Kultur messen: Zählen, Vergleichen und Bewerten im kulturellen Feld

zur Bibliothekswissenschaft Bd. XIV

Ulla Wimmer

Kultur messen:

Zählen, Vergleichen und Bewerten im kulturellen Feld

λογος

Berliner Arbeiten zur Bibliothekswissenschaft

Band 14

Berliner Arbeiten zur Bibliothekswissenschaft Band 14

Herausgegeben vom

Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft der Humboldt-Universität

zu Berlin

Ulla Wimmer

Kultur messen

Zählen, Vergleichen und Bewerten im kulturellen Feld

Logos 2004

der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin unter Mitwirkung von Prof. Dr. Konrad Umlauf

ISSN 1439-6688

Die vorliegende Studie ist die überarbeitete Version einer Magisterarbeit am Kulturwissenschaftlichen Seminar der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin im

Sommersemester 2003.

Ganz herzlichen Dank an meine Betreuerin Frau PD Dr. Gerlinde Irmscher (Kulturwissenschaftliches Seminar der HU Berlin) und an Herrn Prof. Dr. Konrad

Umlauf (Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft der HU Berlin).

Besonderen Dank an Frau Renner (Prüfungsamt der Philosophischen Fakultät III der HU Berlin) für ihre unschätzbare Unterstützung in allen bürokratischen

Angelegenheiten.

Außerdem vielen Dank an alle KorrekturleserInnen, EssenkocherInnen, (Computer-) RatgeberInnen sowie an Herrn Prof. Dr. Gerhard Hacker (HTWK Leipzig) für

die Unterstützung in Layout-Fragen

© Logos-Verlag, Berlin 2004

Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne

Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und für die

Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme.

Reihengestaltung und Typographie: Gerhard Hacker Satz: Ulla Wimmer

Gesetzt aus der Classical Garamond BT

Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier Druck und Bindung: Logos Verlag, Berlin

Printed in Germany ISSN 1439-6688 ISBN 3-8325-0682-9

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Einleitung ... 1

2 Das Messen in seiner Relation zu Kultur ... 9

2.1 Kurzdefinitionen und Erläuterungen ... 9

2.2 Messtheorie in den empirischen Wissenschaften ... 12

2.2.1 Messverfahren für „latente“ Phänomene ... 20

2.3 Messen als sozialer Akt ... 24

2.3.1 Systemtheoretische Betrachtung des Messens ... 24

2.3.1.1 Komplexitätsreduktion als Ziel des Messens ... 25

2.3.1.2 Der Messvorgang als Interaktionssystem ... 27

2.3.2 Der Messvorgang als sozialer Akt ... 29

2.3.2.1 Das Aushandeln von Messinstrumenten ... 29

2.3.2.2 Konstruktion von Objektivitäten ... 31

2.3.2.3 Transport von Messergebnissen und „Vergessen der Prämissen“ .... 32

2.4 Messen als Kulturtechnik ... 36

2.4.1 Die Einwirkung der Kultur auf Messprozesse ... 41

2.4.1.1 Kulturelle Einflüsse bei der Festlegung der Messmethodik ... 41

2.4.1.2 Kulturelle Einflüsse bei der Durchführung von Messungen ... 44

2.4.1.3 Kulturelle Einflüsse auf die Vorstellung von Objektivität ... 46

2.4.2 Die Einwirkung des Messens auf die Kultur ... 47

2.4.3 Messen als Verschlüsselungs- u. Entschlüsselungsvorgang 49 2.5 Funktionen des Messens in historischer Perspektive ... 52

2.5.1 Grenzen ziehen und Einheiten schaffen ... 52

2.5.2 Normieren und Standardisieren ... 56

2.5.3 Steuern und Kontrollieren... 57

2.5.4 Politische Deutungen des Messens ... 59

3.1 „Kultur“ und die „Felder kultureller Produktion“ ... 63

3.1.1 Begriffsbestimmung „Kultur“ und weiteres Vorgehen ... 63

3.1.2 Die Felder kultureller Produktion nach Bourdieu ... 66

3.2 Der Autonomisierungsprozess der Kultur ... 70

3.2.1 Autonomisierung der Kultur als gesamtgesellschaftlicher Prozess ... 72

3.2.2 Autonomisierung der Kultur als feldspezifischer Prozess ... 81

3.2.2.1 Die Situation bis zum 19. Jahrhundert ... 81

3.2.2.2 Der Autonomisierungsprozess von Kunst und Wissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert ... 84

3.2.3 Die autonomen Felder kultureller Produktion ... 93

3.2.4 Zusammenfassung ... 101

3.3 Zusammenhänge zwischen Autonomie und Messbarkeit von Kultur ... 105

4 Messprozesse in kulturellen Feldern ... 113

4.1 Messinstrumente in kulturellen Feldern ... 113

4.1.1 Das Expertenurteil in Kunst und Wissenschaft ... 115

4.1.2 Quantitative Instrumente im kulturellen Feld ... 117

4.1.2.1 Erfassung von Kultur und Bildung in amtlichen Statistiken ... 118

4.1.2.2 Quantitative Instrumente in den einzelnen kulturellen Feldern .... 120

4.1.3 Rankings als hochaggregierte Messinstrumente ... 127

4.1.4 Analysekriterien für Messinstrumente ... 129

4.2 Der Capital-Kunstkompass ... 132

4.2.1 Das Messinstrument ... 132

4.2.2 Die Positionen der beteiligten Akteure im sozialen Raum 139 4.2.3 Die Wirkung der Messergebnisse ... 140

4.2.4 Thematisierung des Messens ... 143

4.2.5 Kontext des Messens ... 145

4.2.6 Zusammenfassung und Auswertung ... 147

4.3 Szientometrie mit Hilfe des Science Citation Index ... 150

4.3.1 Die Positionen im sozialen Raum ... 151

4.3.2 Kooperation/Interaktion der beteiligten Parteien ... 152

4.3.3 Das Messinstrument ... 152

4.3.4 Der Kontext des Messvorgangs ... 154

4.3.5 Die Wirkung der Messergebnisse ... 156

4.4.2 Die Positionen im sozialen Raum ... 166

4.4.3 Kooperation und Interaktion der beteiligten Parteien ... 170

4.4.4 Das Messinstrument ... 173

4.4.5 Die Wirkung der Messergebnisse ... 178

4.4.5.1 Darstellung und Publikation ... 178

4.4.5.2 Nutzung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse ... 180

4.4.5.3 Rückkoppelungseffekte ... 183

4.4.6 Zusammenfassung: Welche Funktionen hat der BIX? ... 183

4.5 Hochschul-Rankings ... 185

4.5.1 Hochschulrankings im Überblick ... 185

4.5.2 Positionierung der Akteure im Messprozess ... 187

4.5.3 Die Entwicklung der Messinstrumente ... 191

4.5.4 Diskussion und Kritik an den Rankings ... 195

4.5.5 Kontext des Messvorgangs ... 197

4.5.6 Wirkung der Messergebnisse ... 198

4.6 Das Wirkungsspektrum kultureller Messungen ... 203

5 Zusammenfassung... 207

6 Literaturverzeichnis ... 217

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