7KHVLV 7KHVLV 7KHVLV 7KHVLV
METHODS OF MONITORING FLOW PATHS IN THE GAISELBERG-FIELD WITH
A SPECIAL FOCUS ON TRACERS
Supervised by: Univ. Prof. Dr. Dipl. Ing. Bergrat h.c. Gerhard. Ruthammer
Dipl. Ing. Herwig Baierl
Dipl. Ing. Franz Wohlfart
Approval date:
7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
1. Introduction...9
1.1 Water Flood Asset Management... 9
1.2 Gaiselberg Field...12
1.2.1 STRATIGRAPHY ... 12
1.2.1.1 Sarmatian... 13
1.2.2 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY... 14
1.2.3 HYDROCARBON TRAPS ... 16
1.2.3.1 Seals ... 16
1.2.3.2 Reservoirs ... 16
1.2.4 HYDROCARBON OCCURRENCE... 17
2. Simulation ...18
2.1 Introduction ...18
2.2 Input Data...21
2.2.1 Geological Model ... 21
2.2.2 PVT data ... 22
2.2.2.1 Oil properties... 22
2.2.2.2 Water properties ... 23
2.2.2.3 Dry gas properties (using Z-factors)... 23
2.2.2.4 Live oil properties ... 23
2.2.3 SCAL data... 23
2.2.4 Production data... 23
2.2.5 Pressure data... 24
2.3 Summary...24
2.4 Conclusions ...24
3. Production Data...25
3.1 Injection and Production data ...25
3.1.1 Applicability to the Gaiselberg Field ... 25
3.2 Monitoring Water-Flood Operations – Diagnostic Plots ...25
3.2.1 Hall Plot... 26
3.2.1.1 Theoretical Background... 27
3.2.1.2 Conclusions... 29
3.2.1.3 Applicability to the Gaiselberg Field ... 30
3.2 WOR – Plot...30
3.2.1 Applicability to the Gaiselberg Field ... 34
4. Material Balance...35
4.2 VRR Analysis...36
4.3 VRR Situations...37
4.4 Conclusions ...38
4.5 Applicability to the Gaiselberg Field...38
5. Salinity...39
5.1 Introduction ...39
5.2 Data...39
5.2.1 Measurement Methods... 42
5.2.1.3 Accuracy of measurement ... 43
5.3 Initial Salinities ...43
5.3.1 Gained Cognitions – Salinity Trends... 44
5.3.1.1 Areal Trend ... 44
5.3.1.2 Vertical Trend... 44
5.4 Analysis ...46
5.4.1 Principle of assessment... 46
5.4.1.1 Working Steps ... 49
5.4.1.2 Classification... 49
5.4.2 Gained Cognitions – Conclusions ... 51 5.5 Results ...Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert.
6. Tracer ...54
6.1 Introduction ...54
6.2 Reservoir Constraints...54
6.2.1 Tracer Exchange... 54
6.2.2 Tracer Reaction ...55
6.3 Tracer material for inter-well use...55
6.4 Tracer Classification ...56
6.5 Different group of tracers...58
6.6 Radioactive and untagged chemical tracers...59
6.7 Radioactively tagged tracers for water-flooding ...59
6.7.1 Hexacyanocobaltate ions ... 60
6.7.2 Tritiated water... 60
6.7.3 Other anionic complexes... 61
6.8 Non-radioactively tagged tracers ...61
6.8.1 Chemical tracers available ... 62
6.8.2 Tracer without or less field-tests – reported in open literature ... 63
6.8.3 Analytical methods... 65
6.8.3.1 Ion Chromatography... 66
6.8.3.2 MINIMUM DETECTION LIMIT... 69
6.9 Tracers in the oil field...70
6.9.1 Unsuccessful inter-well tracer tests... 71
7. Tracer Test Design...73
7.1 Objective of the tracer test...73
7.2 Selection of test pattern...73
7.2.1 Injectors... 73
7.2.1.1 Injectors in the Gaiselberg Field ... 74
7.2.2 Monitoring wells ... 74
7.2.2.1 Monitoring wells in the Gaiselberg Field... 75
7.3 Selection of tracer...75
7.3.1 Tracers in the Gaiselberg Field ... 75
7.3.2 Conclusions ... 76
7.3.2 Tracer volumes and concentrations... 77
7.3.2.1 Total dilution method... 78
5.3.2.2 Tracer quantities and dilution volumes in the Gaiselberg Field... 80
7.4 Schedule for monitoring ...80
8. Inter-well tracer test implementation ...83
8.1 Pilot-Tracer-Test - Rhodanit...83
8.1.1 Pre-job preparation ... 83
8.1.2 Tracer preparation ... 83
8.1.3 Tracer injection... 83
8.1.4 Sampling ... 84
8.1.5 Future Work ... 85
8.2 Multiple Tracer Test - FBA...85
8.2.1 Pre-job preparation ... 85
8.2.2 Tracer preparation ... 86
8.2.3 Tracer injection... 86
8.2.4 Sampling ... 86
8.2.5 Future Work ... 86
9. Tracer Test Analysis Methods ...87
9.7.1 Qualitative Analysis... 87
9.7.2 Analytical Analysis ... 88
9.7.3 Numerical Modeling method... 89
9.7.4 Applicability to the Gaiselberg Field ... 89
10. Injector Measurements...90
10.1 Scope of measurements...90
10.2 Candidate Selection ...91
10.3 Principle of the spinner measurements...91
10.4 Spinner results...93
10.5 Temperature Measurements ...95
10.5.1 Principle of Temperature Measurements... 96
10.5.1.1 Temperature response during a multi-rate test... 96
10.5.2 Results of temperature measurements ... 97
All graphs can be seen in Appendix E... 97
10.5.2.1 GA-040... 97
10.5.2.2 GA-035... 97
10.5.2.3 GA-081... 98
10.5.2.4 GA-061... 99
10.6 Conclusions and Best Practice...99
11. Recommendations...101
References...105
Appendix A: Material Balance ...114
A.1 Mathematical Derivation [1]...114
Appendix B: Salinity ...118
B.1 Salinity survey...118
B.1.1 Overview of the results...118
B.2.2 Diagrams ... 124
Appendix C: Inter-Well Tracer Tests ...131
Appendix: D Tracer amount calculations...133
D.1 Pilot Tracer Test – GA-088 – Rhodanit...134
D.2 Multiple Tracer Test – GA-012 – FBA...135
D.3 Multiple Tracer Test – GA-020A – FBA ...136
D.4 Multiple Tracer Test – GA-035 – FBA...137
D.5 Multiple Tracer Test – GA-081 – FBA...138
D.6 Multiple Tracer Test – GA-040 – FBA...139
Appendix E: Injector Measurements...140
E.1 Temperature Logs...140
E.2 Spinner Logs ...146
Appendix F: Tracer Costs ...152
F.1 Pilot-Tracer-Test...152
F.2 FBA-Tracer-Test...153
/LVWRI)LJXUHV
)LJ&URVV6HFWLRQDORQJ,QOLQH[3]...15
)LJ8VHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLQDQDO\WLFDODQGVLPXODWLRQPRGH[7]...19
)LJ7KHQDWXUHRIQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQ[7]...20
)LJ6HLVPLFDWWULEXWHGDWDSORWWHGRYHUWKHH[LVWLQJPDS[9]...22
)LJ+DOOSORWDWFRQVWDQWIRUPDWLRQSURSHUWLHVDVVXPLQJGLIIHUHQWUHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUHVSH SVL FRUUHFWUHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUH[11]...29
)LJ:DWHUFRQLQJDQGFKDQQHOLQJ²:25FRPSDULVRQ[16]...31
)LJ0XOWLOD\HUFKDQQHOLQJ:25DQG:25·GHULYDWHV[16]...33
)LJ%RWWRPZDWHUFRQLQJ:25DQG:25·GHULYDWHV[16]...33
)LJ955YV1S1>@...37
)LJ6DOLQLW\VSUHDGVKHHWLQ¶0LFURVRIW([FHO·...39
)LJ'DWDIUHTXHQF\VDOLQLW\...41
)LJ*DLVHOEHUJ)RUPDWLRQ:DWHU6DOLQLW\YV'HSWK...45
)LJ)RUPDWLRQ:DWHUYV6WUDWLJUDSKLF8QLW[3]...45
7DE:DWHUIORRGVDOLQLWLHVRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG...46
7DE6DOLQLW\&ODVVHV...49
)LJ6DOLQLW\&ODVVLILFDWLRQ6FKHPH...50
)LJ/HJHQGIRUVDOLQLW\PDSV...51
)LJ6DOLQLW\UHVXOWVRI¶3DUW·UHSUHVHQWHGRQWKHPDSRIWKH6DUPDW...52
)LJ6DOLQLW\UHVXOWVRI¶3DUW·UHSUHVHQWHGRQWKHPDSRIWKH6DUPDW...53
)LJ7UDFHU&ODVVLILFDWLRQ...56
)LJ'LIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHWUDFHU[30]...57
)LJ6WUXFWXUHVRIWKHIOXRULQDWHGDURPDWLFFDUER[\OLFDFLGV[32]...65
7DE6HOHFWLRQRILQMHFWRUVLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG...74
7DE3URVDQG&RQVRI5KRGDQLWDQG)%$V...77
7DE7UDFHUTXDQWLWLHVDQGGLOXWLRQYROXPHVLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG...80
)LJ3ULQFLSOHRIFDOFXODWLRQ...82
7DE%UHDNWKURXJKWLPHVIRUWKHSLORWWHVW...82
7DE:HOOIRU¶5HJXODUVDPSOLQJ·...84
7DE:HOOIRU¶2FFDVLRQDOVDPSOLQJ·...85
)LJ0/77RRO>]...91
)LJ3ULQFLSOHRIWKH6SLQQHUPHDVXUHPHQWV...92
7DE:HOO6HUYLFHSURJUDP...93
3LFWXUH0LQL/RJJLQJ7RRO)URQW...95
3LFWXUH0LQL/RJJLQJ7RRO²%DFNVLGH...95
7DE%2YHUYLHZRIWKHUHVXOWV²WK6DUPDWDQGWK6DUPDW...119
7DE%2YHUYLHZRIWKHUHVXOWV²WK6DUPDWDQGWK6DUPDW...120
7DE%2YHUYLHZRIWKHUHVXOWV²WK6DUPDWDQGWK6DUPDW...121
7DE%2YHUYLHZRIWKHUHVXOWV²WK6DUPDWDQGWK6DUPDW...122
7DE%2YHUYLHZRIWKHUHVXOWV²WK6DUPDWDQGWK6DUPDW...123
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...124
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...124
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...125
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...125
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...126
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...126
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...127
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...127
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...128
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...128
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...129
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...129
)LJ%2EVHUYDWLRQRI*$LQWKHWK6DUPDW...130
7DE&,QWHUZHOO)LHOG7UDFHU7HVWV,QFOXGHG,Q6WXG\...132
7DE&*HRJUDSKLF/RFDWLRQ2I5HYLHZHG,QWHUZHOO7UDFHU7HVWV...132
)LJ'$UHDRIWKH3LORW7UDFHU7HVW...133
7DE''LOXWLRQ9ROXPHV²*$...134
7DE'7UDFHUTXDQWLWLHVIRU*$...134
7DE''LOXWLRQ9ROXPHV²*$...135
7DE'7UDFHUTXDQWLWLHVIRU*$...135
7DE''LOXWLRQ9ROXPHV²*$$...136
7DE'7UDFHUTXDQWLWLHVIRU*$$...136
7DE''LOXWLRQ9ROXPHV²*$...137
7DE'7UDFHUTXDQWLWLHVIRU*$...137
7DE''LOXWLRQ9ROXPHV²*$...138
7DE'7UDFHUTXDQWLWLHVIRU*$...138
7DE''LOXWLRQ9ROXPHV²*$...139
7DE'7UDFHUTXDQWLWLHVIRU*$...139
)LJ(7HPSHUDWXUH3URILOHRI*$DIWHUVKXWLQ...140
)LJ(7HPSHUDWXUH3URILOHRI*$GXULQJ,QMHFWLRQ...141
)LJ(7HPSHUDWXUH3URILOHRI*$GXULQJ,QMHFWLRQ...142
)LJ(7HPSHUDWXUH3URILOHRI*$DIWHUVKXWLQ...143
)LJ(7HPSHUDWXUH3URILOHRI*$DIWHUVKXWLQ...144
)LJ(7HPSHUDWXUH3URILOHRI*$GXULQJ,QMHFWLRQ...145
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ'2:1...146
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ'2:1...146
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ'2:1...147
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ83...147
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ83...148
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ'2:1...148
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ'2:1...149
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ'2:1...149
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ83...150
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ83...150
)LJ(*$6SLQQHU5HVSRQVHZLWKPPLQ83...151
7DE)7UDFHU&RVWVIRUWKH3LORW7UDFHU7HVW...152
7DE)7UDFHU&RVWVIRUWKH3LORW7UDFHU7HVW...153
,QWURGXFWLRQ
6LQFHZDWHUIORRGLQJKDVEHHQDSSOLHGLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG$WSUHVHQW WZHOYH LQMHFWRUVLQMHFWWKHSURGXFHGZDWHUEDFNLQWRWKHUHVHUYRLU7KH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGFDQEH UHJDUGHGDVYHU\FRPSOH[KHQFHODUJHXQFHUWDLQWLHVH[LVWKRZFKDQQHOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ EDUULHUVRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHKLQGFDVLQJVZRXOGDIIHFWWKHRYHUDOOVZHHSDQGUHGXFHWKH SRVVLELOLW\IRUHIILFLHQWVZHHS
7KHVFRSHRIWKLVWKHVLVLVWRLGHQWLI\DQGUHYLHZSRVVLEOHVXUYHLOODQFHPHWKRGVWRDVVHV WKHZDWHUIORRGLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGDQGWRLGHQWLI\SRVVLEOHFKDQQHOIORZ7KHUHVXOWV VKRXOGHQDEOHWRGHYHORSDQHZZDWHUIORRGLQJVWUDWHJ\WRLQFUHDVHWKHUHFRYHU\IDFWRU RIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
7KHDXWKRUGHFLGHGWRUHYLHZWKHIROORZLQJVXUYHLOODQFHWHFKQLTXHV
- 6LPXODWLRQFKDSWHU - 3URGXFWLRQ'DWDFKDSWHU - 0DWHULDO%DODQFHFKDSWHU - 6DOLQLW\6XUYH\FKDSWHU - 7UDFHUFKDSWHU
:DWHU)ORRG$VVHW0DQDJHPHQW
7KHLQMHFWLRQRIZDWHURQWKHRQHKDQGIRUVHFRQGDU\UHFRYHU\UHDVRQVDQGRQWKHRWKHU KDQGWRPDLQWDLQWKHSUHVVXUHLQWKHUHVHUYRLULVRQHRIWKHROGHVWWHFKQLTXHVXVHGLQ SHWUROHXPLQGXVWU\$QHQRUPRXVSURJUHVVLQWKHGHVLJQGHYHORSPHQWDQGVXUYHLOODQFH RIZDWHUIORRGLQJSURMHFWVFDQEHREVHUYHGRYHUWKH\HDUV+RZHYHULWPXVWEHVDLGWKDW PRVWRIWKHDWWHQWLRQLVSDLGRQWKHGHVLJQDQGGHYHORSPHQWSKDVHDOWKRXJKVXUYHLOODQFH LVLQGLVSHQVDEOHWRJXDUDQWHHDVXFFHVVIXOZDWHUIORRGLQJSURMHFW>@
%HVLGHV KLJK VRSKLVWLFDWHG VLPXODWLRQ RU REVHUYDWLRQV YLD VDWHOOLWH DOVR HDV\WRXVH WHFKQLTXHVIRUWKHVXUYHLOODQFHRILQMHFWLRQZHOOVRUZDWHUIORRGSURMHFWVDUHDYDLODEOH>@
- +DOO3ORW - :25SORW - *25SORW
- 9RLGDJH5HSODFHPHQW - 9RLGDJH5HSODFHPHQW5DWLR
7KHVHSORWVDUHGHVFULEHGPRUHLQGHWDLOLQFKDSWHUDQG
7KH ZDWHU IORRGLQJ SURMHFW VKRXOG EH ODXQFKHG DW DQ RSWLPDO WLPH WR LQFUHDVH WKH UHFRYHU\DQGWRPD[LPL]HSURILWV%DVLFDOO\LWFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKHRSWLPXPWLPHIRUWKH LQLWLDWLRQRIWKHZDWHUIORRGLQJGHSHQGVRQWKHRSHUDWRU·VSULPDU\REMHFWLYH>@
0D[LPL]LQJRLOUHFRYHU\
0D[LPL]LQJIXWXUHQHWZRUWK 0D[LPL]LQJUDWHRIUHWXUQ 6WDELOL]LQJPRQHWDU\UHWXUQ 0D[LPL]LQJQHWSUHVHQWYDOXH
,Q D KRPRJHQRXV UHVHUYRLU ZDWHUIORRGLQJ VKRXOG EH VWDUWHG ZKHQ WKH EXEEOH SRLQW LV UHDFKHGWRHQVXUHPD[LPXPRLOUHFRYHU\7KLVFDQEHH[SODLQHGZLWKWKHKLJKIUHHJDV VDWXUDWLRQLQUHVLGXDORLODQGWKHIDYRUDEOHHIIHFWRQRLOYLVFRVLW\+RZHYHUPRVWRIWKH UHVHUYRLUVDUHQRWKRPRJHQRXVLQQDWXUHDQGKHQFHWKHKLJKHVWRLOUHFRYHU\LVH[SHFWHG IRUSUHVVXUHVZKLFKDUHORZHUWKDQWKHEXEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUH>@
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
:$7(5)/22'$66(70$1$*(0(17:$0
$V D PDWWHU RI IDFW WKH ZDWHUIORRG SURJUDP LV DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI UHVHUYRLU PDQDJHPHQW:$0LQFOXGHVWKHIROORZLQJVWHSV>@
,GHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHZDWHUIORRGQHHG
)HDVLELOLW\SODQWHFKQLFDODQGHFRQRPLFDOLQYROYHVDVVHVVLQJWKHIHDVLELOLW\RI WKHSURFHVVHFRQRPLFDOIHDVLELOLW\XQGHUH[WUHPHFRQGLWLRQVDQGVHOHFWLRQRIWKH LQMHFWLRQSDWWHUQZLWKWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJSURGXFHUV
6FKHGXOH DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH SODQ SUHSDULQJ WKH WHFKQLFDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VFKHGXOLQJ WKH VXUIDFH IDFLOLWLHV WLPHOLQH IRU LQMHFWRU DQG
LQMHFWLRQ SURILOH GDWDFROOHFWLRQ SODQ IRU ODWHU VXUYHLOODQFH DQG PRQLWRULQJ SXUSRVHVDQGWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
6XUYHLOODQFHDQGPRQLWRULQJ LQFOXGLQJ GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQ VWUHDPLQJ GDWDPLQLQJ DQGWKHYLVXDOL]DWLRQRIGDWD+DOOSORW:25SORW*25SORW955SUHVVXUHIDOO RII VWXG\ 7KRVH SORWV SURYLGH D EDVLV IRU GDWDDQDO\VHV DQG SHUIRUPDQFH PRQLWRULQJRILQMHFWRUVDQGRUWKHZDWHUIORRGSURMHFW
$VVHVVPHQW RI UHVHUYRLU SHUIRUPDQFH LQFOXGLQJ SURGXFWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH UHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUHUHVSRQVHDQGWKHUHIRUHLQMHFWLRQVFKHGXOLQJ
0RGLILFDWLRQDQGRU&RUUHFWLRQRIWKHSODQ²IXWXUHVWUDWHJ\
7KHSRLQWVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDUHLQWHUGHSHQGHQWDQGDUHVXSSRVHG WREHLPSOHPHQWHG LQWRWKHUHVHUYRLUPDQDJHPHQWWRJXDUDQWHHDVXFFHVVIXOZDWHUIORRGSURMHFW
7KHUHYLHZRIRSHUDWRU·VZDWHUIORRGSURMHFWVVKRZVWKDWPRVWRIWKHDWWHQWLRQLVSDLGWR WKHSODQQLQJSKDVHDQGWKHUHVHUYRLUSHUIRUPDQFHDVVHVVPHQW7KLVLVDOVRUHIOHFWHGE\
WKHIDFWWKDWPRVWDWWHQWLRQLVFRQFHQWUDWHGRQVRIWZDUHHTXLSPHQWDQGVXSSRUWIRUWKLV SXUSRVH6LJQLILFDQWO\OHVVDWWHQWLRQLVSDLGWRVXUYHLOODQFHDQGPRQLWRULQJ%XWZLWKRXW GRXEWWKHVHDUHDVDUHYHU\LPSRUWDQWIRUDVXFFHVVIXOZDWHUIORRG>@
7KH VXUYHLOODQFH LVVXH DGGUHVVHV WKH QHFHVVLW\ RI UHVHUYRLU GHVFULSWLRQ UHVHUYRLU SHUIRUPDQFH VZHHS HIILFLHQF\ LQMHFWRU SURGXFHU EHKDYLRU ZDWHU TXDOLW\ UHVHUYRLU UHVSRQVH IDFLOLWLHV DQG HTXLSPHQW PDLQWHQDQFH WURXEOHVKRRWLQJ SRWHQWLDO SUREOHP DQDO\VLVDQGEXGJHWFRQWURO>@
$VXUYHLOODQFHSURJUDPFDQLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJSRLQWV>@
- GDWDDFTXLVLWLRQ
- PRQLWRULQJRIUHVHUYRLUSHUIRUPDQFHE\
o SUHVVXUH o UDWH
o YROXPHWULFVZHHS o FRPPXQLFDWLRQVEDUULHUV o FKDQQHOV
o WKLHI]RQHV
- PRQLWRULQJRI
o SURGXFHUV
o LQMHFWRUV o IDFLOLWLHV o ZDWHUV\VWHP
*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
7KH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGLVORFDWHGURXJKO\NP1(RI9LHQQDLQWKH9LHQQD%DVLQDQGZDV GLVFRYHUHGE\5$*LQ8QWLOQRZWKHILHOGKDVSURGXFHG0PñRI RLODQG0PñRIJDVIURPZHOOVDQGERUHKROHVGULOOHGLQWKHILHOG)URPWKH ZHOOV ZHUH GULOOHG SUH ZDU \HDUV GULOOHG EHWZHHQ DQG 609
\HDUVGULOOHGEHWZHHQDQGUHQHZHGSURGXFWLRQLQWHUHVWE\5$*DQGLQ WKHODVW\HDUV>@
,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHILHOGSHDNHGLQDQGKDVEHHQGHFOLQLQJ HYHUVLQFH,QWKHPLG·VLWZDVFOHDUWKDWDQHZW\SHRISURVSHFWZDVQHHGHGDQG LQRUGHUWRORFDWHWKHVHSURVSHFWV'VHLVPLFZDVDFTXLUHGRYHU*DLVHOEHUJ)RUIXUWKHU GHWDLOWKHDXWKRUUHIHUVWR5HIHUHQFH>@
Production Profile Gaiselberg
0 500 1000 1500 2000
31.07.1938 30.09.1942 30.11.1946 31.01.1951 31.03.1955 31.05.1959 31.07.1963 30.09.1967 30.11.1971 31.01.1976 31.03.1980 31.05.1984 31.07.1988 30.09.1992 30.11.1996 31.01.2001 31.03.2005
Date
Oil [m³/d]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Water [m³/d]
Oil Water
)LJ3URGXFWLRQ3URILOHRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
675$7,*5$3+<
)RXU PDLQ VWUDWLJUDSKLF XQLWV DUH IRXQG LQ WKH *DLVHOEHUJ VXEVXUIDFH 3DQQRQLDQ 6DUPDWLDQ 7RUWRQLDQ DQG )O\VFK ,Q VRPH ZRUN 7RUWRQLDQ XQLW LV DOVR QDPHG ¶%DGHQ
6HULHV·1R&DUSDWKLDQ²DJHVHGLPHQWVKDYHEHHQGULOOHGLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGVRIDU DOWKRXJKWKHLUH[LVWHQFHLQWKH9LHQQD%DVLQZDVSURYHGE\209ZHOOV7KH%DGHQLDQWR 3DQQRQLDQ XQLWV UHSUHVHQW D JUDGXDO WUDQVLWLRQ IURP RSHQ PDULQH VHGLPHQWDWLRQ
%DGHQLDQ WKURXJK %UDFNLVK 0DULQH VHGLPHQWDWLRQ 6DUPDWLDQ WKURXJK +DOIEUDFNLVK UHVWULFWHGPDULQH VHGLPHQWDWLRQ 3DQQRQLDQ 8QWLO QRZ QR KLJKHU VWUDWLJUDSKLF XQLWV OLNH3RQWLDQKDYHEHHQGULOOHGVRIDU>@
'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWPRVWRIWKHRLODQGJDVSRWHQWLDOLVHQFRXQWHUHGLQWKH6DUPDWLDQ XQLWV WKH WKHVLV LV IRFXVHG RQ WKRVH XQLWV 7KLV LV DOVR WKH UHDVRQ WKDW WKLV JHRORJLFDO UHYLHZZLOODOVRIRFXVRQWKH6DUPDWLDQXQLWV)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOVDERXWWKHRWKHUVVHH 5HIHUHQFH>@
1.2.1.1 Sarmatian
7KH0LGGOH/DWH0LRFHQH6DUPDWLDQLVDSDFNDJHZLWKDWKLFNQHVVRIPRIVLOLFODVWLF VHGLPHQWVGHSRVLWHGLQDPDULQHGHOWDLFQHDUFRDVWDOVHWWLQJ7KH6DUPDWLDQOD\HUVGRQR RXWFURSWKHFRQFHVVLRQERXQGDULHVEXWVXEFURSDJDLQVWWKH6WHLQEHUJIDXOWLQWKHFHQWUDO VRXWKHUQDQGHDVWHUQSDUWRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG,QFRQWUDVWWRRWKHUVHGLPHQWVHJ
%DGHQLDQ WKH 6DPDUWLDQ LQ VPDOOVFDOH F\FOHV RIWHQ FRDUVHQ XSZDUGV ZLWK WKLFN SDFNDJHVRIVDQGDWWKHWRSRIHDFKF\FOH%HWZHHQWKRVHF\FOHVDPDVVLYHVKDOHSDFNDJH FDQEHIRXQG2QDODUJHUVFDOHHJEHWZHHQWK6DUPDWDQGWK6DUPDWWKHF\FOHV VHHPWRILQHXSZDUGV
3UHYLRXVILHOGVWXGLHV>@>@VXEGLYLGHGWKH6DUPDWLDQSDFNDJHRI*DLVHOEHUJLQWRPDLQ XQLWV EDVHG PDLQO\ RQ 63ORJ FRUUHODWLRQ ,QGLYLGXDO ¶PDLQ XQLWV· DUH VXEGLYLGHG LQWR VPDOOHUVFDOHUHVHUYRLUXQLWV7KLVZDVGRQHEDVHGRQSUHVXPHGIORZEDUULHUV7KLVWKHVLV IROORZV WKLV VXEGLYLVLRQ 2OGHU GDWD ZKLFK ZHUH UHFRUGHG EHIRUH WKLV VXEGLYLVLRQ ZDV GRQHZHUHXSGDWHGZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHQHZLQWHUSUHWDWLRQE\WKHDXWKRU 7KLV ZDV QHFHVVDU\WRPDNHWKHPFRPSDUDEOHZLWKSUHVHQWGDWD>@
7KH6DUPDWLDQVHGLPHQWVLQ*DLVHOEHUJFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRSDUWVXSSHUPLGGOHDQG ORZHU /LWKRORJLFDOO\ DQG JHQHWLFDOO\ WKH WKUHH XQLWVDUH VLPLODU7KH ORZHU6DUPDWLDQ LQFOXGHWKHOD\HUVEHWZHHQ6DUPDWDQGWKHWK6DUPDWWKHPLGGOHOD\HUVEHWZHHQ WKHWK6DUPDWDQG6DUPDWWKHXSSHUOD\HUVEHWZHHQWKHVWDQGWKHWK6DUPDW 7KLV VXEGLYLVLRQ IROORZV WKH PDLQ K\GURFDUERQ VHDOV LQ *DLVHOEHUJ DV HYLGHQFH IURP PDMRU VKLIWV LQ 2:&·V 7KH DXWKRU RI WKLV WKHVLV GHFLGHG WR GLYLGH WKH 6DUPDWLDQ VHGLPHQWVRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGLQWRWZRSDUWV¶3DUW·LV LGHQWLFDO ZLWK WKH PLGGOH SDUWRIWKHZRUNRI9RJHO>@¶3DUW·LVHTXDOWRWKHORZHUSDUWRI9RJHO>@EXWZLWKRXWWKH 6DUPDWLDQXQLWVWR7KH\DUHH[FOXGHGIURP¶3DUW· PDLQO\ EHFDXVH RI WKH UHDVRQWKDWWKHLUVHGLPHQWVDUHYHU\UDUHDQGVSRUDGLF>@
7KHPDULQHIDXQDLVJUDGXDOO\GLVSODFHGE\DPRUHUHVWULFWHGPRUHEUDFNLVKDQGPRUH VKDOORZZDWHU IDXQD 7KH ERXQGDU\ WR WKH 3DQQRQLDQ LV DOVR WKH WUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ EUDFNLVKDQGKDOIEUDFNLVK
7KHVDQGVDQGVKDOHVRIWKHORZHU6DUPDWLDQZHUHOLNHO\GHSRVLWHGE\DGHOWDLFV\VWHP²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
6758&785$/*(2/2*<
7KHILHOGVLQ/RZHU$XVWULD5DJ*DLVHOEHUJ+RKHQUXSSHUVGRUIVKRZSURQRXQFHGVWULNH VOLS IDXOWLQJ FDXVHG E\ VHYHUDO 0LRFHQH WR UHFHQW FRPSUHVVLRQDO HYHQWV GXH WR WKH
$IULFD$GULD(XURSHSODWHFROOLVLRQ>@¶:KLOHWKH(DUO\0LRFHQH16FRPSUHVVLRQUHVXOWHG LQ WKUXVWLQJ DQG IRUHODQG LPEULFDWLRQ WKH ODWHU FRPSUHVVLRQDO HYHQWV UHVXOWHG LQ D WUDQVSUHVVLRQDOWUDQVWHQVLRQDOODWHUDOH[WUXVLRQRIWKHVHGLPHQWVWRZDUGVWKH(DVWDORQJ ODUJH VWULNHVOLS IDXOWV 7KHVH ODUJH 11(VWULNLQJ VLQLVWUDO VWULNHVOLS IDXOWV VXFK DV WKH 6WHLQEHUJIDXOWGRPLQDWHWKHVWUXFWXUDWLRQRIWKH/RZHU$XVWULDQILHOGV·>@7KHVHIDXOWV SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ WKH FUHDWLRQ RI K\GURFDUERQ WUDSV 7KH 6WHLQEHUJ IDXOW DOVR VHSDUDWHVWKH3DOHRFHQH²(RFHQH)O\VFKRIWKH=LVWHUVGRUIDQG*|VWLQJ1DSSHVIURPWKH 0LRFHQHDJH VHGLPHQWV RI WKH9LHQQD%DVLQ $ODUJH SRUWLRQ RI K\GURFDUERQV LQ /RZHU
$XVWULDQILHOGVDUHWUDSSHGZKHUHWKH0LRFHQHDJHVHGLPHQWDEXWVDJDLQVWWKH6WHLQEHUJ )DXOW>@
)LJ&URVV6HFWLRQDORQJ,QOLQH[3]
,QFURVVVHFWLRQ)LJWKHQHJDWLYHIORZHUVWUXFWXUHFDXVHGE\WUDQVWHQVLRQDOVWUHVV UHJLPHFDQEHVHHQZLWKIDXOWVFRQYHUJLQJDWGHSWK7KLVQHJDWLYHIORZHUVWUXFWXUHLV DOVR UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH ¶UROORYHU DQWLFOLQH·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ð*DLVHOEHUJFRQFHVVLRQWKH IDXOWGHQVLW\LVYHU\KLJK>@
2WKHUVWUXFWXUDWLRQLVGXHWRWKHWUDQVSUHVVLRQDOVWUHVVZKLFKFDXVHVRFFDVLRQDOO\OD\HU WKLFNHQLQJDQGOD\HUGRPLQJ>@
+<'52&$5%2175$36
7KH W\SLFDO WUDS LQ WKH *DLVHOEHUJ )LHOG FRQVLVWV RI D VKDOHFDSSHG ODWHUDOO\ IDXOW ERXQGHGUHVHUYRLUVDQG²QRWILOOHGXSWRWKHVSLOOSRLQW>@
1.2.3.1 Seals
7KH WRS VHDOV RI WKH WUDSV DUH VKDOHV DQG PDUOVWRQHV 7KH SUHVHQFH RI D WKLFN LPSHUPHDEOHVHGLPHQWSDFNDJHLVDFRQVWLWXWLYHRIDWKLFNK\GURFDUERQFROXPQ²PDMRU VKLIWVLQGHSWKRIWKH2LO:DWHU&RQWDFWVRFFXUEHORZWKRVHWKLFNVKDOHDQGPDUOVWRQH VHTXHQFHVHJWK6DUPDWDQG6DUPDWVHTXHQFHV,QJHQHUDOWKHWKLFNHUWKH VHDOVDUHWKHELJJHUWKHVKLIWRIWKH2LO:DWHU&RQWDFW>@
/DWHUDOO\WUDSVDUHXVXDOO\VHDOHGE\IDXOWVDOWKRXJKLQVRPHKRUL]RQVHJWK²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
$Q H[DPSOH FDQ PDNH WKDW GHVFULSWLYH *$ DQG *$$ ZHUH ERWK GU\ ZHOOV DOWKRXJKWKHKRUL]RQVZHUHH[SHFWHGWREHRLOEHDULQJ7KLVFDQEHH[SODLQHGZLWKWKH IDFWWKDWWKHIDXOWV))DQG)ZKLFKLQWHUVHFWWRWKHVRXWKRIWKHZHOOSUHYHQWHG WKHEORFNRIEHLQJFKDUJHG%HFDXVHRIWKHODUJHWKURXJKRYHUWKHIDXOWVWKH\DUHDOPRVW FHUWDLQO\VHDOLQJ7KHK\GURFDUERQFKDUJHHQWHULQJ*DLVHOEHUJIURPWKHVRXWKFRXOGQRW FKDUJHWKHFRPSDUWPHQWVDFURVVWKHVHIDXOWV>@
1.2.3.2 Reservoirs
8VXDOO\KLJKTXDOLW\UHVHUYRLUVDUHSUHVHQWLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG¶7KLFNKLJKSRURVLW\
KLJKSHUPHDELOLW\VDQGVWRQHVDUHDEXQGDQWWKURXJKRXWWKHVWUDWLJUDSKLFFROXPQ·>@
+<'52&$5%212&&855(1&(
+\GURFDUERQVRFFXULQPRVWRIWKHVWUDWLJUDSKLFXQLWV²K\GURFDUERQVDUHIRXQGEHWZHHQ 83 3DQQRQLDQ DQG %+ %DGHQ 7KH XSSHUPRVW OD\HUV IURP 83 WR 6+6DPDWLDQDUHJDVSURQHQRRLOKDVEHHQGLVFRYHUHGXQWLOQRZEXWWKHYROXPHV UHODWHGWRWKRVHXQLWVDUHIDLUO\VPDOO
7KHEXONRIK\GURFDUERQVLQ*DLVHOEHUJZDVSURGXFHGIURP6DUPDWLDQOD\HUVWKWK 6DUPDW2YHU 0PñRIRLODQGRYHU 0P RI JDV ZHUH SURGXFHG IURP WKRVH XQLWV,QWRWDOWKHILHOGKDVSURGXFHG0PñRIRLODQG00PñRIJDV>@
6LPXODWLRQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ
:KHQ D FRQYHQWLRQDOWHFKQLFDOFRPSRQHQW LV GHYHORSHGLQ PRVW FDVHV D SURWRW\SH LV PDQXIDFWXUHG 7KLV SURWRW\SH FDQ EH XVHG IRU WHVWLQJ SXUSRVHV WR LPSURYH WKH FRPSRQHQW ² WKLV LV D VWHS E\ VWHS LPSURYHPHQW 7KLV NLQG RI GHYHORSPHQW DQG LPSURYHPHQW LV QRW DSSOLFDEOH WR DOO UHDO V\VWHPV PDLQO\ EHFDXVH RI RQH RI WKH IROORZLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHV>@
- WKHV\VWHPLVXQLTXH - WKHV\VWHPLVLQDFFHVVLEOH
- WKHV\VWHPLVWRRODUJHRUWRRVPDOO - WKHOLIHF\FOHLVWRRORQJ
$OOIRXUFLUFXPVWDQFHVDUHDSSURSULDWHWRDK\GURFDUERQUHVHUYRLU,QVXFKDFDVHRQO\
WKHIROORZLQJSRVVLELOLWLHVRIPRGHOLQJDUHOHIW>@
- SK\VLFDO - DQDORJRXV - QXPHULFDO
7KHEDVLFLGHDEHKLQGIRUDOORIWKHPLVWRIRUPXODWHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSK\VLFDODQG FKHPLFDOSURFHVVHVLQDPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHO7KLVPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOPDNHVLWSRVVLEOH WRUHSODFHDUHDOSURFHVVE\DVLPLODUEXWHDVLHUWRDFFRPSOLVKSURFHVV>@
$VDPDWWHURIIDFWQRPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLVSHUIHFWGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUHRQO\
DSSUR[LPDWLRQV RI WKH UHDO SK\VLFDO SURFHVV ,Q PRVW LQVWDQFHV WKH\ HYHQ KDYH WR EH VLPSOLILHGWRPDNHVROYDEOH,QPDQ\FDVHVWKHPRGHORQO\GHVFULEHVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW SK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHV,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRVWDWHDWWKLVSRLQWWKDWRQO\SURFHVVHV ZKLFKDUHPDWKHPDWLFDOO\PRGHOHGFDQEHH[DPLQDWHGODWHURQ>@
%DVLFDOO\RQHFDQXVHDPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLQWZRPRGHV>@
- DVDPRGHOLQJWRRODQDO\WLFDOPRGH - DVDVLPXODWLRQWRRO
7KLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV DOVR VKRZQ LQ ILJXUH 7KH DQDO\WLFDO PRGH QHHGV FRUUHFW PDWKHPDWLFDOHTXDWLRQVZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQH[SHULPHQWDOHYLGHQFHWRSURGXFHDFRUUHFW RXWSXW 7KH VLPXODWLRQ PRGH KRZHYHU PDWFKHV WKH FDOFXODWHG UHVXOWV ZLWK WKH UHDO V\VWHP EHKDYLRU ZKLFK DOORZV D WXQLQJ RI WKH PRGHO (YHQ WXQLQJ ZLWK QR SK\VLFDO EDFNJURXQGLVDOORZHGDQGRIWHQXVHG>@
)LJ8VHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLQDQDO\WLFDODQGVLPXODWLRQPRGH[7]
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRVWDWHWKDWWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQLQILJXUHLVLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHVROYLQJ PHWKRGZKLFKFDQEHDQDO\WLFDORUQXPHULFDO,QPRVWFDVHVWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOV ZKLFKDUHXVHGLQVLPXODWLRQVDUHVRFRPSOH[WKDWRQO\QXPHULFDOVROXWLRQVDUHSRVVLEOH 1XPHULFDOPRGHOVXVHGIRUVLPXODWLRQVDUHXVXDOO\FDOOHGVLPXODWLRQVPRGHOHYHQLIWKH\
DUHXVHGIRUDQDO\WLFDOSXUSRVHV>@
)LJ7KHQDWXUHRIQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQ[7]
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
5HVHUYRLUVLPXODWLRQPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRJHWDQLQVLJKWYLHZLQWRWKHUHFRYHU\SURFHVVRI DK\GURFDUERQUHVHUYRLU²EDVLFDOO\IOXLGIORZLVGHVFULEHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI RLO DQG JDV UHFRYHU\ PHWKRGV ,PSRUWDQW SURFHVVHV FDQ EH GHVFULEHG ZLWK SDUWLDO GLIIHUHQWLDO HTXDWLRQV ZKLFK DFFRXQW IRU PDVV DQG KHDW WUDQVIHU LQFOXGLQJ WHUPV IRU JUDYLW\FDSLOODU\DQGYLVFRXVIRUFHV,QFDVHRIZDWHUIORRGLQJUHVHUYRLUVLPXODWLRQFDQ HYDOXDWH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI GLIIHUHQW VFHQDULRV DQG FDQ KHOS WR GHFLGH RQ ZKLFK LQMHFWLRQVWUDWHJ\LVDSSOLHG>@
,QSXW'DWD
$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHZLWKRXWUHOLDEOHGDWDDVLPXODWLRQZLOOQRWJLYHDIHDVLEOHRXWSXW 7KLVFKDSWHUZLOOOLVWDOOGDWDZKLFKDUHQHFHVVDU\IRUVLPXODWLRQDQGZLOOVWDWHWKHVWDWXV RIWKRVHLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
7KHIROORZLQJGDWDVHWVDUHQHFHVVDU\
- *HRORJLFDOPRGHO - 397GDWD
- 6&$/GDWD - 3URGXFWLRQGDWD - 3UHVVXUHGDWD
*HRORJLFDO0RGHO
$IWHUVHYHUDOGLVFXVVLRQVZLWKJHRORJLVWVDQGJHRSK\VLFLVWVLWWXUQHGRXWWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJ PRGHORI*DLVHOEHUJLVLQVXIILFLHQWIRUVLPXODWLRQSXUSRVHV(VSHFLDOO\LQZKHQWKH ZHOOV*$%DQG*$$ZHUHGULOOHGGLVFUHSDQFLHVEHWZHHQWKHH[SHFWHGDQGWKH GULOOHGJHRORJ\ZHUHIRXQGPDLQO\EHFDXVHRIWZRUHDVRQV>@>@
- VHLVPLFUHVROXWLRQ - IDXOWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
'XHWRWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGWKHSUHVHQWVHLVPLFYHUWLFDODQGKRUL]RQWDO UHVROXWLRQRIDERXWPHWHUVLVE\IDUWRROHVV>@
¶'XHWRGLVFXVVLRQVZLWKVWUXFWXUDOJHRORJLVWDQGZLWKVWDWHRIWKHDUWNQRZOHGJHRIIDXOW JHRPHWULHV JDLQHG IURP DQDORJXH PRGHOV DQG ILHOG VWXGLHV >«@ WKH H[LVWLQJ PRGHO FDQQRWUHSURGXFHWKHUHDOIDXOWSDWWHUQDQGLWFDQQRWSUHGLFW ZKLFKRIWKHIDXOWVDUH VHDOLQJ DQG ZKLFK QRW 7KH WLPHIUDPH IRU XSGDWLQJ WKH IDXOW SDWWHUQ RI WKH H[LVWLQJ PRGHOPLJKWHDVLO\H[FHVVòPDQ\HDUQRWWDNLQJ VWUDWLJUDSKLF UHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQV LQWR DFFRXQWZKLFKPLJKWERRVWWKHWLPHQHFHVVDU\·>@>@
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHKRUL]RQ6DUPDWRIWKHH[LVWLQJJHRORJLFDOPRGHO7KHUHGOLQHV UHSUHVHQWLQWHUSUHWHGIDXOWV*UHHQFRORUVUHSUHVHQWVHLVPLFDWWULEXWHVZKLFK LQGLFDWH GLVFRQWLQXLWLHVLQVHLVPLFGDWD²LQRWKHUZRUGVSRVVLEOHIDXOWV7KHGRWWHGEODFNOLQHV UHSUHVHQW D QHZ DSSURDFK>@ 7KH VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV KLJKOLJKW WKH VWUXFWXUDO XQFHUWDLQW\FDXVHGE\OLPLWHGVHLVPLFUHVROXWLRQ
)LJ6HLVPLFDWWULEXWHGDWDSORWWHGRYHUWKHH[LVWLQJPDS[9]
397GDWD
7KHIROORZLQJ397GDWDDUHQHFHVVDU\WRUXQDVLPXODWLRQ
- 5HVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUH - ,QLWLDOSUHVVXUH
2.2.2.1 Oil properties - %XEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUH - 6WRFNWDQNRLOJUDYLW\
- *25
- )RUPDWLRQYROXPHIDFWRUDWGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQV - 2LOFRPSUHVVLELOLW\
- 2LOGHQVLW\DWGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQV - 2LOYLVFRVLW\DWGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQV
2.2.2.2 Water properties
- 6DOLQLW\
- 7HPSHUDWXUH - 9LVFRVLW\
- &RPSUHVVLELOLW\
- )RUPDWLRQYROXPHIDFWRU - 'HQVLW\DWGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQV
2.2.2.3 Dry gas properties (using Z-factors)
=IDFWRUVDUHSORWWHGDJDLQVWWKHSUHVVXUH$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHYLVFRVLW\RIWKHJDVPXVWEH NQRZQ
2.2.2.4 Live oil properties
7KHVROXWLRQJDVUDWLRWKHIRUPDWLRQYROXPHIDFWRUDQGWKHYLVFRVLW\LVSORWWHGDJDLQVW WKHSUHVVXUH
$OORLOSURSHUWLHVZHUHUHFRUGHGLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGLQWKHSDVWEXWRQO\UDUHGDWD DERXWJDVSURSHUWLHVDUHDYDLODEOH1RQRIWKHGDWDDUHDYDLODEOHHOHFWURQLFDOO\
6&$/GDWD
,QWKH6&$/VHFWLRQWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\DQGFDSLOODU\SUHVVXUHGDWDDUHVWDWHG
5HODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\DQGFDSLOODU\SUHVVXUHFXUYHVDUHDYDLODEOHLQDQRQHOHFWURQLFDOO\
IRUP
3URGXFWLRQGDWD
%DVLFDOO\DOOSURGXFWLRQGDWDIRUWKHODVW\HDUVDUHDYDLODEOH'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWLQ VRPH ZHOOV PRUH WKDQ RQH OD\HU LV SHUIRUDWHG DOORFDWLRQ RI WKH YROXPHV WR GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV LV QHFHVVDU\ )RU WKDW UHDVRQ WKH 5HVHUYRLU (QJLQHHULQJ 'HSDUWPHQW GHYHORSHG
DOORFDWLRQ IDFWRUV IRU HDFK ZHOO WR PDNH DQ DOORFDWLRQ WR WKH GLIIHUHQW KRUL]RQV DQG OD\HUVSRVVLEOH
3UHVVXUHGDWD
,QWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHILHOGOLIHZHOOWHVWVZHUHGRQH²LQWKHODVW\HDUVRQO\UDUHWHVWV ZHUHSHUIRUPHGDQGDUHQRWDYDLODEOHHOHFWURQLFDOO\
6XPPDU\
'DWD 'DWD
IUHTXHQF\ &RPPHQW
*HRORJLFDO0RGHO DYDLODEOH
ORZVHLVPLFUHVROXWLRQ XQFHUWDLQWLHVDERXWIDXOW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
397GDWD
2LOSURSHUWLHVSDVW SHULRGLFDO QRWHOHFWURQLFDOO\DYDLODEOH 2LOSURSHUWLHVWRGD\ YHU\UDUH QRWHOHFWURQLFDOO\DYDLODEOH :DWHUSURSHUWLHVSDVW SHULRGLFDO QRWHOHFWURQLFDOO\DYDLODEOH :DWHUSURSHUWLHVWRGD\ YHU\UDUH QRWHOHFWURQLFDOO\DYDLODEOH
*DVSURSHUWLHV YHU\UDUH QRWHOHFWURQLFDOO\DYDLODEOH 6&$/GDWD DYDLODEOH QRWHOHFWURQLFDOO\DYDLODEOH 3URGXFWLRQGDWD PRQWKO\
3UHVVXUHGDWD
3UHVVXUHGDWDSDVW SHULRGLFDO QRWHOHFWURQLFDOO\DYDLODEOH 3UHVVXUHGDWDWRGD\ YHU\UDUH
&RQFOXVLRQV
:LWKWKHFXUUHQWVWDWXVRIGDWDDVLPXODWLRQRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGLVQRWSRVVLEOH)LUVW DQG IRUHPRVW WKH ODUJH XQFHUWDLQWLHV RI WKH JHRORJLFDO PRGHO PDNH DQ DFFXUDWH VLPXODWLRQ LPSRVVLEOH )XUWKHUPRUH DQ HQRUPRXV HIIRUW ZLOO EH QHFHVVDU\ WR KLVWRU\
PDWFKWKHPRGHOEHFDXVHRIPLVVLQJSUHVVXUHGDWD
0XFK HIIRUW KDV WR EH SXW LQWR WKH JHRORJLFDO PRGHO WR UHLQWHUSUHW LW EXW HYHQ WKHQ SUHVVXUHGDWDDUHPLVVLQJZKLFKPDNHVWKHVLPXODWLRQDUJXDEOH
3URGXFWLRQ'DWD
,QMHFWLRQDQG3URGXFWLRQGDWD
3URGXFWLRQDQGLQMHFWLRQGDWDFDQ EH XVHG WRLGHQWLI\ LQWHUZHOO FRQQHFWLYLW\EHWZHHQ SURGXFHUVDQGLQMHFWRUVLQDYHU\FRVWHIIHFWLYHZD\7RLGHQWLI\LQWHUZHOOFRQQHFWLYLW\
LQMHFWLRQUDWHSORWVDUHSXWQH[WWRSURGXFWLRQUDWHSORWV7KHHQJLQHHUWKHQORRNVIRU FRUUHVSRQGLQJSDWWHUQVRIUDWHFKDQJHV,WFDQEHDVVXPHGWKDWSURGXFWLRQUDWHVWKDWULVH DQGRUIDOOLQVWDQWO\ZLWKLQMHFWLRQUDWHVFKDQJHVDUHGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHLQMHFWRU ,QVRPHFDVHVLWLVHYHQ QHFHVVDU\ WR VKLIW WKH SORWV WR DFFRXQW IRU GHOD\HG LQWHUZHOO FRPPXQLFDWLRQV>@
$SSOLFDELOLW\WRWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
7KHDQDO\VLVRIWKHLQMHFWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQSORWVZDVQRVXFFHVV7UHQGVZHUHQRWWRR REYLRXV7KLVFDQEHH[SODLQHGZLWKWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHILHOGZKLFKUHVXOWVEDVLFDOO\
IURPPXOWLOD\HUKRUL]RQVZLWKDYHU\KLJKIDXOWGHQVLW\FKDSWHUZKLFKFDQIDYRUDQ LQFUHDVHG GLVSHQVDWLRQ RI WKH LQMHFWHG ZDWHU $QRWKHU IDFW ZKLFK FRQWULEXWHV WR WKLV UHVXOWLVWKHORZGDWDTXDOLW\RIWKHLQMHFWLRQUDWHV>@
0RQLWRULQJ:DWHU)ORRG2SHUDWLRQV²'LDJQRVWLF 3ORWV
1RWRQO\WKHPRQLWRULQJRIWKHZKROHZDWHUIORRGLQJSURMHFWLV LPSRUWDQWEXWDOVR WKH PRQLWRULQJRIHDFKLQGLYLGXDOZHOOWRJXDUDQWHHDVXFFHVVIXORLOUHFRYHU\
7KHUHVHUYRLUFDQRQO\EHDFFHVVHGWKURXJKLQGLYLGXDOZHOOVLQRWKHUZRUGVLWFDQEHVDLG WKDWWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDQHQWLUHRLOILHOGVXPVXSIURPWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIHDFKDQG VLQJOHZHOO
7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRKDYHWRROVDYDLODEOHWRPRQLWRUDQGDVVHVVWKHZHOOVZKLFK DUHDGGLWLRQDOO\FRVWHIIHFWLYH
7UDGLWLRQDOZHOOWHVWVLQWHUUXSWWKHILHOGRSHUDWLRQVDQGWKHLUDQDO\VHVUHSUHVHQWUHODWLYH VKRUWWLPHLQWHUYDO²LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHWLPHRIIOXLGLQMHFWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQ 2Q RQH KDQG VLGH XQOHVV WKHUH LV D GLUHFW FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH LQMHFWRU DQG WKH SURGXFHUWKHLQMHFWLRQRIZDWHUUHVXOWVLQDQHYHUFKDQJLQJRIUHVHUYRLUFRQGLWLRQV2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGVLGHWKRVHFKDQJLQJFRQGLWLRQVDUHQHDUO\LPSRVVLEOHWRUHFRUGZLWKWKH VKRUWREVHUYDWLRQSHULRGRIDWUDQVLHQWZHOOWHVW>@
+DOO3ORW
7KH+DOO3ORWLVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRWUDQVLHQWZHOOWHVWVDQGLVEDVLFDOO\YHU\VLPSOH7KH WLPHLQWHJUDORIWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHLQMHFWLRQDQGWKHUHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUHLV SORWWHGDJDLQVWWKHFXPXODWLYHLQMHFWLRQYROXPHV'XHWRLQWHJUDWLRQVKRUWWLPH
IOXFWXDWLRQVDUHDXWRPDWLFDOO\ILOWHUHGRXW7KHVORSHRIWKH+DOO3ORWLVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH LQMHFWLYLW\RIWKHZHOO
)LJ7\SLFDOSORWIRUDZDWHULQMHFWRU[11]
7KH ELJ DGYDQWDJH RI WKH +DOO 3ORW LV WKDW RQO\ LQMHFWLRQ UDWHV ZKLFK DUH UHJXODUO\
FROOHFWHGDUHQHHGHGWRFUHDWHWKHSORW1RUPDOFRQGLWLRQVZRXOGUHVXOWLQD VWUDLJKW OLQHZKHUHDVDVORSHFKDQJHZLOOLQGLFDWHWKHFKDQJHRILQMHFWLRQFRQGLWLRQV7KLVVORSH DQDO\VLVKDVDOUHDG\EHHQXVHGWRDVVHVVZHOOWUHDWPHQWV>@>@
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHDWWKLVSRLQWWKDWWKHVLPSOLFLW\RI+DOO·VPHWKRGFDQEHGHFHLYLQJ ,W ZDV IRXQG ¶«D FRUUHFW +DOO SORW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ UHTXLUHV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH UHVHUYRLU SUHVVXUH DW WKH GLVWDQFH HTXDO WR WKH PHDQ LQIOXHQFH UDGLXV RI WKH ZHOO ,I +DOO·VPHWKRGLVDSSOLHGZLWKRXWDSULRULNQRZOHGJHRIWKHHIIHFWLYHDPELHQWSUHVVXUH WKHQ WKH FRQFOXVLRQV WKDW D NLQN LQ WKH SORW LV DQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI FKDQJHV LQ WKH ZHOO LQMHFWLYLW\FDQEHZURQJ·>@7KHUHIRUHQRHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHUHVHUYRLUWUDQVPLVVLYLW\FDQ EHPDGHXQOHVVWKHUDGLXVRILQIOXHQFHLVNQRZQRUGRHVQ·WFKDQJHZLWKWLPH¶1HLWKHU
&XPXODWLYH:DWHU,QMHFWLRQEEO
WKHUHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUHDWWKHERXQGDU\QRUWKHLQIOXHQFHGRPDLQVL]HLVDYDLODEOHIURP PHDVXUHPHQWV/DFNLQJRWKHUHYLGHQFHLWLVUHDVRQDEOHWRDVVXPHWKDWZHOOWUHDWPHQWRU YDULDEOHZHOOFRQGLWLRQVDIIHFWWKHLQIOXHQFHUDGLXV·)RUWKDWUHDVRQWKHVORSHDQDO\VLV ZDVGHYHORSHG²IRUIXUWKHUGHWDLOVVHH5HIHUHQFH>@
3.2.1.1 Theoretical Background
7KHSULQFLSOHRI+DOOLVEDVHGRQDVWHDG\VWDWHLQMHFWLRQRIDZHOODQGLVEDVHGRQWKH UDGLDOIORZPRGHO>@
r Q r H p k
p
w e e
w = + ⋅ln⋅ ⋅
2πμ (T
:KHUHDV
w =
p ZHOOERUHSUHVVXUH
=
pe UHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUH
=
Q IORZUDWH
=
k IRUPDWLRQSHUPHDELOLW\
=
H UHVHUYRLUWKLFNQHVV
e =
r UDGLXVRIWKHLQIOXHQFHG]RQHWKHLQIOXHQFHG]RQHQHDUWKHZHOOERUH ZKHUHWKHIOXLGSUHVVXUHFKDQJHVGXHWRLQMHFWLRQ,QWKLVPRGHOWKLV]RQHLV FRQVLGHUHGDVFLUFXODU
=
rw HIIHFWLYHZHOOERUHUDGLXVWR DFFRXQW IRU DVNLQ LQWKHQHDUZHOOERUH UHJLRQDQHIIHFWLYHZHOOERUHUDGLXVLVDVVXPHG7KHUDWLRUHUZLVEHWZHHQ WKHZHOOERUHUDGLXVDQGWKHUDGLXVRILQIOXHQFH
,QWKLVPRGHOWKHFRPSUHVVLELOLW\RIWKHIOXLGVLVQHJOHFWHGKHQFHWKHIRUPDWLRQIDFWRU ZKLFKZRXOGEHZULWWHQLQIURQWRI4EHFRPHVRQH
,IWKHSDWWHUQLVQRWH[DFWO\UDGLDOWKHSUHVVXUHFDQEHDYHUDJHGWRDFFRXQWIRUWKDW>@
,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRNHHSLQPLQGWKDW(TXDWLRQLVEDVHGRQDPRGHODQGKHQFHEDVHG RQDVVXPSWLRQV
- WKHIOXLGLVKRPRJHQRXVDQGLQFRPSUHVVLEOH
- WKHUHVHUYRLULVYHUWLFDOO\ FRQILQHGDQG XQLIRUP ZLWK UHVSHFW WR SHUPHDELOLW\ DQG WKLFNQHVV
- WKHUHVHUYRLULVKRPRJHQHRXVLVRWURSLFDQGKRUL]RQWDO
- JUDYLW\GRHVQ·WSOD\DUROH
- WKHSUHVVXUHDWUHGRHVQ·WFKDQJHVWHDG\VWDWHFRQGLWLRQ
,IWKRVHDVVXPSWLRQVKROGWUXHWKHIORZLVUDGLDO$VDPDWWHURIIDFWLQUHDOOLIHWKRVH DVVXPSWLRQVDUHQRWIXOILOOHG²WKHLQMHFWRULVSHUIRUDWHGLQPXOWLSOHOD\HUVZLWKGLIIHUHQW SHUPHDELOLWLHV DQG WKLFNQHVVHV IORZ LV GLVWXUEHG E\ KHWHURJHQLWLHV LQWHUIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQZHOOVFDQRFFXUDQGIUDFWXUHVFDQEHSUHVHQWDOWKRXJKWKHPRGHOJLYHVDQ DGHTXDWHO\DSSUR[LPDWLRQ7KHSDUDPHWHURULWVLQYHUVH
w e
r r H b= k ⋅ln⋅
2π
μ (T
LV RIWHQ XVHG IRU WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH ZHOO SHUIRUPDQFH ,I UDWHV DQG SUHVVXUHV DUH FRQVWDQWRYHUWLPHEFDQDOVREHZULWWHQDV
e
w p
p b Q
= − (T
=
b LVWKHQWKHLQYHUVHRIWKHVSHFLILFZHOOLQMHFWLYLW\>@(TXDWLRQFDQQRWEHXVHGLI WKHUHDUHDQ\IOXFWXDWLRQVLQUDWHRUSUHVVXUH
(TXDWLRQFDQEHLQWHJUDWHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRWLPH
( )
³ ³
¸¸¹¨¨ ·
©
§ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
=
⋅
−
t
t
t
t w
e e
w Q d
r r H d k
p p
0 0
2 ln τ
π
τ μ (T
,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW WKH XSSHU OLPLW RI WKH LQWHJUDO LV YDULDEOH $V DOUHDG\
PHQWLRQHG DV W LQFUHDVHV VKRUWWLPH IOXFWXDWLRQV DUH ILOWHUHG RXW OHDGLQJ WR D PRUH UREXVWSURFHGXUHIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWXVLQJWKHSDUDPHWHUE
( )
t p( )
τ dτ and V( )
t tQ( )
τ dτt t
t
w
³
³
== Π
0 0
(TDQG(T
7KH+DOO3ORWSORWVWKHULJKWVLGHRI(TXDWLRQDJDLQVWWKHOHIWVLGHRI(TXDWLRQ'XH WRWKHIDFWWKDWELVFRQVWDQWLWFDQEHZULWWHQLQIURQWRIWKHLQWHJUDOIXUWKHUPRUHLI WKH SUHVVXUH SH GRHVQ·W FKDQJH WKH SORW ZLOO UHVXOW LQ D VWUDLJKW OLQH ZKRVH VORSH LV HTXDOWRE,IWKHREMHFWLYHLVWRDVVHVVDZHOOWUHDWPHQWWKHFKDQJHRIVORSHPXVWEH REVHUYHG+RZHYHUSHPXVWEHNQRZQWRDYRLGDPLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHJUDSK
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
)LJ+DOOSORWDWFRQVWDQWIRUPDWLRQSURSHUWLHVDVVXPLQJGLIIHUHQWUHVHUYRLU SUHVVXUHVSH SVL FRUUHFWUHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUH[11]
3.2.1.2 Conclusions $GYDQWDJHV
- 7KH+DOOSORWLVDFRQWLQXLQJPRQLWRULQJPHWKRG²LWFDQKHOSWRLGHQWLI\FKDQJHVRI WKHLQMHFWLRQFRQGLWLRQVRYHUDQH[WHQGHGSHULRGRIWLPH
- 7KH+DOOLQWHJUDOKDVDVPRRWKLQJHIIHFWRQWKHGDWD
- 'DWD DFTXLVLWLRQ LV LQH[SHQVLYH EHFDXVH RQO\ WKH FXPXODWLYH LQMHFWLRQ YROXPH DQG WKHVXUIDFHSUHVVXUHLVQHHGHG
'LVDGYDQWDJHV
- 6NLQDQGWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\DUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHVORSH²LWLVMXVWSRVVLEOHWRFDOFXODWHRQH LIWKHRWKHULVNQRZQ²SHULRGLFDOZHOOWHVWVDUHVWLOOQHFHVVDU\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHVNLQ DQGWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\
- ,ISHLVQRWNQRZQDNLQNLQWKHJUDSKFDQEHPLVLQWHUSUHWHG
3.2.1.3 Applicability to the Gaiselberg Field
'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWQRZHOOKHDGSUHVVXUHVRIWKHLQMHFWLRQZHOOVZHUHUHFRUGHGLQWKH SDVWILYH\HDUVLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRFUHDWH+DOOSORWVIRUWKDWWLPHIUDPH)RUWKHWLPH EHIRUH RQO\ SXQFWLIRUP UHFRUGV ZHUH GRQH DQG DUH QRW DYDLODEOH HOHFWURQLFDOO\
5HFHQWO\QHZPDQRPHWHUVZHUHLQVWDOOHGDWWKHLQMHFWLRQZHOOVVRWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWR UHFRUGWKHSUHVVXUHIURPQRZRQ
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWDVSHFWLVWKHLQMHFWLRQUDWH6HYHUDOLQMHFWRUVDUHSURYLGHGZLWKZDWHU WKURXJKDVWDUVKDSHGSLSLQJ2QO\WKHWRWDOFXPXODWLYHYROXPHLVPHDVXUHGRQDGDLO\
EDVLV:LWKWKHKHOSRIDPRELOHIORZPHWHUHYHU\\HDUDQDOORFDWLRQIDFWRULVFDOFXODWHG WR GLVWULEXWH WKH GDLO\ FXPXODWLYH YROXPH WR WKH LQMHFWRUV 7KLV FLUFXPVWDQFH ZLOO QRW DOORZFUHDWLQJDUHOLDEOH+DOOSORW
:25²3ORW
7KH :25SORW LV D WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG WR GHWHUPLQH H[FHVVLYH ZDWHU RU JDV SURGXFWLRQPHFKDQLVP:LWKWKHKHOSRIQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQLWZDVIRXQGRXWWKDWORJ ORJSORWVRI:25YVWLPHRU*25YVWLPHORRNGLIIHUHQWIRUGLIIHUHQWPHFKDQLVPV,Q JHQHUDOWKUHHEDVLFFODVVLILFDWLRQVH[LVWIRUWKHSUREOHP
- :DWHURUJDVFRQLQJPXOWLOD\HU
- FKDQQHOLQJKLJKSHUPHDEOHOD\HUEUHDNWKURXJKDQG - QHDUZHOOERUHFKDQQHOLQJ
&KDQ>@ GHYHORSHG D PHWKRGRORJ\ ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG WR TXLFNO\ GLDJQRVH WKH PHFKDQLVPV,WXVHVWKHIROORZLQJGDWD>@
- 3URGXFWLRQKLVWRU\RIWKHHQWLUHSHULRGRIZDWHUIORRG - :25DQGLWVGHULYDWHV
- &XPXODWLYHRLOSURGXFHGRUUHFRYHU\HIILFLHQF\
- 2LODQGJDVUDWHGHFOLQHV
7KHSORWFDQPDLQO\EHXVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHUHPDLQLQJSURGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDORIWKHZHOO DQGIRUVHOHFWLRQRIZDWHUFRQWUROWUHDWPHQWFDQGLGDWHV)XUWKHUPRUHWKHSORWVFDQEH XVHG WR HYDOXDWH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI D ZDWHU IORRG LQ WKDW ZD\ WKDW SRVVLEOH LQMHFWRUSURGXFHU SDLUV DUH IRXQG ZKHUH WKH LQMHFWHG ZDWHU GRHV QRW VZHHS RLO DQ\
PRUH,QWKDWFDVHDWUDFHUWHVWZRXOGJLYHXQDPELJXRXVLQIRUPDWLRQ
)LJ:DWHUFRQLQJDQGFKDQQHOLQJ²:25FRPSDULVRQ[16]
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²DOOOD\HUVZHUHSHUIRUDWHG
,IRQHKDVDFORVHUORRNRQ)LJWKUHHSHULRGVRI:25GHYHORSPHQWFDQEHVHHQ,Q WKHHDUO\WLPHSHULRGLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKH:25FXUYHUHPDLQVFRQVWDQWVKRZLQJLQLWLDO SURGXFWLRQ7KHLQLWLDO:25GHSHQGVRQWKHLQLWLDOZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQDQGLWVGLVWULEXWLRQ DPRQJDOOOD\HUVDVZHOODVRQUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\IXQFWLRQV7KHHQGLVLQGLFDWHGE\D VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ :25 7KH OHQJWK RI WKLV SHULRG GHSHQGV RQ WKH ZDWHU GULYH PHFKDQLVPV>@
)RU FRQLQJ WKH ILUVW SHULRG LV VLJQLILFDQW VKRUWHU 7KLV IDFW KDV VHYHUDO IDFWRUV OLNH YHUWLFDO WR KRUL]RQWDO SHUPHDELOLW\ UDWLR ERWWRP ZDWHU LQIOX[ SURGXFWLRQ SUHVVXUH GUDZGRZQDQGUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\IXQFWLRQVEXWSUHGRPLQDQWO\WKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ
Time (days)
WOR
Coning Channeling
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3 Coning - Periods
Channeling - Periods
WKH2:&DQGWKHQHDUHVWSHUIRUDWLRQLQWHUYDO3K\VLFDOO\WKHHQGRIWKLVSHULRGLVZKHQ WKHERWWRPZDWHUFRQHKDVUHDFKHGWKHERWWRPSHUIRUDWLRQLQWHUYDO>@
)RU FKDQQHOLQJ WKH GHSDUWXUH WLPH LV JUHDWO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH ZHOO VSDFLQJ ² RWKHU IDFWRUVFDQEHLQMHFWLRQUDWHSURGXFHUGUDZGRZQSUHVVXUHLQLWLDOZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQDQG GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\ IXQFWLRQV 3K\VLFDOO\ WKH HQG RI WKLV SHULRG LQ FDVH RI FKDQQHOLQJ LV ZKHQ WKH ZDWHU EUHDNV WKURXJK DW RQH OD\HU LQ D PXOWLOD\HUHG UHVHUYRLU>@
,QWKHVHFRQGSHULRGRIWLPHLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKH:25LQFUHDVHVZLWKWLPH7KHUDWH RILQFUHDVHGHSHQGVRQWKHPHFKDQLVP,QFDVHRIFRQLQJWKH:25LQFUHDVHVUHODWLYHO\
VORZO\DQGJHWVFRQVWDQWDWWKHHQGRIWKLVSHULRG,QWKLVSHULRGRIWLPHWKHFRQHQRW RQO\ JURZV YHUWLFDOO\ XSZDUGV WRZDUGV WKH XSSHUPRVW SHUIRUDWLRQ EXW DOVR H[SHQGV UDGLDOO\
,QFDVHRIFKDQQHOLQJWKH:25LQFUHDVHVGUDVWLFDOO\ZLWKWLPH7KLVFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\
WKHIDFWWKDWZDWHUSURGXFWLRQGUDVWLFDOO\LQFUHDVHVDVVRRQDVWKHZDWHUEUHDNVWKURXJK LQRQHRIWKHOD\HUV7KHVORSHDOVRGHSHQGVRQWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\IXQFWLRQVDQG LQLWLDOVDWXUDWLRQIXQFWLRQV$WWKHHQGRIWKLVSHULRGWKH:25YDOXHVWHQGWRJHWFRQVWDQW ZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKHSURGXFWLRQGHSOHWLRQRIWKHILUVWEUHDNWKURXJKOD\HU7KLVWUDQVLWLRQ SHULRG LV DJDLQ IROORZHG E\ DQ LQFUHDVH RI WKH :25 YDOXHV ZKLFK WKHQ LV WKH ZDWHU EUHDNWKURXJKRIWKHVHFRQGOD\HU7KHGXUDWLRQRIWKHWUDQVLWLRQSHULRGGHSHQGVRQWKH OD\HUSHUPHDELOLW\FRQWUDVW>@
7KHWKLUGSHULRGLQWKHFDVHRIFRQLQJLQGLFDWHVWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDSVHXGRVWHDG\VWDWH FRQH²WKHZHOOPDLQO\SURGXFHVERWWRPZDWHU7KHZDWHUFRQHFDQEHVHHQDVDKLJK FRQGXFWLYHFKDQQHO²WKH:25LQFUHDVHEHFRPHVGUDVWLFDOZKLFKLVDQLQGLFDWLRQIRUWKH VWDUWRIWKLVSHULRG
,QWKHFDVHRIFKDQQHOLQJWKHUDWHRILQFUHDVHLVQHDUO\WKHVDPHDVEHIRUHWKHWUDQVLWLRQ SHULRG$OOFKDQQHOLQJ:25VORSHVDUHYHU\FORVHWRHDFKRWKHUGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\
PDLQO\GHSHQGRQWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\IXQFWLRQV>@
)LJ0XOWLOD\HUFKDQQHOLQJ:25DQG:25·GHULYDWHV[16]
)LJ%RWWRPZDWHUFRQLQJ:25DQG:25·GHULYDWHV[16]
)XUWKHU VWXGLHV VKRZHG WKDW DOVR WKH WLPH GHULYDWHV RI WKH :25 FDQ EH XVHG WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ WKH GLIIHUHQW PHFKDQLVPV )LJXUH DQG VKRZ WKH :25 DQG :25GHULYDWHVIRUFKDQQHOLQJDQGFRQLQJ7KH:25·VLPSO\WKHGHULYDWHRIWKH:25 VKRZV D FRQVWDQW EHKDYLRU LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ IRU FKDQQHOLQJ DQG D QHJDWLYH VORSH IRU FRQLQJ7KHEHKDYLRUIRUFKDQQHOLQJLQWKHWKLUGSHULRGLVVKRZQLQILJXUH
7KH :25 GHULYDWH SORW EHFRPHV YHU\ XVHIXO WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ WKH GLIIHUHQW PHFKDQLVPVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQOLPLWHGSURGXFWLRQGDWDDUHDYDLODEOH
Time (days)
WOR or WOR’ WOR
WOR’
Time (days)
WOR or
WOR
WOR’
$SSOLFDELOLW\WRWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
7KHUHYLHZRIWKH:25SORWVRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJJDYHQRUHVXOWV)RUWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG RQO\WKHPRQWKO\RLOJDVDQGZDWHUSURGXFWLRQSHUZHOOLVDYDLODEOH²QRGDLO\SURGXFWLRQ LVDYDLODEOH,WVHHPVWREHWKDWWKLVDYHUDJHYDOXHRIDPRQWKGRHVQRWDOORZDSUHFLVH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKRVHSORWV
0DWHULDO%DODQFH
7KLVFKDSWHUZLOOGHVFULEHLQPRUHGHWDLOWKHWHFKQLTXHRI9RLGDJH5HSODFHPHQW95DQG 9RLGDJH 5HSODFHPHQW 5DWLR 955 ZKLFK DUH EDVHG RQ WKH PDWHULDOEDODQFH SULQFLSOH 7KH WHFKQLTXH FDQ HDVLO\ EH XQGHUVWRRG ZLWK WKH OLTXLG WDQN DQDORJ\ )LJ 7KH SURGXFWLRQRIRLOZDWHUDQGJDVFDXVHVDJHQHUDWLRQRIDYRLGDQGKHQFHDSUHVVXUHGURS LQWKHUHVHUYRLU:DWHULQMHFWLRQVKRXOGILOOWKLVYRLG>@
)LJ7DQNPRGHO[1]
95DQG955DUHVRPHLPSRUWDQWWRROVLQVXUYHLOODQFHDQGPRQLWRULQJ7KHUHSODFHPHQWRI WKHJHQHUDWHGYRLGLVQRWRQO\WRJHWULGRIWKHSURGXFHGZDWHUEXWDOVRWRLQFUHDVHWKH SHUIRUPDQFHDQGUHFRYHU\
7KHDQDO\VLVRI95DQG955SORWVPDNHWKHUHVHUYRLUUHVSRQVHWKHYROXPHWULFVZHHSDQG WKHSDWWHUQSHUIRUPDQFHGHVFULSWLYH>@
7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRI95DQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHDQDO\VHVRIWKHUHVXOWVFDQSRLQWWKHUHVHUYRLU UHVSRQVH,WFDQDOVREHXVHGIRUWURXEOHVKRRWLQJRUWRLGHQWLI\SUREOHPVOLNHFKDQQHOLQJ RUWKLHI]RQHVILQJHULQJIUDFWXUHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHWF>@
955$QDO\VLV
)LJ955YVWLPHSORW[1]
,QPRVWFDVHVWKH955LVSORWWHGDJDLQVWWLPH)LJVKRZVDQLGHDO955YVWLPHSORW ,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWLILQMHFWLRQFRQWLQXHVDQGKHQFHWKHUHVHUYRLULVILOOHGXSWKHFXUYH JUDGXDOO\ DSSURDFKHV XQLW\ ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH SDUDPHWHUV FKRVHQWKHHVWLPDWHRI955FDQYDU\
,QFDVHWKHLQMHFWLRQVWDUWVDWLQLWLDOFRQGLWLRQV955FDQJREH\RQGXQLW\DOWKRXJKWKH UHVHUYRLUKDVQRWEHHQUHSUHVVXUL]HG\HW
,IWKHEXEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUHLVWKHLQLWLDOSUHVVXUHLWFDQWDNHDORQJWLPHXQWLOWKH955 YDOXHVEHFRPHFRQVWDQW
7KHFXPXODWLYH955DQDO\VLVDVLWLVZLWKDOOPDWHULDOEDODQFHRUYROXPHWULFFDOFXODWLRQV JUHDWO\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH GDWD DYDLODEOH ZKLFK UHVWULFWV WKH XVH WR PLGGOH DQG ODWH DGYDQFHGZDWHUIORRGV>@
)LJ955YV¨3SORW[1]
7KLVSORWKHOSVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHHIIHFWRISUHVVXUHRQ955,WLVDOVRDYHU\HIIHFWLYH WRROWRLGHQWLI\WKHORVVRIZDWHUWRWKLHI]RQHVRUWKHDTXLIHU
3URGXFWLRQIRUFHVWKHSUHVVXUHWRGHFOLQHEXWWKH LQMHFWLRQRIZDWHUZLOOHLWKHUPDNH WKHYDOXHRI¨SVPDOOHURUZLOODSSURDFK]HURZKHQWKHUHVHUYRLULVUHSUHVVXUL]HGWRLWV LQLWLDO SUHVVXUH ,I WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH RULJLQDO DQG WKH SUHVHQW SUHVVXUH DSSURDFKHV ]HURWKH955 YDOXH DSSURDFKHV DV\PSWRWLFDOO\ ]HUR ,I WKH FXPXODWLYH 95 GRHVQRWIRUFHWKH¨SWRGHFUHDVHDQGWKHSUHVHQW955LVVKRZLQJ95FORVHWRXQLW\LW
FDQEHWKHFDVHWKDWWKHLQMHFWHGZDWHULVVLSKRQHGLQWRDQRWKHUOD\HUWKURXJKDWKLHI ]RQHRUFKDQQHOHGLQWRDGLIIHUHQWOD\HU>@
)LJ955YV1S1>@
7KLV SORW )LJ JLYHV DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ IURP WKH VZHHS HIILFLHQF\ VLGH RI WKH ZDWHUIORRG$JRRGZDWHUIORRGGLVSODFLQJRIWKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLGVDQGDVXIILFLHQWQXPEHU RISURGXFHUVWRUHFRYHUWKHGLVSODFHGIOXLGVLVLQGLFDWHGE\DOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ 955DQG1S1,QRWKHUZRUGVHYHU\XQLWSURGXFHGIOXLGVLVSXVKHGE\DXQLWRILQMHFWHG ZDWHU+RZHYHUWKHUHDOVLWXDWLRQVGHSDUWIURPWKHLGHDOL]HGRQHLQWKHZD\WKDWWKH\
GHVFULEH D FXUYH,I LW LV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH FXUYH WHQGV WRZDUGV WKH [D[LV 955 WKH ZDWHULQMHFWLRQGRHVQRWVXSSRUWSURGXFWLRQZKLFKFDQEHFDXVHGE\>@
- QRVWDEOHIURQW - SRRUUHVHUYRLUVZHHS - WKLHI]RQHV
- WKHDTXLIHUWDNHVWKHLQMHFWHGZDWHU
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LI WKH FXUYH WHQGV WRZDUGV WKH \D[LV 1S1 WKH LQMHFWHG LV QRW HQRXJKWR\LHOGUHVXOWVEXWWKHUHVHUYRLULVSURGXFLQJZLWKWKHKHOSRIQDWXUDOGULYHV>@
9556LWXDWLRQV
7KH IRUPDWLRQ YROXPH IDFWRU XVHG IRU WKH FDOFXODWLRQV LV UHODWHG WR D UHIHUHQFH SUHVVXUH 7KLV IDFW PDNHV WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI 955 VXEMHFWLYH ² DQ H[DPSOH LI WKH UHIHUHQFHSUHVVXUHZDVWDNHQDWLQLWLDO FRQGLWLRQV DQGWKHZDWHUIORRGLQJSURMHFW ZDV VWDUWHGPXFKEHORZWKHLQLWLDOSUHVVXUHWKHYROXPHWULFVLWXDWLRQZLOOFKDQJHHYHQLIWKH 955LVFRQVWDQW2WKHUSRVVLEOHFRQGLWLRQV>@
- DOWKRXJK WKH SUHVHQW 955 LV FRQVWDQW WKH FXPXODWLYH RU UHVHUYRLU ZLGH 95 LV IDU DZD\ IURP XQLW\ $OWKRXJK WKH FXPXODWLYH 95 VKRXOG UHIOHFW WKH ZKROH UHVHUYRLU UHSUHVVXUL]DWLRQLWPD\QRWEHWKHFDVH
- 955LVEDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHUHVHUYRLULVKRPRJHQHRXV$KHWHURJHQHRXV UHVHUYRLUFDQFDXVHWKH95WREHPRUHRUOHVVWKDQXQLW\DWVRPHSODFHV
- ,QMHFWRUDQGSURGXFHUGLVWULEXWLRQFDQFDXVHGHIOHFWLRQVLQWKHUHDOWLPH95
- ,IDQDTXLIHULVSUHVHQWWKHLQMHFWHGZDWHUFDQEHORVWWRLWDQGKHQFHPLVUHSUHVHQW WKH95
)DFWRUVZKLFKDIIHFWWKHIORZLQSRURXVPHGLDOLNHSRURVLW\SHUPHDELOLW\KHWHURJHQHLW\
IOXLGSURSHUWLHVDQGJHRORJLFDOFRPSOH[LW\ZLOODOVRLQIOXHQFHWKH95SURFHVV>@
$SSHQGL[$JLYHVDGHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOGHULYDWLRQRIWKH955 0HWKRG
&RQFOXVLRQV
$OWKRXJK 955 LV DQ HDV\WRXVH WHFKQLTXH LW LV D YHU\ HIIHFWLYH WRRO WR FRQWURO DQG PRQLWRU D ZDWHUIORRG SURMHFW ,W FDQ EH XVHG HLWKHU IRU SUHVVXUH PDLQWHQDQFH RU IRU ZDWHUIORRGLQJSXUSRVHV
7KHFDOFXODWLRQVJUHDWO\GHSHQGRQWKHFRQGLWLRQVZKHQWKHZDWHUIORRGLQJSURFHVVZDV VWDUWHG
,W FDQ JUHDWO\ KHOS WR DVVHVV WKH VXFFHVV RI WKH ZDWHUIORRG EXW WKH SLWIDOOV RI WKH WHFKQLTXHVKRXOGDOZD\VEHNHSWLQPLQG>@
$SSOLFDELOLW\WRWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
%DVLFDOO\WKLVWHFKQLTXHFDQQRWEHXVHGLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGPDLQO\EHFDXVHRIWKH IROORZLQJUHDVRQ
- /DFN RI GDWD YHU\ UDUH GDWD DERXW SUHVVXUHV )9)V FRPSUHVVLELOLW\ DFFXUDWH LQMHFWLRQUDWHVDQGVROXWLRQJDVUDWLRVZHUHUHFRUGHGLQWKHSDVW
)XUWKHUPRUHLWFDQEHDVVXPHGWKDWWKHJHRORJLFDOFRPSOH[LW\RIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG ZRXOGJUHDWO\LQIOXHQFHWKH955FDOFXODWLRQV
6DOLQLW\
,QWURGXFWLRQ
:KHQD7UDFHUZDVSRQGHUHGWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHIORRGSURILOHWKHLGHDFDPHXSWRXVH H[LVWLQJ GDWD PDWHULDO ILUVW )RU WKLV UHDVRQ D VXUYH\ RQ EDVLV RI WKH GLIIHUHQW ZDWHU VDOLQLWLHVZDVGRQHWRDVVHVWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHLQMHFWRUV
7KLV FKDSWHU SUHVHQWV WKH DSSURDFK DQG WKH UHVXOWV RI WKLV VXUYH\ EXW DOVR GRHVQ·W FRQFHDO WKHSUREOHPVHQFRXQWHUHGPRUHRYHU VXJJHVWLRQV IRU LPSURYHPHQWV IRU IXWXUH VXUYH\VDUHVWDWHG
'DWD
1R GDWDEDVH ZLWK VDOLQLW\ PHDVXUHPHQWV KDV EHHQ DYDLODEOH XQWLO QRZ ,QVLVWHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ ZDV QHFHVVDU\ WR ILQG VDOLQLW\ GDWD EHFDXVH RI WKH GLIIHUHQW GHSRVLWLRQ SODFHV1RQHRIWKHGDWDZHUHDYDLODEOHHOHFWURQLFDOO\ZKLFKGHPDQGHGWKHGLJLWDOL]DWLRQ RI WKHP 'XH WR VLPSOLFLW\ UHDVRQV WKLV VWHS ZDV SHUIRUPHG LQ ¶0LFURVRIW ([FHO· 7KH FUHDWLRQRI D GDWDEDVH ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG ODWHURQ7KHIROORZLQJVFUHHQ VKRWJLYHV DQ RYHUORRNDERXWWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHVSUHDGVKHHW
)LJ6DOLQLW\VSUHDGVKHHWLQ¶0LFURVRIW([FHO·
7KHIROORZLQJGDWDZHUHHYDOXDWHG
- :HOO7KHQDPHRIWKHZHOOZKHUHWKHVDPSOHZDVWDNHQ7KHH[SHULHQFHVKRZVWKDW HQJLQHHUVRIWHQFUHDWHWKHLURZQQRPHQFODWXUHZKLFKPDNHVLWGLIILFXOWWRFRPELQH GDWDODWHURQ)RUWKDWUHDVRQWKH8:,XQLI\ZHOOLQGH[LVDOZD\VXVHG
- 'DWH7KHGDWHZKHQWKHVDPSOHZDVWDNHQ
- 7RS%RWWRPLQGLFDWHWKHSHUIRUDWLRQGHSWKVIURPZKLFKWKHVDPSOHZDVWDNHQ
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
$VDPSOHKDVDVPXFKOLQHVDVSHUIRUDWHGOD\HUV7KLVZDVGRQHWRHQDEOHDILOWHULQJ DIWHUDFHUWDLQKRUL]RQ
- 1D&OLQ7KLVYDOXHPXOWLSOLHGZLWKHTXDOVWKH1D&OFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQPJO
- &KORULGH7KHPDVVFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFKORULGHLRQVLQWKHVDPSOH
- 1D&O IURP &O %DVLFDOO\ RQO\ WKH FKORULGH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LV PHDVXUHG 7KH 1D&O FRQFHQWUDWLRQLVQRWPHDVXUHGEXWFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHFKORULGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
- 1D&OHTXLYDOHQW 7KH FRQGXFWDQFH RI WKH GLOXWLRQ ZDV XVHG LQ WKH DQDO\VLV WR GHWHUPLQHWKH1D&OFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
- &RPPHQW 6RPH ZHOOV DUH SHUIRUDWHG LQ PRUH WKDQ RQH OD\HUV RU HYHQ LQ PRUH KRUL]RQV6DPSOHVWDNHQIURPWKHVHZHOOVUHSUHVHQWDPL[WXUHRIIRUPDWLRQZDWHUV IURP GLIIHUHQW OD\HUVDQG WKXVDOVR D PL[WXUH RI WKHLU VDOLQLWLHV 7R DQQRWDWH WKDW IDFWWKHFROXPQ¶&RPPHQW·ZDVFUHDWHG,IQRWKLQJLVVWDWHGLQWKLVFHOOWKHVDOLQLW\
ZDV RQO\ WDNHQ IURP RQH OD\HU $Q ¶0· LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH VDPSOH UHSUHVHQWV D PL[WXUH RI IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHUV IURP GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV ZLWKLQ D KRUL]RQ $ 'RXEOH ¶0·
LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHZDWHUVDPSOHZDVHYHQWDNHQIURPGLIIHUHQWKRUL]RQV(YHQLIWKH
VSUHDGVKHHWLVILOWHUHGDIWHUDFHUWDLQKRUL]RQLWLVVWLOOSRVVLEOHWRMXGJHWKHTXDOLW\
RIWKHVDPSOH
$VVWDWHGDERYHRQO\WKHPDVVFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHFKORULGHLRQVLVPHDVXUHG$OORWKHU YDOXHVDUHWKHQFDOFXODWHG7KH&OYDOXHLVMXVWPXOWLSOLHGZLWKWKHDWRPUDWLRRIWKHWZR FRPSRQHQWV
) ( / 452 , 35
) ( / 452 , 35 ) ( / 989 , ] 22 / [ ] /
[ g mol Cl
Cl mol g Na
mol l g
mg Cl l mg
NaCl = ⋅ +
,QSUHYLRXV\HDUVZDWHUVDPSOHVZHUHDQDO\]HGE\WKH5$*/DERUDWRU\7KLV/DERUDWRU\
ZDV FORVHG LQ WKHUHIRUH MXVW D VPDOO ODERUDWRU\ LQ WKH ILHOG LV GRLQJ WKH VDOLQLW\
PHDVXUHPHQWV QRZDGD\V ,I VWLOO D ¶FRPSOHWHDQDO\VLV· RI WKH IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU LV QHFHVVDU\LWLVGRQHE\WKH209([SORUDWLRQDQG3URGXFWLRQODERUDWRU\LQ*HUDVGRUIQHDU 9LHQQD6XFKD¶FRPSOHWHDQDO\VLV·IRUDOOSURGXFWLRQZHOOVLQWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGZDV SHUIRUPHGZLWKLQWKHVFRSHRIWKLVWKHVLVWRJHWSUHVHQWVDOLQLW\PHDVXUHPHQWV
/DERUDWRU\UHSRUWVDOZD\VVWDWHWKHPDVVFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHFKORULGHLRQVRUWKH1D&O HTXLYDOHQW,QILHOGPHDVXUHPHQWVWKHUHSRUWDOZD\VVWDWHVWKH1D&OLQ)RUWKLVUHDVRQ QRW DOO FROXPQV DUH ILOOHG RXW )RU DQDO\VLV UHDVRQV DOO GLIIHUHQW YDOXHV ZHUH WKHQ WUDQVIRUPHGWR¶1D&OIURP&O·VHHDERYH
7KHHYDOXDWLRQVKRZVWKDWQRVDOLQLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGIURPWLOO
Data-frequency: Salinity
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
01.01.1940 09.02.1944 19.03.1948 27.04.1952 05.06.1956 14.07.1960 22.08.1964 30.09.1968 08.11.1972 17.12.1976 25.01.1981 05.03.1985 13.04.1989 22.05.1993 30.06.1997 08.08.2001 16.09.2005
Date
NaCl [mg/l]
)LJ'DWDIUHTXHQF\VDOLQLW\
<HOORZXQGHUOD\HGFHOOV)LJLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHPHDVXUHPHQWZDVSHUIRUPHGLQD ODERUDWRU\7KLVHYDOXDWLRQZDVQHFHVVDU\EHFDXVHRIGDWDTXDOLW\EHWZHHQWKHGLIIHUHQW PHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRGV
0HDVXUHPHQW0HWKRGV
7ZRGLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVRIVDOLQLW\PHDVXUHPHQWDUHSHUIRUPHG
$QDO\WLFGHWHUPLQDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR¶0RKU·
o )LHOGRIDSSOLFDWLRQ
7KH SURFHGXUH LV VXLWDEOH IRU WKH GLUHFW GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI FKORULGH LRQV ZLWKLQ WKH PHDVXUHPHQWUDQJHRIFRQFHQWUDWLRQIURPPJOWRPJO
7KHPHDVXUHPHQWUDQJHFDQEHH[WHQGHGE\VXLWDEOHGLOXWLRQRUE\XVHRIDVLOYHUQLWUDWH GLOXWLRQRIKLJKHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
%HFDXVH RI WKH YDULRXV GLVWXUEDQFHV WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKLV SURFHGXUH LV OLPLWHG WR UHODWLYHO\FOHDQZDWHUV>@
o %DVLVRIWKHSURFHGXUH
&KORULGHLRQVUHDFWZLWKVLOYHULRQVWRKDUGO\VROXEOHVLOYHUFKORULGH
↓
→
+ +
− Ag AgCl
Cl
$IWHUUHDFKLQJDPDUJLQDOVXUSOXVPRUHVLOYHULRQVIRUPZLWKFKURPDWHLRQVDUHGEURZQ VLOYHUFKURPDWH>@
3RWHQWLRPHWULFGHWHUPLQDWLRQ o )LHOGRIDSSOLFDWLRQ
7KLV PHWKRG LV VXLWDEOH IRU WKH GLUHFW GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI FKORULGH LRQV ZLWKLQ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQUDQJHRIPJOWRPJO7KHPHDVXUHPHQWUDQJHFDQEHH[WHQGHGE\
VXLWDEOH GLOXWLRQ RU E\ XVH RI VLOYHU QLWUDWH VROXWLRQ RI KLJKHU FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ,W LV DOVR DSSOLFDEO\ WR FRORUHG DQG FORXGHG ZDWHU (VSHFLDOO\ RLOILHOG ZDWHUV DUH YHU\ RIWHQ HPELWWHUHG>@
o %DVLVRIWKHSURFHGXUH
7KHFKORULGHLRQVDUHWLWUDWHGZLWKVLOYHULRQV
)RUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHHQGSRLQWRQHIROORZVWKHYROWDJHEHWZHHQDUHIHUHQFHHOHFWURGH RQ WKH RQH KDQG DQG D VLOYHU HOHFWURGH RU D FKORULGHLRQVHOHFWLYH HOHFWURGH RQ WKH RWKHUKDQG7KHYROWDJHGHSHQGVRQWKHORJDULWKPRIWKHFKORULGHLRQVDFWLYLW\,IRQH DSSOLHVWKLVYROWDJHLQP9RQWKHRUGLQDWHDQGWKHVLOYHUQLWUDWHVROXWLRQLQPORQWKH DEVFLVVDWKHLQIOHFWLRQSRLQWFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHHTXLYDOHQFHSRLQW>@
5.2.1.3 Accuracy of measurement - 0RKU
7KH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR ¶0RKU· LV XVHG LQWKHILHOGODERUDWRU\ DQG LV EDVHG RQ WLWUDWLRQ7KHSRLQWZKHQWKHFRORURIWKHVROXWLRQFKDQJHVLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHKXPDQ H\H
'LIIHUHQWSHRSOHMXGJHGLIIHUHQWO\KHQFHWKLVPHWKRGLVQRWYHU\DFFXUDWH
7R VHH KRZ GLIIHUHQW XVHUV MXGJH WKH DXWKRU GHFLGHG WR GR DQ H[SHULPHQW 7KUHH ZRUNHUV ZHUH DVNHG WR DQDO\]H WKH VDPH IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU 7KH ZRUNHUV GLG QRW NQRZ WKDWDOORIWKHPDQDO\]HGWKHVDPHVDPSOH7KHRXWFRPH
:RUNHU$PJO :RUNHU%PJO :RUNHU&PJO
,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHUHVXOWVGLIIHUXSWRPJODPRQJHDFKRWKHU
&RQVLGHULQJ WKH DYHUDJH ZDWHUIORRG VDOLQLW\ WKLV GLIIHUHQFH ZRXOG OHDG WR DQ SRVVLEOH HUURURIDERXW
7KLVIDFWLVHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWLQWKHGHILQLWLRQRI¶VDOLQLW\FODVVHV·LQFKDSWHU - 3RWHQWLRPHWULF
,QWKHSRWHQWLRPHWULFGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKH¶LQIOHFWLRQSRLQW·LQGLFDWHVWKLVSRLQWZKLFKFDQ EHGHWHUPLQHGDXWRPDWLFDOO\DQGWKHUHIRUHPXFKPRUHSUHFLVHO\
,QLWLDO6DOLQLWLHV
7KH LQLWLDO VDOLQLWLHV ZHUH DVVD\HG WR LGHQWLI\ FRQWLQJHQW VDOLQLW\ GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH
*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOGLQLWVRULJLQDOVWDWH7RGRVRWKHIROORZLQJZRUNLQJVWHSVZHUHGHILQHG
ILOWHUWKHGDWDDIWHUWLPH
7KHGDWDVDPSOHLVOLPLWHGWRGDWDEHIRUHWRDYRLGWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKH ZDWHUIORRG
GLYLGHWKHREWDLQHGGDWDLQWRKRUL]RQV
'XHWRGDWDIUHTXHQF\UHDVRQVWKHGLYLVLRQLQWROD\HUVZDVZDLYHG
GHOHWHDOOGDWDZLWKWKHFRPPHQW¶00·
0L[HGVDOLQLWLHVFKDSWHUDUHQRWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHIRUDVSHFLILFKRUL]RQ
GLYLGHWKHGDWDVDPSOHLQWRVXUIDFHSRLQWVZHOO
DUHDODOORFDWLRQRIWKHLQLWLDOVDOLQLWLHV
7KHDUHDODOORFDWLRQPDNHVLWHDVLHUWRLGHQWLI\WUHQGVLQDKRUL]RQ
*DLQHG&RJQLWLRQV²6DOLQLW\7UHQGV
$IWHUWKHILUVWWZRVWHSVZHUHGRQHLWZDVREYLRXVWKDWWKHGDWDIUHTXHQF\RIWKHLQLWLDO VDOLQLWLHVLVYHU\UDUH
5.3.1.1 Areal Trend
7KHWK6DUPDWVKRZVDUHODWLYHO\FRQVWDQWGLVWULEXWLRQZLWKLQWKHKRUL]RQ
)RUWKHUHPDLQLQJ6DUPDWKRUL]RQVDQGQRVWDWHPHQW DERXWWKHDUHDOGLVWULEXWLRQLVSRVVLEOHGXHWRWKHODFNRIGDWD
5.3.1.2 Vertical Trend
)LJVKRZVWKDWVDOLQLW\LQSSPDJDLQVWWKHPHDVXUHGGHSWKLQP6DOLQLWLHVJUHDWO\
YDU\ZLWKGHSWKDQGWKHUHIRUHZLWKVWUDWLJUDSKLFXQLW,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWWKHZDWHU VDOLQLW\ UDSLGO\ LQFUHDVHV ZLWK GHSWK XS WR YDOXHV RI SSP DW D GHSWK RI DERXWPP79'ZHUHWKHYDOXHVWHQGWRJHWFRQVWDQWDQGWKHUHIRUHEHFRPH LQGHSHQGHQWRIGHSWK7KHIDFWWKDWSUHVHQWGD\VHDZDWHUVDOLQLWLHVSSP DUH VLPLODUWRWKRVHVDOLQLWLHVRIGHHSHUKRUL]RQVLVZRUWKNQRZLQJ
,Q)LJDOOYDOXHVDUHVXEMHFWHGWRWKHLUVWUDWLJUDSKLFXQLWZKHUHWKH\RFFXUUHG7ZR PDLQFDWHJRULHVDUHH[LVWLQJ
- 6+²6+BZLWKDERXWSSP
- 6+B²%+ZLWKDERXWSSP²SSP
$UHDVRQIRUWKDWFRXOGEHWKHWKLFNVKDOHXQLWLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHWK6DUPDWZKLFK DFWVDVDVDOLQLW\EDUULHU>@
)LJ*DLVHOEHUJ)RUPDWLRQ:DWHU6DOLQLW\YV'HSWK[3]
)LJ)RUPDWLRQ:DWHUYV6WUDWLJUDSKLF8QLW[3]
7KHVHWZR GLDJUDPVVKRZWKDWWKH VDOLQLW\ LQFUHDVHV ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJGHSWK)LJXUH DOVRUHIOHFWVWKHIDFWWKDWZLWKLQDKRUL]RQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIVDOLQLW\FRQFHQWUDWLRQLV QHDUO\FRQVWDQW
Measured Depth (m)
$QDO\VLV
3ULQFLSOHRIDVVHVVPHQW
7KH LGHD EHKLQG LV WR XVH WKH VDOLQLW\ DV D ¶QDWXUDO· WUDFHU WR ILQG RXW LI D ZHOO LV LQIOXHQFHGRUQRWE\WKHZDWHUIORRG
7KHEDVLVIRUWKLVVDOLQLW\VXUYH\LVWKHGLIIHUHQWZDWHUVDOLQLWLHVRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG DQGWKHQHDUO\FRQVWDQWIORRGZDWHUVDOLQLW\
:DWHUIORRGVDOLQLWLHV
6DPSOHG 1D&O>PJO@
PHDQ
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ
7DE:DWHUIORRGVDOLQLWLHVRIWKH*DLVHOEHUJ)LHOG
7KH ILUVW DSSURDFK ZDV WR FUHDWH D PDS IRU HDFK KRUL]RQ ZKHUH WKH LQLWLDO ZDWHU VDOLQLWLHVDUHLQGLFDWHGZLWKWKHKHOSRIGLIIHUHQWFRORUV
7KHLGHDZDVWRFRPSDUHWKLVPDSZLWKDPDSZKHUHSUHVHQWVDOLQLWLHVDUHLQGLFDWHG,ID SURGXFHU ZRXOG EH LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH ZDWHUIORRG WKH VDOLQLW\ RI WKH SURGXFHU ZRXOG WHQGWRZDUGVWKHFRQVWDQWIORRGZDWHUVDOLQLW\
'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHGDWDIUHTXHQF\RIWKHLQLWLDOVDOLQLWLHVLVYHU\UDUHWKLVLGHDFRXOG QRWEHUHDOL]HG
7KHVHFRQGDSSURDFKZDVWREDVHWKHMXGJPHQWRQDQLQGLYLGXDOEDVLV
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHLGHDOL]HGEHKDYLRURIDSURGXFHU
,QHDUO\SURGXFWLRQWKHRULJLQDOVDOLQLW\RIWKHSURGXFHGZDWHUVWD\VQHDUO\FRQVWDQW7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH SURGXFHG ZDWHU LV RQO\ IURP WKH DTXLIHU $IWHU WKH ZDWHU EUHDN WKURXJK DWWKHLQMHFWRUVDOLQLW\VWDUWV WR DSSURDFKWKHZDWHU IORRG VDOLQLW\ :)6 7KH KLJKHUWKHIUDFWLRQRIWKHZDWHUIORRGLVWKHPRUHWKHVDOLQLW\RIWKHSURGXFHGZDWHU DSSURDFKHVWKH:)6$WSRLQWWKUHHDQH[WHQVLYHIORRGLQJDOUHDG\RFFXUUHG'HSHQGLQJ
RQWKHJHRORJLFDOVLWXDWLRQDQGUHVHUYRLUSURSHUWLHVEHWZHHQWKHLQMHFWRUDQGSURGXFHU WKLVWUDQVLWLRQSHULRGEHWZHHQSRLQWDQGFDQEHLQKLJKJHDURUXQLQFLVLYH
Date
S al in ity
Water-Flood-Salinity
1 2
3 4
Stage I Stage II Stage III
Well Salinity
)LJ%HKDYLRURIDQLGHDOL]HGLQIOXHQFHGSURGXFHU )LJVKRZVWKHEHKDYLRURIDQXQDIIHFWHGSURGXFHU
7KHVDOLQLW\RIWKHSURGXFHUHYHQVWD\VFRQVWDQWLQWLPHVRIZDWHUIORRGLQJ
Date
S al in ity
Water-Flood-Salinity
Well Salinity
)LJ%HKDYLRXURIDQXQDIIHFWHGSURGXFHU 2QEDVLVRIWKRVHWZRFDVHVWKHVDOLQLW\WUHQGVZHUHMXGJHG
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHDWWKLVSRLQWWKDWWKLVFKDQJHLQVDOLQLW\FRXOGDOVREHFDXVHGE\
RWKHUUHDVRQV - FDVLQJOHDN
:DWHU IURP DQRWKHU IRUPDWLRQ FRXOG DOWHU WKH VDOLQLW\ RI WKH FRQVLGHUHG KRUL]RQ
- FRPPXQLFDWLRQEHKLQGWKHFDVLQJV
3RRUFHPHQWLQJFDQFDXVHZDWHURIRWKHUIRUPDWLRQVWRLQIOXHQFHWKHVDOLQLW\
RIDVSHFLILFKRUL]RQ
- IDXOWV
$VDUHVXOWRISUHVVXUHFKDQJHVLQWKHUHVHUYRLUZDWHUFDQIORZDORQJIDXOWV LQWRGLIIHUHQWUHVHUYRLUVDQGKHQFHFKDQJHWKHVDOLQLW\
$OO WKH DQDO\VLV LV EDVHG RQ WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW WKH VDOLQLW\ FKDQJH LV FDXVHG E\ WKH ZDWHUIORRG7RHYDOXDWHWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHUHDVRQDERYHLWQHHGVPRUHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
