A Supplemental figures
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
discharge capacity / mAh 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
voltage / V
full-cell anode cathode
Fig. 5: Experimental half-cell and full-cell potentials of the NMC vs. graphite lithium ion cell.
0 5 10 15 20
Capacity / Ahm-2 3
3.5 4
Cell voltage / V
0.2C 0.5C 1C 3C
Fig. 6: Discharge curve of model with parameter set 1 (solid lines) and set 2 (dashed lines)
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Re(Z) /
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-Im(Z) /
cell cathode
250 Hz 15 Hz
Fig. 7: Simulated impedance spectra of full-cell and cathode at room temperature and 50 % SOC.
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Re(Z) / -0.5
0 0.5 1
-Im(Z) /
simulation experiment 15 Hz
Fig. 8: Simulated and experimental impedance spectra of the cathode at room temperature and 50 % SOC.
B Parameters of OCP curves
Table 7: Coefficients of the OCP curves of Eqs. 10 and 11
Coefficient Anode Cathode k1 8.0391 V 3.1058 V k2 5.0822 V −9.5098 V k3 −12.561 V 10.372 V k4 0.4484 V −5.0932 V k5 −0.0962 V 1.9426 V
k6 15.001 −1.4960 V
k7 0.1684 5.9019 V
k8 −0.4599 V −1.3812×10−5
k9 2.3166 415.09
k10 0.5856 −1.5383 V
k11 −0.9575 V -
k12 2.4033 -
k13 0.5124 -
k14 −0.0114 V -
k15 0.03173 -
