms, are the only on?s that It IS couvenient to furnish. For comparative purposes keep two of these in permanent dally US(', exposing' them in different but good localities. '1'he extra anemometers should be compared with t~I(,S(~ tIming twent,\',four hours on the first Monday of each month, and a full reeord bo l'l'pt of such compnrisons.]

No,

~7.

^The

dOlld.~.-The

amount of cloudiness and tbe 'direct ion of the movement of all clouds shonhl hp olJsen'('d to sixteen compass points,

f,In addition, the Idntls of clouds will be noted, and the record kept in the usual Signal Sf'r\'JeI' form.]

tiou:1:01"

1I0t(·~

^(Ill"l'twial

tht'[lllOlllct~rs, l;~~P;~;;],-fo~th~-S-ig;~l S~~~ice

^{stations,t,('P Sc;'lion}

-iIi~itlJ~;;~Ui~~tl"uc-,

Jo;XPEl)l1'IO~ TO 1101N'l' IU.HW)\\" ~\L\SKA.

11

No. ~8. Prccipitrrfioll.-Tlw eOllin:PIl('(-II1t'llt awl duration of rain, SIIOW, hail, &e" and, when possible, the amount of precipitation, is to be oh-ctved. As to the :1I110Ilnt, however, this is not

obli~alor~' in winter. .

rThel'~ ^will ~e r('conl('(~ regularlv , and, it' practicable, hourlv, the amount of pu-cipitution, measured If possihl», ot herwise est imuted.l

No. 2fl. The 1('coll/{,"I',-810nlls, thllll;']er-stol'llls. hail, ji,g'. frost, dew, &e., .nul tlre optieal phcuoinenn of the atmospln-r« ought to be recorded.

No. 30, Absolute(7cfcrlilillatioIl8,-Fol' dcclinntiou awl iucliuutiou it i.-;JH'('esS:l1'y to at tain an accumcy of 1.0 minute, for hnrizon tnl illll':lsity of 0,001. The proper illstllllll'ellt" an', for example, the portable theodolite of Lamour and the ordinary dip-needles.

Xo.

:n.

'I'Ll' absolute observations must be cx('('utf'd ill close connection unrl svuclnunons with the readings of the vnriations iustrnnn-nts, ill order to he ahl« to reduce tlu- data gin'lI hy the latter to an absolute normal value, and to (](·termille the zero point of the s('ales. Tilt, deteruiinations must 1)(' made so Irr-qucutlv thnt the eIJ<l!lg-es ill tho absolute vulu« of the zero point of the scaJes of tJI(' variations apparatus call lIe uccuratelv checked thercbv,

No. 32. Obeerrotions of 1'0 i"iatiOl/8.-Th('S(' ought to iuclurl« the tlm-o dellll'lIts and be made by meuns of iustruments. with small needles, ill contrast to the apparatus of G'IWil". III order to obtain :m uninterrupted reciprocal ('011trol , two complete »ets of variutious inst rumeut« are desirable, awl recommended, ^ill order to avoid allY in terrupf iou of the observat iou-, b.y rcnsou of breakage, derangement, &e.

[One set of these instruments is 1l0W provided, but a second set may he sr-nt ill 1882.J

::\0.33. The horizontal intcusiry ill OIW,at least, oftln-se svstorus should be observed with the unifilar apparatus. Because of tilt' mnguit nde of the perturbnt ious to he observed, the scales of the variations instruments must have at least a range of ten d"grces, and the arrangements are to be so made that the greatest possible simultaueity of the readings may he achieved.

Xo, 34. During the entire period of occupancy of the station the variations instruments will be read hourly. Itis desirable that two readings he made; for instance, just before unrl after the full hour, with an interval of a few minutes between.

No. 35. Weyprecht presented the following' separate note 011 this point:

"Sine('itappears to me that in these regions of almost perpetual disturbances, hourly readings, made at moments not well defined. arc insntlicient to establish mean values accurately expressing the local perturbation!'; for a given epoch (which data ought to serve as a means of comparison with other localities), aurl in consideration of the slight increase of labor which will he caused by taking readinga at precise moments, I cannot agree with the views of the majority of the Confer- ence."

"I state that at least tile expedition conducted by myself will take readings hourly of all three variations instruments at58"¹0', 5!l1ll 0'; (j(llll0·; 111¹¹¹0·; 6:!m 0·; Gottingen mean time."

" 'VEYPH-ECH'l'."

[Observations will be taken as specified by Weyprecht.]

No. 36. As term days, the first uud fifteenth day of each month will be Ob8e1'\'e<1 from midnight to midnight, Giit.t ingen riuie, The readings will he taken at intervals of 1I\'e minutes, always on tho full minutes, and the three elements fire to be read with all possible rapidity, one after the other, in the following order: 1. Horizontal inteusit y : 2. ]Jlclination ; :l. Vertical intensity.

No. :37. For these term days, the plan of magnetic work should comprehend continuous read- ings, for instance, readings every twenty secOfHls--thl'ou;.dlOut one whole hour-s-even though only one maguetic element he observed. Ir is the opinion of the Conference that the observations shoukl begin so that one of the hours of observation shall agree with the first hour of the Istof January. and that duri1I1-r tile entire period of magnetic work the hours devoted to this continuous observation should he ella IIged on each successive semi, monthly term day.

.. For spcr-inl instructions in mngnet ic work, fnrnislH'(l 1>y the SlIperinkl'I!,·nt (If tho l"nitcd :"t.al\'s Coast and Gco(!etie Sun'c,\-, scc S,'ctioll IV nfthcsc instructions.

12

EXPEDITION TO POIN'r llAHBOW, ALASKA.

No. 38. Tne accuracyofthemagnetic observations should be such as to give thedeclination to tlll~ ucurest minute ;lIHI the horizontnl andverticalinteusitv in units of the fourth decimal place.

Xo, ::0. 011 the term d:ms, observations of auroras are also to be made continuously. :\1ore- over, anrorus are also to be l;bSCITCd from hour to hour throughout the period of magnetico!:~erY;l' tious, and espceially in retcrence to their form and momentary position in altitude and true azimuth.

Th« illlt'll,>ity ofthe lig:ht is to be estimated on ascale of], 2, 3, 4.

Xo.lO. Isolated amoral phenomena must be made the subject of thorough observatious in connection with which the various phases are to be noted simultaneously with readings of the magnetic varia t ions iustru men ts,

[Those of thepartynotengaged at the magnetic instrumentswill observe and record auroral phenomena. ]

No. 41. Since tilegreatestpossible simultaneity in the readings is a point of thehighest impor- tance, the determiuations of the location and of the time are to he made withinstrmneutshaving finu foundations (such as the universal instrument or astronomical theodolite, thevertical circle, zenith telescope, astronomical transit, &c.); this, however, does not exclude the use of reflecting instrumentsof a superior class. By all means, therefore, mustefforts be made to determine the geographicalposition, and especially the longitude of the station, as soon as possible after ithas been occupied.

[The first approximate longitude ofthestation,_.as determined hv chrouometers ,

.

^, will he checked as frNluently as possiblebylunar distances, occultations, &c., and the value adopted ill the daily work of the station will 1)(' rc\-i,.,ell as often as necessary, preferably atthe end of each quarter.

The detaile of the magnetieobservations will he regulated according to tile inatructions published by the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.]

;3, ELECTIVE OBSERVATWXS.

, No. 4~. 'I'he Conference recommends the following observations and investications most earn- estly to the consideration of all those to whom is intrusted the preparation of instructions foran expedition or who themselves are assigned to such work.

No. 43. Jfeteorological.-The diminution of temperatme witl; altitude, the temperature of the earth,ofthe snow, awl of the ice:tt the different depths should be determined.

[The forms of the snow-crystals should berecorded bv careful drawings; the amount ofhoar- fl:ost accumulated~l)( some well, exposed object shouldbe measured by the use of the scales fur-

IJ~shcd^{by tl.te} medl,:al department. Apparatus isordered to beprovidedfor the preservationof all'and ofair-dust torfuture analysis.]

. No.

~4., Ol~se~Yati:n~

^of

ir~S~lation

^(01' solar radiation) are to be murle, as well as observations

011Hpon~clllumiS ^e\aporanon, \\Inch latter cart be Illade c1ming the winter by weighing cubesof ice

and during the summer by the evaporimeters, , b ' -,

[A shallow circular vessel of water, whether fluid or frozen exposed to the . 1

sl' 1 ' I 11 h - . - , , . ^{o .} openall' aru sun-

11 H., S 10U c. ~ne Its loss ot weight determined daily or oftener bv leli ut . I ]

No 4" if; ' " . " , J ( icute sea es,

f t

~

^"

.t~'·' ~

aY,nctn:a,I.-I'rom tune to time absolutesimultaneous readings of all three elements

0. nltan 11.1 m,lgnetlslll must he made in order to accnrutelv determine the ratio between the snnuTane~us .chan~es of the horizontal and those of vertical intensity. . ^J

1\o. 4l1. (falMlI1c eartli currents-Ob~' ^{-. tions Iesi '}

ncction with magnetic oh'''r\-'lt' ' : 1'tl"l1'\a 10118 are (esired of earth currents in intimate con-

s, , ions anr .le am'oral phenomena [Telegraph lines of well,insulated wire extei d'.... I ,('" .

east and west aurl furni shed TT'1'tl " . ( l,lfl~ a S 101t <IllStance north and sout h and also

, " " I resistance COils nnd I 1',' '

c,"erv effortshould he r . 1 t ,... _ ' . (e rcction needles, are supplied and

•~ ^{. , ' . It:l1} e ⁰ (clll~ out these obsf'n-ntions.] ,

}lo. 4,. lfyd,'of!l'apldC inl"nlir;lItiolls -Obs(' , ' sof . ' ,

nlrre~lts ^{and the movemeur»of ;lie itf',' , nations O.} the dueetlOll awl strength of the ocean

~o.^4:-\. Deep sur sOllnding,<,and olrsen-'Itions 1 I '

instuneo, tletl'J'lllillatioll of' tIll' t " ' . ' lJ~OIl^rue llllyslcal prOllcrtips of the sea water, for , . em}1I'raturp I';PC(~ltiC' del '-'I '

oll,1('ds8houldheeSllechlJe kt'!lt J'I " ,,"1. . " , I" ,\, ga.8(·ons I:cmtents, &1.'., amI these

. • .' I \ le" III t II' 8plcp'lOn of' ' 1 '

t1On8 on tilll'S, \\"hpll }1os'<ble s]lOillcl bp . 1.

J.',.l ,

^{,I\,esse, 101'}the expedition, Obser,a,-

, . 1l1,J( CWJth the I'elt.rcglfitenllgapp:Il'atns.

EXP~~])ITION TO POINT BAUROW, AJ1ASKA.

13

"NEW HAVEN, .May30, 181''1.

[With regard to tidal observations, the instructions published by the United States Coast aud Geodetic Survey are to be followed. Glass-stoppered bottles are provided for preserving speci- mens of sea water to be brought back for examination.]

No. 49. Parallax of theanrora.-Determination should be made of tlw altitude of the aurora by means of measurements made for example with the meteorograph, which must be made by small detached parties of observation, having also, if possible, one party observing simultaneously the variations of magnetic declination.

[Particular attention will be paid to determining the apparent position ill altitude and azimuth of bright meteors and shooting stars and of definite portions of the aurora borealis, and to draw- ings of the appearances presented by the phenomena, as seen by observers situated as far apart (say one-half to five miles) as possible; in these drawings the auroral phenomena should appear in their proper positions relatively to the horizon, meridian, fixed stars, &c.; and to that end each member of the party, without exception, will learn the names and eonflgurationaof the stars shown upon the map of stars furnished you. A suppily of these maps is furnished, sufficient to allow of using them as base charts upon which to enter the observed phenomena ill special cases.

Attention is called to the points of inquiry suggested in the Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer, 187o, pp. 301-335.]

No. 50. Observations of, 1, atmospheric electricity; 2, astronomical ani] terrestrial refractionsj 3, length of the simple second's pendulum; 4, observations on the formation and growth of floating ice and glaciers.

[Attention is called to the observations on the formation of ice made by Nares and other explorers. The pendulum observations will be made in accordance with special Coast Survey instructions.

J

No. 51. Observations and collections in the realms of zoology, botany, geology, &c.

[The instructions given hyProf. Spencer F. Baird to the naturalist will be followed by liim.]

No. 52. There will also be made special observations relating to the whole polar problem, such as the flight of birds, presence of drift-wood, and from what direction it came, and other mutters as may suggest themselves from time to time and be found practicable.

Ill. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS RELATIYE TO CARE AND F:"E OF :"PECIAL TlmR'IIO:METERS.

[Sce paragraphIn,page 10.]

The construction of the minimum standard thermometers designed for the Arctic stations having been iutrusted to the 'I'hermometric Bureau of the Wincheeter Observatory of Yale Col- lege, the astronomer in charge of that institution furnishes the following special instructions, which will he carefully followed :

"GENERAL RE.l\IARKS AND DIRECTIONS CONCERNING rnn SIGNAL SERVICE ~nNIMU::.\[ :"TAND- ARDS. NOS. 1 'I'O 12 INCLl'SIVE, CON:"TRl'C'I'ED BY nm WI:NCIIESTER OBf3ERVATOUY OF YALE COLLEGE.-.T. AND H . •T. <amEN, :MECHAX1CIANf< •

•• jllaterials.-Tbealcohol, carbon di-sulphide, and ethyl oxid« used arc as pure as the chemical processes will admit. For thermometric purposes they may be assumed chemically pure. There is no more ail' above the liquid columns than is accidentally admitted ill the process of "eating the tubes. In this respect these standards are different from the ordinary spirit thermometers.

Itis probable that the great purity of the alcohol will render it nearly as valuable for temper- atures below-SOe Falirenheit-c-as the carbon awl ether thermometers.

" Irirectionsfor carriafJe.-It is higlJly desirable that these thcnnometers should l,e kr-pt, as nearly as possible, in tile same condition as on leaving the observatory. For this pnrpose they . have been carefully packed in a vertical position, and care must be taken to see that tlH'y are 1-;0

repacked, with the bulb down. Owing to the low boiling points of the dl,cI' and carbon di-sul- phide tlJ~y are not (probably) accurate at temperatures above

+

^tiOe Fuhrcnheit, but they will remain clear and limpid at teuiperatures below zero, at which the alcohol thermorueturs 1ll:'.V (but

EXPEDITION TO ,]?OlNT DAUROW, ALASKA.

•

14

,', . " . tlesiI'ahle, therefore, that preference be

ghTe~ t?

^these

llarfily probably) show \

I~CI<l.lt;i.,

^.It

l~

^{," nnel} low temperatures, and in estabhshmg the standards OWl' IIIIY other f.tcllld,l1lls for extre y 11' rpected special attention should be lJU'tl'lIro^lo<ric:11 ohSNvHtoryat which the greatest eoC IS ex , c

g in ' lltotheether and earholl di-sulphide thermometers. . their stations they should . . ' l~^,1' tiug these thermometers^III u· " " , ,. 8t1f11J(',~fllJ1l.~m tltt',II' 1I1il?,-:' setorem~u,I1, detected (withamagnifying glass) adhering he CIII'l'flllly swung or jarred so that

l\?

SP,tr1t can.be 1 b lb d nearest t110 ground) as far as it to Iheir I1pJ!C'l'end". Th",\' I;honld be incliued (wltb tie n., e.,n iust t" 'leof the tube so

" 1 1 it own frIctIon agaius ue SIt ^{II ,} issate awl 11:\\'0 the index stand III ItS pace, ,y IS . '

, " b l .,

that ~hI' drainage llIaybeasperfect ~8 pO,ss~ ^{e, ,} b bered thatthe accom-

".4.11readiflgs sllOlIltlbe recorded m 'lntll/lltete-rs, and It should e reme~ ^{" at}

' , d ) neaut to grve only npproxllllcl e

llanvin(r tabular corrections (see the correction car s are ^{1 - .} 1 b t

' ~ ^{, , 1. 1.} te ^f'om 1 to 12 has been mac e e wren

tcmperature8. A careful oomprmson of all tue tuermome 1'8 I .

oand l.H)Oand Noa.L, 5, and U have been keptby the observatory for experunents attemperatures

below (}OF . , , , 1 ecial

"These are probably the hest thermometers ever sent into the Arctic _reglO~s,ant sp h care, should be taken to insure the safe return of the records, and, though less Important, t 0

instruments."

IV. SPECIAl, lNHTRl'CTIOr-;S PRlWARHD BY THE {"NIl'ED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 1"01{ OHHRRYATlON~ IN TERHERTRIAL 1\'1AGl'lETIS~1^AT POINT BARROW AND Ll\.DY FUANK-

UN HAY.

[These iustructionx will he applied, when suitable, to the observations or~leredin l'rece(lil~g pagl'l', but they will also furnish a guide to 1be miuimum number of observationsto be _tak~'1I 1II case ofaccidentsoccurring to prevent fnll compliance with theplan proposedby the Interuatioual

Polar Commisaiou.] .

As soon as the quarters of the expedition have been fixed upon, arnaguetic house will be erected, ill which the regular magnetic observations, as described below, will be made; other observations will he made when on boat or sledge trips.

11l"trllml'1lt8.-I~oruse at the magnetic observatory, there will be provided a maguetometer, for absolute aud differential declination and for horizontal magnetic intensity. to be permanently mountedona stone pier. In connection with this instrumenta meridian or azimuth mark will be established a short distance oft' the observatory, and visible from it through an opening in the wall. 'rhe astrouomical hearing of this mark will be carefully determined l)y means of an alt- azimuth instrumentand solar or stellarobservations.

In the same house, but on a separate pier, will be monnted a Kew dip circle, and in the case of Point Barrow, a third instrument, a bifilar magnetometer,will also be permauently mounted onit!'. pier, At Point Barrow the magnetometer (or unifilar) and the bifilar instruments willbe mounted in the magnetic meridian and at a distance of not less than twelve feet, and the dip eircl« will be mounted equidistant from these instruments,forming an equilateral triangle. At I,ally Franklin Ba~-the two instrumeuts will be mounted in the plane of tile magnetic prime vertical, and not less than twelve feet apart. No iron is to beused in the construction of these b~ljhlings,and they should be not nearer than fiftyyards to any other building, or double that (ll~tanI'C~oany large mass of iron. Special readlug-lamps (of copper) must be provided for use WIth the lllstt'umcnts, and they must be testedto make sure that they do not affect the position of the,magnets. The use of candles stuck into wooden blocks is preferable to using lamps.

. \-\ hen Oll,boat or sledg« jOUl'ne~'~^{the party will} carry a chronometer, a small nit-azimuth m8h'u~lH'nt With circles of about three inches diameter (as constructed by Fauth & Co., of

Wasl~lUgton"

^{or by} Oasella, of London), provided with a magnetic needle or compass mounted oyer Its verticat axis, and a dip circle.

, 0111ICrr(f,tio~18at tile perl1tatlettt 8t(l.tiotl.-Hourl~'observations will he made for declination and diurnal vartation with the., ... , . , mague ome er on' r t t t1rree ccnsecntive days about the middle of each. ' of

ir:!"~;~:~til~~;tho~

CO,',lfoI'IlISto that

fl~110well

at all signal

~i~ti~lI~w'i~I:'rl;;I~r~':;;;;;tlll';'~I~rrI6~-I'~~'~~('epta~

^to

~I~.;r:t~~

, . W""1""1 thPRO8Ilg~t'!ltlllmlllholll<1 be mosteardllll,vfolloworl.

EXPEDITION TO POINT BARROW, ALASKA.

15

month~ ucs~des thes~obse.rvations, extending over seventy-two hours, there will he made at nny convenient IUt~rlll?(lIatetimeeachday (of the three) one set of dotlections, followed immediately by a set of oscillations for the determination of the horizontal intensity. At Point Burrow the hifllar will be read immediately after the unifilar. There will also he ;nade at any intermediate time ea~h day (of the three) a set of dip observations. In connectiou with the d'~~elillatioll,^the mark WIllbe read once each day (unless the instrument should nccidently be disturbed), hilt it suffices to determine the magueticaxis of the declination magnet on one or the three days. 'l'he instrumental constants of the magnetometer will he determined before leaving Washiugtou, and the observers will use the Coast and Geodetic Survey magnetic blank 1'01'1118for their records, or, in case no special ^t01'111S arc provided, they will use small (octavo) note books; they will also compute, as soon as the observations are completed, each mouth, the magnetic mean declinntion, diurnal range, and turning hours, also the horizontal force in absolute measure (Engli/;h units) and the dip, tatulatiug the results for each day.

Extra observations 011 other than the three days about the middle of each month will be made during all occurrences of auroral displays, but as they are likely to be \'CI'Y numerous at Point Barrow, observers there may confine their extra observations to the more conspicuous displays only. On these occasions the declinometer (and the bifilar at Point Burrow) will he read, say, every ten minutes, or at shorter or longer intervals, as the state of the needle rnay appear to demand, the obiect being to establish a connection between the appearances of the aurora and the motion of the magnetic needle.

\':IH'n landing on a boat journey, or during a sledge journey at suitable stations (not less than ten or fifteen miles apart), the time, latitude, and azimuth will be determined by the alt-azimuth instrument, and the declination by the same instrument (the homo and minute of the observation is to be noted, in order that the diurnal variation may be allowed for); the dip will also he observed, aud ill case time is pressieg, reversal of circle, reversal of fuel' of IH'('llIt', and reversal of polarity may be dispensed with, but the needed correction to the result, Irom the single position of the instrument, must be ascertained at the permanent station. Observations of deflections (with magnetic needle and with weights) will he made with the dip circle, as arrauged for relative and absolute total force, the data for the latter to be supplied at the pCI'IIl11Ilt'nt station.

Itis highly desirable, especially in the case of the Lady Franklin Bay party, that all stutious within reach awl formally occupied by other parties for magnetic purposes be revisited, in order to furnish material from which to deduce the secular ch:inge during the interval; besides, all oppor- tunities should be taken when landing on the way up to secure observations for declination, dip, and intensity-s-the latter best by oscillations of the intensity magnet. 'I'he winter quarters of the late English expedition should be connected maguetically with tile present quarters.

l

All magnetic observations will be made on Gottingen time, as provided^1'01' hy the Hamburg Conference.J

All magnetic records will be kept strictly in conformity with "Notes on }Ieasllremellts of Terrestriall\Iagnetism," United States Coast Survey, Washingtou, 1877, and other records in con- nection therewith should be equally clear and complete, and all computations should be made by the observer in separate books. Duplicates of all records will be made, compared with tile original, and the latter returned, annually, if practicable, to the Chief Signal Offlcer for the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C. 'I'he observers should ulso provide themselves with copies of the "Admiralty)lanual of Scientific Enqnirv," the "Arctic Manual and Instructions," 1875, and "Aurorm, their characters and spectra," bv.I.

n.

Capron, 1880, also with "Terrestrial and Oosmical Magnetism," hy B. Walker, 18GG, and any other work they may require for their information.

V. ADDITIONAL SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS.

The rules prescribed in "Instructions for the Expedition toward the Xorth Pole," as pub.

lished (in pamphlet) by authority of the Hon. George M. Robeson, Secretary of the Navy, and those contained in "Suggestions Relative to Objects of Sl';entitie Investigation ill Buasiau America," both of which are furnished, will be followed as closely as circumstauces permit.

Iu

EXPBDITION TO POINT BA-RROW, ALASKA.

VI. MEMORANDUM OF O,Ul'FIT.

Bl^;C F'JR.NISHED 1'0 POINT BARROW, AND WITH SOME EXCEPTIONS

I.IS'.l' OF APPARATUS TO - ^L

.AND SDDITIONS TO LADY FRANKLIN BAY.

GEOfiRAPlIICAI- AND ASTRONOl\IICAL APPARATUS.

One surveyor'!'! compass and tripod; one lOO-feet chain or steel tape; one prismaticco~pa8s;

one setof}lin/;; onealtitude and azlmnth, 6·illCh circles; one :n~ridian tr~nsit,about 2 or 3.mches aperture^j two extra level tubes for low temperatures~or meridiantr~nslt; three sexta~ts, th~:

nrtiticial horizons^j eight marine chronometers (mean time); ,., one manne chronometer (sidereal};

two pocket chronometers (mean timel ;" one house (astronomical observatory), IIIan to be .sup- I'!i(,ll; charts of the Alaska coast from the United States Coast andGeod:~ic Surv~y.

Ma{lnefie apparaf'lls.-0ne complete magnetometer-s-Fautb & CO.-l~Dltllar decllllometer-c~t­

alogue No. 70, price $400, extra light needles and mirror for auroral disturbanees ; one Kew <hp eirclo, large size; one bifilar magnetometer; 'one magnetic observatory building. (See plan.)

Tidal apparatlls.-One level and staff; two pulleys and weight and float; fifty glass-stoppered bottles for specimens of sea-water.

Pl'Iululllllt apparatl/8.-Pendulum apparatus will be carried and used by a special temporary party from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

[ DeepseasOllnding.-Will be left to the United States Coast Survey.]

-lfcteorologicalapparatus.-One instrument shelter of open wooden louvre work, made in sec- tions(see plan); one inner thermometer shelter of open galvanized iron louvre work, mude in sections (sec plan); twelve mercurial thermometers, ordinary stem divided; two metallic tlu-rmom- ercrsj twelve spirit thermometers, ordinary stem divided; six mercurial thermometers, maximum str-m divided; six spirit thermometers, minimum stem divided; six special minimum thcnnometers, from Yale College; four psyehrometers, mercurial, wet-bulb; one dew point apparatus; It.'gllault's as modified by Alluard, with extra thermometers for low and high temperature; six water ther- momoters and three cases, Signal Service pattern, for surface temperatures; two pain; ~jarie­

Davy's conjugate thermometers for solar radiation; two pairs VioUe's conjugate bulbs 101' solar radiation (will be scut next year) ; two Hicks's thermometers for terrestrial radiation (will be sent next. year); two mercurial marine barometers; four mercurial cistern barometers (Green, Signal Service pattern), large bore, reading to thousandths; three aneroid barometers (Casella's make);

two hair hygrometers^j two selt-registora, one double and one single, for anemometers and anem-

Ol:;COPPS (Signal Service pattern-Gibbon or Eccard); six extra attached thermometers for ba-

rometers; six extra barometer tubes for barometers; four rain-ganges, two copper uncl two galvanized iron; six divided sticks for measuring rain and snow; tell pounds pure mercury; four anell:ometers (Robinson's) ; four arms and cups and four spindles, for Robiuson'saneurometei-, for rep.urs ; two vanes, small; one large vane, complete; one Eccard contact (interior); ten ha ttery

Cl'rS (Eagle) and snppliss for same for three years; two thousand yards insulated wire; four tele- phones and two call bells; one galvanometer for Obstruction of ground currents ; one hundred feet cable for the double self-register; four box sounders; oue delicate scale and ono medicine clrest (from medical department); apparatus for collecting air and atmospheric dust; six dark lanterns for observers' use (brass or copper). ,

Sigllal appa/'afIl8.-Two Gmgan's heliographs; four sets signal kits complete; six signal codecards.

Blau}: books and fOrlil8.-Twelve diaries for 1881 1882 and 188') .. t" 1 t ^1-

1- . . ( . ' , , ( . ^<), f('SpCC ^lye y, one ⁰ uo

~ept h~

each man; two hundred and fifty books for original record of metcoroloetcalOhSCl'VHtionsi

tiltyhlank hooks for magnetic obse 'vati 11' tw . b " '

d'l '!';. " . , . " "~l, ions, a owing \\0pages daily and extra pages OIl special

..~^....ft1t~:Jbl,l,k ,books for t~allyJournal, for miscellaneous observations , twenty-five blank hooks

~l)ltldtl~~_~~=~~~t~~us,

allowing oue page daily; tweutv-nve blank books for astronomieal obser-

. If practicable these will be rated at ri ~;~--~---t----_···~-

Yala College. va OU8 empera ures at the Horologica1 Ilnrcau oftheObservatoryof

]~XPEDITION

ro

POINT HAIWCny, ALAHKA.

17

Official memorandum to nccompany instructions No. 'jG.

vatious ; Jilly volumes, PmID 4, foreop~-of original record: three hundred starchart», for al1l'ora~,

&c_; one hundred forms for comparison of baromr-ters , ('i~llt hundred 1'01ms for anemometer register.

]Jook,.,..-Instl'llctiolls to Observers, Signal Service, U. S. Army: Anuual HeJlOl'ts of thu Chid' Si glial

om

eel', from IS7:; to ] 880, iuclusive ; Loomis'« Treatise011 Meteorologv ; Buchan's Handy Book of ;\leteorolog'y; KiiI11tZ'8 ::\leteorology (Walker's translation); ::\loh1l'8 :\fetcorologv (origin» I (;ennan); Sehmill\; :\ldeorology (original German): Surithsouinn Instructions for l'(':':'istl'l' of periodical phenomeuu ; Snrithsouian ::\Iiscellaueous Collections, Vol. I; Guvot's :\It'll>orolo,:ical and Physicul Tables; Cl'elIe's Multiplication Tables; Bhlllfonl's J·Jl(}ia1ll\Iete~l'Ojo!..;·ist':-;Y:\(]l~:\I(,cl1lll, PartsT,

tr,

HI; LOOlllis':-; Practical Astronomy: Chl1l'elt's 'I'rigonourotry ; Clllll1n·II(~t.'s Practical Astrouoiuv ; Howditch's Navigator ; Bowditeli's Useful Tables; Lee's Collection of Tuhles awl Formula : .Ynu-rienn Xautical Almauac for IS!':!l, lSS:!, and 1~8::: Adrnimlty Manual or Scient itlo Inquiry, -lth ed.; Admiralty Manual and Instructions for Arctic Expedition, IS7 .• : _Xal'('~'s, S.:c"

Reports of Ellglish Arctio Expedition; ::"al'es'sNarrativeof Voyage to Polar Sea, London, IS'j~;

Dull's 2\letcorology of Alaska from Pacific CoastPilot, United States Coast SUl'wy; Dull's Re- sources of Alaska : Harkuess on Sextants, United States K.wal Observatorvvobservatious for ISIi9, Appendix J ,p,lges ^.j] to,j'j; Charts, Tuited States Hydrogmphic Office, Xo. (is,rind Britisl, Admiralty, Kos. ;)!);~,2IG·L 2-13;); Chambers'» Descriptive Astronomv : Bremikcr's editionof Ypga'i;

Logarithmic Tables; Itarlow's Tables ;\Y. S. Harris's Rudimeutarv Maguetism : Coast Sl1l'H',V Papers on Tim«, Latitude, LOllgitudc,1\lag'neties, awl Tidal Ohservat ious ; Enretfs Translation01' Deschauel ; ,IplIkin-Electrii'ity awl Ma guetisiu, 4th I'll., :Xl'\\' York, 1879; Hpllorts of ^the United States Fish Commissiou 0]1 Drel1:;illg': Sigsbcl'011 Deep-Sea SOlllHlillg', ":e. rUnitcd States ('onst Sur"l"\" Rcporri : JJurkhalll's Collection of 1'<1I)(>rs Itcl.uiug to Arctic (;eograpll,'-, 1,011<1011, 1.'0177;

SellOtfs Reduction of Observations of Haves awl Sonntug; Schott's Iieduct ion of Observations of Dr. Kane: Schott's Reduction'of CIbservations of :\fcC'lilltoek: ':\[allnal of l\lilital'Y Telegraphy;

:\IYl'r'8 Manual

or

Signals; J. R Capron, Auror.v : their characters and spectra; E. Walker, Terrestrial nurI Co-nnical .:\Iaglletislll; Pope's Modern Practice of the Electric TdegTaph; Iustruc.

tious tor the Expedition toward the X01'th Pole, from Ilon. t;enrgl' ::\L Robeson. Sec'retary of the X avy ; Sugg-estions Relative to Objects of Scientific l nvcstigution in Hnssian.A meriea : stn tionery as ordinarily supplied; drawing ]lapel'and instruments. , .. , ,

AI[ officors aJHI observers of the expedition are charged to at once familiarize thcmsulve» IIr

detail with these instructions, and in the practice of the duties thev prescribe, together with 1\

thorough knowledge of the instruments and their nsc : alld~eommandiug oflicprs are spcciully clwrge(] to see that tlll'SI' reqniremcnts are observed.

W. B.HAZEN, Brig(uUer a/laBrad J[({jor-Oellcral,

Chic/Sigllal _(~t1iCtr, U,8. Army.

Ol1icial;

Lotus Y. CAZ1ARC, . , . '

First Lieutenant, Second Artillery, Actuu) !':J/[jlwl l.WlCer.

11. Ex. '.101-3

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"T. P. 1-1. HAY.

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Scale: .7inch'-=10 feet.

GROUND PLAN.U. 8.SIGNALSTATION, UGLAA'MIE. ALASKA.

1. Commanding officer.

2.:Sleeping.rooms.

Olllcial.

3.0flice aDd dining-loom.

•. Kitchen.

5. Sleeplug-room.

6. Wallh-room.

7. Storebouse.

8.Instrument·sholter.

9. Baation.

10.storm· doors.

r. H. RAY.

,Fir,t Luutenant Eighth In/antry•.A.S. O.

•

NARRATIVE.

Ou the 18thdayof .Iuly, 1881, at ten o'clockill the for(,1I0011, we sailed 1'1'0111 San Francisco, Cat, 011board theschooner Golden Fleece, a staunch little schooner of one I11 11HIred audfifty tons burden, aud, being towed outside the heads, we began our voyage in the teeth of a i'trollg' northwost gale; and it was three <lays before the reefs were shaken out of our sails.

TIll' expedition,Oll the dayof sailing, was organized as follows: First Lieut. P. 11. Hay, Eighth Iufautry, commauding ; Ad. .\S5t. Surg, (;('o1';;'eS. Oldmixou. F. S. Army,Slll'gl'OII; E. P. Heron- deen, interpreter: 8ergt..Imucs Cassidv, Signal Corps. I", S. Arruv, ohserver : Sergt. -lohu ;Uunloe1"

Signal 00I'l)", C S..\l'lIly, observer ; Sprgt. Middleton Smith, U. R.Army., observor : ::'lTI'. A. C.

Dark, astronomer: Vinr-ent Handit, carpeuter : Albert 'Yright, cook: Frank Petr-rson, luborer, With one exception. aJI were strangers to me, and I subsequentlvball occasion to j'('grl't thatmore time was not ,!.:i'~l·lland care exercised in sel('(~tillg thepersonnel, especially thosl'illteIHh'll for the scientific work. Forevr-n with experienced observers it j,.., yery diffleult to ,In aCl'llratt> work ill this hig'h Iatitu.lc.

The Yo."a;!./'was uneventful. Owing to adverse winds and culms, it was nut until August !I that wc rnise.I the high lands of the Aleutian peninsula to the eastward of Ounimak P:lSl-I. A succession of calm duys left us at the mercy of the cnrreuts, which here are strong to the eastward, and carried us in sight of Kadiak, before a breeze sprung lip that would onahlc us to hear np for the pa:;;:", \\'e entered it on the afternoon of the 1.1th~when the wind fell, hut the tide serving,"'C

drifted through llming till' lIi,Q'ht.After entering Behrmg Sea we had stronger wiuds, and after clearing the pass "-e were enabled to stand on our coursr-, which carricrl us ahont. i'\i~~t."mill'S to the eastward of r he Pribvloft' Islands.

On the morning' of the l!lth we sighted the island of Saint Mathews, passing three mill'S to the eastward of it, its highest peaks only showing above the fog. V,re were favore.! with fair, strong: winds from thi. time on until we arrived ut PIQv/,l' Bay, Siberia, when' we allehol'e~] atfjp. m.

Angust~1. Th« weather hr>ing stormy. we were unable to get a sight of the sun until the 2-1th, when a series of excr-Ilent ohservations were obtained. This delay proved fortnnate for us, tor on the ~~(I the 1~, S. rl'''I'II11f' steamer Corwin C:lII11' into the harbor for coal. Her master, Captain Hooper, reported the iel' wry light in the lower latitudes of the Arctic Ocean; so much so that he hall been enabled to reach Wrungel Land, a point never heretofore attained. To him we became inrlcbted for a 11I\e supply of reindeer elothing awl tents, which he had ('olkcted in view of a possibility of his wiutcriug in the Arctic, The snpply came n'l'y opportunely, as We had been unable to obtain unv det'j',:-.;kins at San Fraucisco and were depending upon sheep-sk ius for ^0111' winter clothing.

\Ye found that 0l1J' «hronometer» were running steadily and well, and, after laying ill a supply of fresh water, \\/'1'1' towed outside the hnrborhy tl)(' Corwin on the morning of the :!fith. The wind llying awny suddeulv, left us at the mercy of the current, which was Hetting strong to the north- ward, and during the night we drifted through the straits, getting only a glimpse of the Diomr-do Islands and East Cape as we passed, as we wen', enveloped in a dense fog the most of th« timc.

1Yhilc at Plover Bay we ohtaiued from the natlves a quantity of most excellent trout, which proved an agrerable ~\{lditiollto onr s'~afare.

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