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Essays on Corporate Income Taxation and Firm Behavior

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(1)

❊!!❛②! ♦♥ ❈♦'♣♦'❛)❡ ■♥❝♦♠❡

❚❛①❛)✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❋✐'♠ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦'

❉✐""❡$%❛%✐♦♥

③✉$ ❊$❧❛♥❣✉♥❣ ❞❡" ❉♦❦%♦$❣$❛❞❡"

❞❡$ ❲✐$%"❝❤❛❢%"✲ ✉♥❞ ❙♦③✐❛❧✇✐""❡♥"❝❤❛❢%❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❋❛❦✉❧%8%

❞❡$ ❊❜❡$❤❛$❞ ❑❛$❧" ❯♥✐✈❡$"✐%8% ❚>❜✐♥❣❡♥

✈♦$❣❡❧❡❣% ✈♦♥

❚❤♦♠❛" ▲❡%"❝❤❡

❛✉" ❘❡✉%❧✐♥❣❡♥

❚>❜✐♥❣❡♥

✷✵✶✽

(2)

❚❛❣ ❞❡% ♠'♥❞❧✐❝❤❡♥ -%'❢✉♥❣✿ ✶✺✳✵✷✳✷✵✶✾

❉❡❦❛♥✿ -%♦❢❡::♦% ❉%✳ %❡%✳ :♦❝✳ ❏♦:❡❢ ❙❝❤♠✐❞

✶✳ ●✉>❛❝❤>❡%✿ -%♦❢❡::♦% ❉%✳ ♦❡❝✳ ♣✉❜❧✳ ●❡♦%❣ ❲❛♠:❡%

✷✳ ●✉>❛❝❤>❡%✿ -%♦❢❡::♦% ❉%✳ %❡%✳ ♣♦❧✳ ▼❛♥❢%❡❞ ❙>❛❞❧❡%

(3)

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶

✷ ❖♥ #❤❡ $❡❧❛#✐♦♥0❤✐♣ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ ♣❛②✐♥❣ #❛①❡0 ❛♥❞ ✜$♠ ♣❡$❢♦$✲

♠❛♥❝❡ ✹

✷✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹

✷✳✷ ▼♦%✐✈❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ 1✉♣♣♦1❡❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐1♠ ❛♥❞ &❡❧❛%❡❞ &❡1❡❛&❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✷✳✸✳✶ ▼②♦♣✐❝ %❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✷✳✸✳✷ ❖♣%✐♠❛❧ %❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✷✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❞✐&❡❝% ❝♦1% ♦❢ %❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✈❛&✐❛%✐♦♥1 ❛♥❞ &♦❜✉1%♥❡11 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✹✳✶ ■♥✜♥✐%❡ %✐♠❡ ❤♦&✐③♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✹✳✷ ❚✐♠❡✲✈❛&✐❛♥% ✇❛❣❡1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✷✳✹✳✸ ❆❧%❡&♥❛%❡ 1♣❡❝✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ γ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉1✐♦♥1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

✸ ❯♥❞❡$0#❛♥❞✐♥❣ #❤❡ #❛①✲0❡##✐♥❣ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦$ ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥✲

#$✐❡0 ✷✽

✸✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✸✳✷ ❉❡%❡&♠✐♥❛♥%1 ♦❢ ❝♦&♣♦&❛%❡ %❛① ♣♦❧✐❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✸✳✸ ❚❤❡♦&❡%✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✸✳✸✳✶ ❚❛① ❛❣❡♥%1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✸✳✸✳✷ ❋✐&♠1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✸✳✸✳✸ ●♦✈❡&♥♠❡♥% ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✸✳✸✳✹ ❚❛①✲1❡%%✐♥❣ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦& ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥% ❝♦✉♥%&✐❡1 ✐♥ ❧✐❣❤% ♦❢

❡♠♣✐&✐❝❛❧ &❡❣✉❧❛&✐%✐❡1 ❛♥❞ %❤❡ %❤❡♦&② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ &♦❧❡ ♦❢ %❛① ❡♥❢♦&❝❡♠❡♥% ✐♥ &❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♥%&②

❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉1✐♦♥1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✭✐✮

(4)

✹ ❚❤❡ $❤%❡❛$ ♦❢ $❛① ❡✈❛+✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐$+ ✐♠♣❛❝$ ♦♥ ❝♦%♣♦%❛$❡ $❛①❛✲

$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ $❛① ❝♦♠♣❡$✐$✐♦♥ ✺✺

✹✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧ 1❡%✉♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✷✳✶ ❚❛① ❛❣❡♥%1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵

✹✳✷✳✷ ❋✐&♠1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

✹✳✷✳✸ ●♦✈❡&♥♠❡♥%1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✹✳✸ ❚❛① ❝♦♠♣❡%✐%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✹✳✸✳✶ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛&❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

✹✳✸✳✷ ❉❡%❡&♠✐♥❛♥%1 ♦❢ %❛① ❝♦♠♣❡%✐%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵

✹✳✸✳✸ ❖♣%✐♠❛❧ %❛① ♣♦❧✐❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✹✳✹ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝% ♦❢ ❝♦✉♥%&② 1✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛1✐♦♥ ❛%%&❛❝%✐✈❡♥❡11 ♦♥ %❛①

❝♦♠♣❡%✐%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉1✐♦♥1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

❘❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡+ ✽✹

✭✐✐✮

(5)

❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶

■♥$&♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥

●❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ✐♥'❡❣.❛'✐♦♥ '❡♥❞ '♦ ❤❛♠♣❡. ❣♦✈❡.♥♠❡♥'2✬ ❛❜✐❧✐'② '♦ .❛✐2❡ .❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❢.♦♠ ❝♦.♣♦.❛'❡ '❛①❛'✐♦♥✱ ❛2 ❛ ❣.♦✇✐♥❣ ♥✉♠❜❡. ♦❢ ❝♦✉♥'.✐❡2

❝♦♠♣❡'❡2 ♦✈❡. ❛♥ ✐♥❝.❡❛2✐♥❣❧② ♠♦❜✐❧❡ '❛① ❜❛2❡✳ ❚❤✐2 ♣.♦❜❧❡♠ ✐2 ❛♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❜② '❤❡ ❢❛❝' '❤❛' '.❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❧✐❜❡.❛❧✐③❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❝♦✉♥'.✐❡2 '♦ .❡❧② ❧❡22

♦♥ ❵❡❛2② '♦ ❝♦❧❧❡❝'✬ '❛①❡2 ❧✐❦❡ '❛.✐✛2 ❛♥❞ ♠♦.❡ ♦♥ ❵❤❛.❞ '♦ ❝♦❧❧❡❝'✬ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

'❛①❡2 ✭❝❢✳ ❆✐③❡♥♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✐♥❥❛.❛❦✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛22♦❝✐❛'❡❞ ✜2❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡'✐'✐♦♥

❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❝♦✉♥'.✐❡2 ✐2 ♥♦' .❡2'.✐❝'❡❞ '♦ '❤❡ ❛''.❛❝'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥'❡.♥❛'✐♦♥❛❧❧② ♠♦❜✐❧❡

✜.♠2 ❜② 2❡''✐♥❣ ❛ 2✉✣❝✐❡♥'❧② ❧♦✇ 2'❛'✉'♦.② '❛① .❛'❡ ♦♥ ❝♦.♣♦.❛'❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✱

❜✉' '❛❦❡2 ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦✈❡. ✈❛.✐♦✉2 ❞✐♠❡♥2✐♦♥2 ❛♥❞ ✐♥2'.✉♠❡♥'2✳ ❋♦. ✐♥2'❛♥❝❡✱ ❉❡✲

✈❡.❡✉① ❡' ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❞❡♠♦♥2'.❛'❡ '❤❛' ❝♦✉♥'.✐❡2 2✐♠✉❧'❛♥❡♦✉2❧② ❝♦♠♣❡'❡ ❢♦.

✜.♠ ✐♥✈❡2'♠❡♥' ✭♦✈❡. ❡✛❡❝'✐✈❡ ♠❛.❣✐♥❛❧ '❛① .❛'❡2✮ ❛♥❞ ♣.♦✜'2 ✭♦✈❡. 2'❛'✉'♦.② '❛① .❛'❡2✮✳ M.♦✜' 2❤✐❢'✐♥❣ ❜② ✜.♠2 ♣❧❛②2 ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦.'❛♥' .♦❧❡ ✐♥ '❤✐2 ❝♦♥'❡①'

❛♥❞✱ ❛2 2❤♦✇♥ ❜② M❡.❛❧'❛ ❡' ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦✛❡.2 ❣♦✈❡.♥♠❡♥'2 ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐'✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❧✲

✐❝② ✐♥2'.✉♠❡♥' ♦✈❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ '❤❡② ❝♦♠♣❡'❡✿ '❤❡ '✐❣❤'♥❡22 ♦❢ ❝♦♥'.♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❢♦. 2✉❝❤

♣.❛❝'✐❝❡2✳ ❲❤❡'❤❡. ❛ ❣♦✈❡.♥♠❡♥' ✐2 ❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ '♦ ❧✐♠✐' '❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡

✭♦. ❡✈❛2✐♦♥✮ ❜② ✜.♠2 ❞❡♣❡♥❞2 ♦♥ ✈❛.✐♦✉2 ❝♦✉♥'.② ❝❤❛.❛❝'❡.✐2'✐❝2✱ ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥2'✐✲

'✉'✐♦♥❛❧ Q✉❛❧✐'②✱ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥'✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♥'.② 2✐③❡✳ ❚❤✐2 ❞✐22❡.'❛'✐♦♥

❝♦♥'.✐❜✉'❡2 '♦ '❤❡ ❧✐'❡.❛'✉.❡ ❜② ❡①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ '❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝' ♦❢ 2♦❝✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡2 ✇✐'❤✐♥

❛ ❝♦✉♥'.② ♦♥ ❝♦.♣♦.❛'❡ '❛①❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✭'❛①✲.❡❞✉❝✐♥❣✮ ✜.♠ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦.✳ ▼♦.❛❧

◆❡✈❡#$❤❡❧❡''✱ #❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ $❤❡ '$❛$✉$♦#② $❛① #❛$❡ ♦♥ ❝♦#♣♦#❛$❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✐' '$✐❧❧ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥

♣♦❧✐❝② ♠❡❛'✉#❡ ✇❤❡♥ $❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ✐' $♦ ♣#♦♠♦$❡ ✐♥✈❡'$♠❡♥$✱ ❛' ❞❡♠♦♥'$#❛$❡❞ ✈❡#② #❡❝❡♥$❧② ❜②

$❤❡ ✷✵✶✼ ❯❙ ✏❚❛① ❈✉$' ❛♥❞ ❏♦❜' ❆❝$✑✳

❲❤✐❧❡ ❢❡✇ '$✉❞✐❡' ❛♥❛❧②③❡ $❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝$ ♦❢ ❝✉❧$✉#❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡' ❛♥❞ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♥♦#♠' ✐♥ $❤❡ ❝♦♥$❡①$

♦❢ ❝♦#♣♦#❛$❡ $❛①❛$✐♦♥ ✭❇❛♠❡✲❆❧❞#❡❞ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❉❡❇❛❝❦❡# ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✱ $❤❡ ❡①✐'$✐♥❣

❧✐$❡#❛$✉#❡ ♦♥ $❤❡ $♦♣✐❝ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❢♦❝✉'❡' ♦♥ ♣#✐✈❛$❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ $❛①❛$✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❆❧♠ ❛♥❞ ❚♦#❣❧❡#✱

(6)

❝♦♥❝❡$♥% ✭♦$ ❧❛❝❦ *❤❡$❡♦❢✮ ❛❜♦✉* ❛❜✉%✐✈❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦$ ❛♥❞ *❛① ♥♦♥✲❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥❝❡

♠❛② ❧✐♠✐* ✭♦$ ❡♥❝♦✉$❛❣❡✮ ❜♦*❤ ❧❡❣❛❧ *❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❧❧❡❣❛❧ *❛① ❡✈❛%✐♦♥ ❜②

✜$♠%✳ ❋♦$ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ *❤❡ *❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♣$❛❝*✐❝❡% ♦❢ ♠✉❧*✐♥❛*✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡%

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞✐%❝✉%%❡❞ *♦♣✐❝ ✐♥ %❡✈❡$❛❧ ❝♦✉♥*$✐❡% ✐♥ $❡❝❡♥* ②❡❛$%✱

❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣$❡%%✉$❡ ♠❛② ❤❡❧♣ *♦ ❧✐♠✐* %✉❝❤ ❛❝*✐✈✐*✐❡%✳ ❇② ❝♦♥*$❛%*✱ $❛✐%✐♥❣

❛❞❡>✉❛*❡ *❛① $❡✈❡♥✉❡ ✐% ❜② ❢❛$ ♠♦$❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧* ❢♦$ ❛ ❣♦✈❡$♥♠❡♥* *❤❛* ❢❛❝❡%

❛ ❝♦$$✉♣* ❡♥✈✐$♦♥♠❡♥* ✇✐*❤ ❧♦✇ *❛① ♠♦$❛❧❡ ✭❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐*❤ ✇❡❛❦ ✐♥%*✐*✉*✐♦♥%✮✳

❙✉❝❤ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥❝❡% ❛❝$♦%% ❝♦✉♥*$✐❡% ✇✐*❤ $❡%♣❡❝* *♦ %♦❝✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡%✱ *❛① ♠♦$❛❧❡✱

❛♥❞ ✐♥%*✐*✉*✐♦♥❛❧ >✉❛❧✐*② %❡❡♠ *♦ ❜❡ ♦❢ ♣❛$*✐❝✉❧❛$ ✐♠♣♦$*❛♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛$✐♥❣

❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡%✳ ❚❤❡$❡❢♦$❡✱ *❤✐% ❞✐%%❡$*❛*✐♦♥ ❛❧%♦ ❝♦♥✲

*$✐❜✉*❡% *♦ *❤❡ ❧✐*❡$❛*✉$❡ ❜② ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤*✐♥❣ %✐♠✐❧❛$✐*✐❡% ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥❝❡% ❜❡*✇❡❡♥

*❤❡%❡ *②♣❡% ♦❢ ❝♦✉♥*$✐❡% ✇✐*❤ $❡%♣❡❝* *♦ ♦♣*✐♠❛❧ ❝♦$♣♦$❛*❡ *❛① ♣♦❧✐❝②✳

■♥ *❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✱ *❤❡ ✐♥*❡$❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡% ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ %♦❝✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡%✱ ✐♥%*✐*✉*✐♦♥❛❧

>✉❛❧✐*②✱ ❝♦$♣♦$❛*❡ *❛①❛*✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✜$♠ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦$ ❛$❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❢$♦♠ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥*

♣❡$%♣❡❝*✐✈❡%✳ ❚❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✏✐♥*$❛✲✜$♠ ✈✐❡✇✑ ♦♥ *❤❡ *♦♣✐❝✱ *❤❡ %❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❤❛♣*❡$

❢♦❝✉%❡% ♦♥ *❤❡ *❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❞❡❝✐%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ %✐♥❣❧❡ ✜$♠ ❛♥❞ *❤❡ ❛%%♦❝✐❛*❡❞ ❡❢✲

❢❡❝* ♦♥ *❤❡ ❧❛**❡$✬% ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡%✳ ❇② ❝♦♥*$❛%*✱ *❤❡ $♦❧❡ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❣♦✈❡$♥♠❡♥* ✐%

❡♠♣❤❛%✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣*❡$% ✸ ❛♥❞ ✹✳ ❚❤❡ *❤✐$❞ ❝❤❛♣*❡$✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐% ❥♦✐♥* ✇♦$❦

✇✐*❤ ❊❧✐❛% ❙*❡✐♥♠N❧❧❡$ ❛♥❞ ●❡♦$❣ ❲❛♠%❡$✱ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡% *❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦$✲

$✉♣*✐♦♥✱ ✐♥%*✐*✉*✐♦♥❛❧ >✉❛❧✐*②✱ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛*✐♦♥✲%♣❡❝✐✜❝ $❡♥*% ♦♥ ❝♦$♣♦$❛*❡ *❛①

❡✈❛%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦✉♥*$②✬% ♦♣*✐♠❛❧ *❛① ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❆❝❝♦$❞✐♥❣❧②✱ *❤❡ ❝❤❛♣*❡$ ❛❞♦♣*%

❛♥ ✏✐♥*$❛✲❝♦✉♥*$② ✈✐❡✇✑✱ ✇❤❡$❡❛% *❤❡ ❢♦✉$*❤ ❝❤❛♣*❡$ ❛❝❝♦✉♥*% ❢♦$ ❛♥ ✏✐♥*❡$✲

❝♦✉♥*$② ✈✐❡✇✑ ❜② ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❡✛❡❝* ♦❢ ✜$♠%✬ *❛① ❡✈❛%✐♦♥ ✐♥❝❡♥*✐✈❡% ♦♥ *❛①

❝♦♠♣❡*✐*✐♦♥ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ❝♦✉♥*$✐❡%✳

▼♦$❡ ♣$❡❝✐%❡❧②✱ *❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥*$♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣*❡$ ✷ %✉❣❣❡%*% ❛ ♥❡❣❛*✐✈❡

❧✐♥❦ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ❛ ✜$♠✬% *❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛❝*✐✈✐*✐❡% ❛♥❞ ✐*% ❧♦♥❣✲*❡$♠ ♣❡$❢♦$♠❛♥❝❡✳

■♥ ♣❛$*✐❝✉❧❛$✱ ✇❡ %✉♣♣♦%❡ *❤❛* *❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ♠❛② $❡❞✉❝❡ *❤❡ ♠♦*✐✈❛*✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

❡✛♦$* ♦❢ ❛ ✜$♠✬% ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡%✳ ■❢ ❛ ✜$♠ ♥❡❣❧❡❝*% ♦$ ✉♥❞❡$❡%*✐♠❛*❡% *❤✐% ❡✛❡❝*✱

✐* ❛✈♦✐❞% *♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ *❛①❡% ❛♥❞✱ ❛% ❛ $❡%✉❧*✱ %✉✛❡$% ❢$♦♠ ❧♦✇❡$ ♣$♦❞✉❝*✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

♣$♦✜* ❧❡✈❡❧% ✐♥ *❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ $✉♥✳ ❚❤❡ $❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ *❤✐% $❡%✉❧* ✐% ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤*❡❞ ❜②

*❤❡ ❢❛❝* *❤❛* ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡$♥ ❛❜♦✉* ❝♦$♣♦$❛*❡ *❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❤❛% ✐♥❝$❡❛%❡❞

%*$♦♥❣❧② ❛❢*❡$ *❤❡ ✷✵✵✽✲✷✵✵✾ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❝$✐%✐% ❛♥❞ %❡✈❡$❛❧ *❛① ❞❛*❛ ❧❡❛❦%✱ ❧✐❦❡

*❤❡ X❛♥❛♠❛ ❛♥❞ X❛$❛❞✐%❡ X❛♣❡$% ✐♥ ✷✵✶✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✼✳

❚❤❡ *❤✐$❞ ❝❤❛♣*❡$ ❛♥❛❧②③❡% ❤♦✇ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥❝❡% ❛❝$♦%% ❝♦✉♥*$✐❡%✱ ❡%♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②

$❡❣❛$❞✐♥❣ ❝♦$$✉♣*✐♦♥✱ ✐♥%*✐*✉*✐♦♥❛❧ >✉❛❧✐*②✱ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛*✐♦♥✲%♣❡❝✐✜❝ $❡♥*%✱ ♠❛②

✷✵✵✻✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉✉❧❧❡❝❦ ❡, ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✻❀ ❍❛❧❧0✇♦3,❤ ❡, ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳

❚❤✐0 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ 0❡❡♥ ❢3♦♠ ,❤❡ ❙,❛3❜✉❝❦0 ❝❛0❡ ❞❡0❝3✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣,❡3 ✷✳

(7)

❧❡❛❞ $♦ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥$✱ ❛♥❞ ♣♦,,✐❜❧② ❡✈❡♥ ♦♣♣♦,✐♥❣✱ $❛① ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡,✳ ■♥ ❛ ❢(❛♠❡✇♦(❦

✇❤❡(❡ ✜(♠, ❝❛♥ ❛$$❡♠♣$ $♦ ❜(✐❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛❣❡♥$, ✐♥ ♦(❞❡( $♦ ❡✈❛❞❡ $❛①❡,✱

✇❡ ✐❞❡♥$✐❢② $❤(❡❡ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥$ ✏$❛①✲,❡$$✐♥❣ (❡❣✐♠❡,✑ ✉♥❞❡( ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉♥$(✐❡, ♠❛②

♦♣❡(❛$❡✳ ❚♦ ❜❡ ♠♦(❡ ♣(❡❝✐,❡✱ ♦✉( $❤❡♦(② ♣(❡❞✐❝$, ❛ ❝♦✉♥$(② $♦ ❡✐$❤❡( ✭✐✮ ✐❣♥♦(❡✱

✭✐✐✮ ❝♦♠❜❛$✱ ♦( ✭✐✐✐✮ $♦❧❡(❛$❡ $❛① ❡✈❛,✐♦♥✳ ❖✉( ✜♥❞✐♥❣, ,✉❣❣❡,$ $❤❛$ ❝♦✉♥$(✐❡,

✇❤✐❝❤ ❛(❡ ❝❤❛(❛❝$❡(✐③❡❞ ❜② ✇✐❞❡,♣(❡❛❞ ❝♦((✉♣$✐♦♥✱ ✇❡❛❦ ✜,❝❛❧ ✐♥,$✐$✉$✐♦♥,✱

❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ ❧♦❝❛$✐♦♥✲,♣❡❝✐✜❝ (❡♥$, ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❞✉❡ $♦ ♥❛$✉(❛❧ (❡,♦✉(❝❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡✮ ❛(❡

✈❡(② ❧✐❦❡❧② $♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ $❛① ♣♦❧✐❝② $❤❛$ $♦❧❡(❛$❡, ❡✈❛,✐♦♥✳ ▼♦(❡♦✈❡(✱ ✐$ ,❤♦✇,

$❤❛$ ,✉❝❤ ❝♦✉♥$(✐❡, ♦❢$❡♥ ❧❛❝❦ $❤❡ ✐♥❝❡♥$✐✈❡ $♦ ✐♠♣(♦✈❡ $❤❡✐( ❝✉((❡♥$ ,②,$❡♠

♦❢ $❛① ❝♦❧❧❡❝$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞✱ $❤✉,✱ ❛(❡ ✐♥ ❞❛♥❣❡( ♦❢ ♥❡✈❡( ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ $♦ ❡✛❡❝$✐✈❡❧②

❝♦♠❜❛$ $❛① ❡✈❛,✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ (❛✐,❡ ❛❞❡E✉❛$❡ (❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❢(♦♠ ❝♦(♣♦(❛$❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✳

❇(♦❛❞❡♥✐♥❣ $❤❡ ,✐♥❣❧❡✲❝♦✉♥$(② ♣❡(,♣❡❝$✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣$❡( ✸✱ $❤❡ ❢♦✉($❤ ❝❤❛♣✲

$❡( ❡①❛♠✐♥❡, ❤♦✇ $❛① ❝♦♠♣❡$✐$✐♦♥ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ❝♦✉♥$(✐❡, ✐, ❛✛❡❝$❡❞ ❜② ✭❞✐✛❡(✲

❡♥❝❡, ✇✐$❤ (❡,♣❡❝$ $♦✮ ❝♦((✉♣$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥,$✐$✉$✐♦♥❛❧ E✉❛❧✐$② ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ❛,,♦❝✐❛$❡❞

$❤(❡❛$ ♦❢ ❝♦(♣♦(❛$❡ $❛① ❡✈❛,✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❞❡♠♦♥,$(❛$❡ $❤❛$ ❛ ❝♦✉♥$(② $❡♥❞, $♦ ,❡$

❛ (❛$❤❡( ❧♦✇ $❛① (❛$❡ ❛♥❞✱ $❤✉,✱ ❜❡ ❛❣❣(❡,,✐✈❡ ✐♥ $❛① ❝♦♠♣❡$✐$✐♦♥ ✐❢ ✜(♠,

♦♣❡(❛$✐♥❣ ✐♥ $❤❛$ ❝♦✉♥$(② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ,$(♦♥❣ ✐♥❝❡♥$✐✈❡ $♦ ❡✈❛❞❡ $❛①❡,✳ ❆,✐❞❡

❢(♦♠ $❤❛$✱ $❤❡ ♦✉$❝♦♠❡ ♦❢ $❛① ❝♦♠♣❡$✐$✐♦♥ ✐, ❢♦✉♥❞ $♦ ❜❡ ❛❧,♦ ❞❡$❡(♠✐♥❡❞

❜② ❧♦❝❛$✐♦♥✲,♣❡❝✐✜❝ (❡♥$, ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ,✐③❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❡$✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥$(✐❡,✳ ■♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐$❤

♣(❡✈✐♦✉, ❧✐$❡(❛$✉(❡ ♦♥ $❛① ❝♦♠♣❡$✐$✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ $❤❡ $❛① (❛$❡ ♦♥ ❝♦(♣♦(❛$❡

✐♥❝♦♠❡ $♦ ❜❡ ♣♦,✐$✐✈❡❧② (❡❧❛$❡❞ $♦ ❧♦❝❛$✐♦♥✲,♣❡❝✐✜❝ (❡♥$, ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♥$(② ,✐③❡✳

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❈❤❛♣$❡& ✷

❖♥ $❤❡ &❡❧❛$✐♦♥-❤✐♣ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥

♣❛②✐♥❣ $❛①❡- ❛♥❞ ✜&♠

♣❡&❢♦&♠❛♥❝❡

✷✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥

❆ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡+✬ ❛--✐-✉❞❡+ -♦✇❛0❞+ ♣❛②✐♥❣ -❛①❡+ ✐+ -❤❛- ♠♦+-

♦❢ -❤❡♠ -0② -♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❝♦0♣♦0❛-❡ ♣0♦✜- -❛①❡+ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ ❛0❡ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ -♦ ♣❛② -❤❡✐0 ❢❛✐0 +❤❛0❡✳ ❚❤✐+ ✈✐❡✇ ✐+ +✉♣♣♦0-❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡0 ♦❢ ♣0♦♠✐♥❡♥- ❝❛+❡+ ♦❢ ❜✐❣

♠✉❧-✐♥❛-✐♦♥❛❧ ✜0♠+ ✇❤♦+❡ -❛① ♣❛②♠❡♥-+✱ ❞❡+♣✐-❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ❡❛0♥✐♥❣+✱ ❛0❡ ❦♥♦✇♥

-♦ ❜❡ ✈❡0② ❧✐--❧❡✳ =✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡0♥ ❛❜♦✉- -❤✐+ -♦♣✐❝ ❤❛+ ✐♥❝0❡❛+❡❞ +-0♦♥❣❧② ✐♥

0❡❝❡♥- ②❡❛0+✳ ❚❤✐+ ♣0♦❝❡++ ✇❛+ -0✐❣❣❡0❡❞ ❜② -❤❡ ✷✵✵✽✲✷✵✵✾ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❝0✐+✐+ ❛♥❞

❢✉0-❤❡0 ❛♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❝✐✈✐❧ +♦❝✐❡-② ❝❛♠♣❛✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ -❤❡ 0❡❧❡❛+❡ ♦❢ +❡✈❡0❛❧ ❞❛-❛

❧❡❛❦+✱ ❧✐❦❡ -❤❡ =❛♥❛♠❛ =❛♣❡0+ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✻ ❛♥❞ -❤❡ =❛0❛❞✐+❡ =❛♣❡0+ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✼ ✭❝❢✳

❉❛❧❧②♥✱ ✷✵✶✼❀ ❋♦0+-❛-❡0 ❛♥❞ ❈❤0✐+-❡♥+❡♥✱ ✷✵✶✼❀ ▼✉0♣❤②✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆❝❝♦0❞✐♥❣❧②✱

▼♦"# ♣%♦♠✐♥❡♥#❧②✱ ❙#❛%❜✉❝❦" ❜❡❝❛♠❡ #❤❡ #❛%❣❡# ♦❢ ♠❛""✐✈❡ ♣%♦#❡"#" ✐♥ #❤❡ ❯❑ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✷

❛❢#❡% ♠❡❞✐❛ %❡♣♦%#" %❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ #❤❛# #❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❤❛" ❢❛✐❧❡❞ ❛❧♠♦"# ❡♥#✐%❡❧② #♦ ♣❛② #❛①❡" ♦♥

✐#" ❝♦%♣♦%❛#❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ "✐♥❝❡ "#❛%#✐♥❣ ♦♣❡%❛#✐♦♥" ✐♥ #❤❡ ❯❑ ✐♥ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❚❤✐" ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❙#❛%❜✉❝❦"

#♦ ✈♦❧✉♥#❛%✐❧② ♣❛② ➾✷✵ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ♠♦%❡ #❛①❡" #❤❛♥ ✇❤❛# ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ %❡D✉✐%❡❞ ❜② ❧❛✇✳

❙❡❡ ❈❛♠♣❜❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❧❧❡❧♦✐❞ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ❢♦% ♠♦%❡ ❞❡#❛✐❧"✳

❖❡✐ ❛♥❞ ❘✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✽✮ "❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ ❞❛#❛ ❧❡❛❦" ❤❛✈❡ ❧❡❛❞ #♦ %❡❝❡♥# ❝❤❛♥❣❡" ✐♥ #❛① ❧❡❣✐"✲

❧❛#✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ ❛ %❡❧❛#❡❞ ♥♦#❡✱ #❤❡ ❞✐""❡♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❛①♣❛②❡%"✬ ♠✐"❜❡❤❛✈✐♦% ✐" ❢❛❝✐❧✐#❛#❡❞ ❛♥❞

❛❝❝❡❧❡%❛#❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ ♦♥❣♦✐♥❣ ♣%♦❣%❡"" ✐♥ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛#✐♦♥ #❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❆" ❛ ❝♦♥"❡D✉❡♥❝❡✱ #❛①

"❤❛♠✐♥❣ ❤❛" ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦%#❛♥# ❢❛❝#♦% ♦❢ %❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝#✐♦♥ ✐♥ "❡✈❡%❛❧ ❝♦✉♥#%✐❡" ✭❇P ❡#

❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ❉②%❡♥❣ ❡# ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✻❀ T❡%❡③✲❚%✉❣❧✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❚%♦✐❛♥♦✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳

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❤❡ #✉❡% ✐♦♥ ❛*✐%❡% ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❛%%❡%%♠❡♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❛①✲❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ✜*♠ ❝❤❛♥❣❡% ✐❢ ✐ %

♠✐%❜❡❤❛✈✐♦* ✐% ❡①♣♦%❡❞ ❛♥❞✱ ❢✉* ❤❡*♠♦*❡✱ ✇❤❛ ❤❡ ❛%%♦❝✐❛ ❡❞ ❝♦♥%❡#✉❡♥❝❡%

❛*❡❄■ ✐% *❡❛%♦♥❛❜❧❡ ♦ ❛%%✉♠❡ ❤❛ ❤❡ ❣*♦✇✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♥ ❡*❡% ✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❤❡

❧❛*❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡* ♦❢ ❞✐%❝❧♦%✉*❡% ♦♥ ❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ✇❡*❡✱ ❛ ❧❡❛% ♦ %♦♠❡ ❡① ❡♥ ✱

✉♥❡①♣❡❝ ❡❞ ❜② ❜♦ ❤ ❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ *❡%♣❡❝ ✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡%✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❣✐✈❡%

*✐%❡ ♦ ❤❡ ❝♦♥❥❡❝ ✉*❡ ❤❛ ❤❡ ❧❛ ❡* ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ✉♥❞❡*❡% ✐♠❛ ❡❞ ❤❡ ♥❡❣❛ ✐✈❡

❝♦♥%❡#✉❡♥❝❡% ♦❢ ❤❡✐* ❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛❝ ✐✈✐ ✐❡%✳ ❚❤✉%✱ ❡①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❤❡ *❡❧❛ ✐♦♥✲

%❤✐♣ ❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✱ ✜*♠ *❡♣✉ ❛ ✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❡*❢♦*♠❛♥❝❡ %❡❡♠% ♦ ❜❡

♣❛* ✐❝✉❧❛*❧② ✇♦* ❤✇❤✐❧❡✳

■♥ ❤✐% ❝❤❛♣ ❡*✱ ✇❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❤❡♦*❡ ✐❝❛❧ ❢*❛♠❡✇♦*❦ ✇❤✐❝❤ %✉❣❣❡% %

❛ ♥❡❣❛ ✐✈❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ❛ ✜*♠✬% ❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛❝ ✐✈✐ ✐❡% ❛♥❞ ✐ % ❧♦♥❣✲ ❡*♠

♣❡*❢♦*♠❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥ ♣❛* ✐❝✉❧❛*✱ ✇❡ ❛%%✉♠❡ ❛ ♠✉❧ ✐✲♣❡*✐♦❞ ✜*♠✲❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡% *❡❧❛✲

✐♦♥%❤✐♣ ✇❤❡*❡ ❤❡ ❧❛ ❡*✬% ❡✛♦* ❞❡♣❡♥❞% ♦♥ ❤❡ ✜*♠✬% ❛① ♣❛②♠❡♥ %✳ ▼♦*❡

♣*❡❝✐%❡❧②✱ ❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ♥❡❣❛ ✐✈❡❧② ❛✛❡❝ % ✇♦*❦❡*%✬ ❢✉ ✉*❡ ♠♦ ✐✈❛ ✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡❢✲

❢♦* ✱ ❛♥❞✱ ❝♦♥%❡#✉❡♥ ❧②✱ ❤❡ ♣*♦❞✉❝ ✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣*♦✜ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ✜*♠✳ ❚❤✐%

❡✛❡❝ ✐% %✉♣♣♦%❡❞ ♦ ❜❡ ♣❛* ✐❝✉❧❛*❧② % *♦♥❣ ✐❢ ✇♦*❦❡*% ❝❛♥ ❡❛%✐❧② ♦❜%❡*✈❡ ❛♥❞

% *♦♥❣❧② ❝♦♥❞❡♠♥ ❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✉%✱ ❛ ✜*♠ ♦♣ ✐♠❛❧❧② ❛❦❡% ❤✐% ✐♥❞✐#❡❝&

❝♦(& ♦❢ &❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛❝ ✐✈✐ ✐❡%✳

■❢ ✐ ❢❛✐❧% ♦ ❞♦ %♦✱ ✐ ❛✈♦✐❞% ♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❛①❡% ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡*✐❡♥❝❡% ❛ %✉❜♣❛* ❧♦♥❣✲

❡*♠ ♣❡*❢♦*♠❛♥❝❡✱ ✐♥ ❡*♠% ♦❢ ❧♦✇❡* ♦✉ ♣✉ ✱ ✭♣♦ ❡♥ ✐❛❧❧②✮ ❤✐❣❤❡* ✇❛❣❡% ❛♥❞

❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ✉*♥♦✈❡*✱ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇❡* ♣*♦✜ ✳ ❚❤✐% ♦✉ ❝♦♠❡ ✐% ♣❛* ✐❝✉❧❛*❧② ❧✐❦❡❧② ✐♥

❝❛%❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝ ❡❞ ❡①♣♦%✉*❡ ♦* ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡%✬ ❛ ✐ ✉❞❡ ♦✇❛*❞% ❛①

❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✳

❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♣ ❡* ✐% ♦*❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛% ❢♦❧❧♦✇%✳ ❙❡❝ ✐♦♥ ✷✳✷ ♣✉ % ♦✉* ❝♦♥ *✐❜✉ ✐♦♥

✐♥ ♦ ♣❡*%♣❡❝ ✐✈❡ ♦ *❡❧❛ ❡❞ *❡%❡❛*❝❤✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❡♦*❡ ✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐% ♣*❡%❡♥ ❡❞ ❛♥❞

❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝ ✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✳ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❤✐%✱ %♦♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✈❛*✐❛ ✐♦♥% ❛♥❞ *♦❜✉% ♥❡%%

❝❤❡❝❦% ❛*❡ ♣*❡%❡♥ ❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝ ✐♦♥ ✷✳✹✳ ❙❡❝ ✐♦♥ ✷✳✺ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡%✳

✷✳✷ ▼♦$✐✈❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ *✉♣♣♦*❡❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐*♠ ❛♥❞ 2❡✲

❧❛$❡❞ 2❡*❡❛2❝❤

❲❡ ❝♦♥ *✐❜✉ ❡ ♦ ❤❡ ❡①✐% ✐♥❣ ❧✐ ❡*❛ ✉*❡ ❜② ♣*♦♣♦%✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ❛①

❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✜*♠ ♣❡*❢♦*♠❛♥❝❡ ❤❛ ❤❛% ❜❡❡♥ ♥❡❣❧❡❝ ❡❞ %♦ ❢❛*✳ ❚❤❛ ✐%✱ ✇❡

%✉♣♣♦%❡ ❤❛ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ❡✛♦* ❛♥❞✱ ❛% ❛ ❝♦♥%❡#✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❤❡ ♣*♦❞✉❝ ✐✈✐ ② ❛♥❞

♣*♦✜ ♦❢ ❛ ✜*♠ ❛*❡ *❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✳

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❚❤❡ ❧✐%❡&❛%✉&❡ ♦♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✇♦&❦❡& ♣&♦❞✉❝%✐✈✐%② ♠♦%✐✈❛%❡6 6✉❝❤ ❛ ❧✐♥❦✳ ❚❤✐6 ❧✐%❡&❛%✉&❡ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡6 ❝♦♥❝❧✉6✐✈❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ %❤❛% ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ 6❛%✲

✐6❢❛❝%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ %&✉6% ✐6 ❛66♦❝✐❛%❡❞ ✇✐%❤ ❤✐❣❤❡& ♣&♦❞✉❝%✐✈✐%② ❧❡✈❡❧6 ❛♥❞ ❜❡%%❡&

✜&♠ ♣❡&❢♦&♠❛♥❝❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❊❞♠❛♥6 ❡% ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ●✉✐6♦ ❡% ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ◆❛❣✐♥ ❡% ❛❧✳✱

✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❋♦& ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ●✉✐6♦ ❡% ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ✜♥❞ ❛ ♣♦6✐%✐✈❡ &❡❧❛%✐♦♥6❤✐♣ ❜❡%✇❡❡♥

♠❛♥❛❣❡&✐❛❧ ✐♥%❡❣&✐%② ❛♥❞ ❡%❤✐❝6✱ ❛6 ♣❡&❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡6✱ ❛♥❞ ✜&♠ ♣❡&❢♦&✲

♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛&❧②✱ ▼✐♥❦❧❡& ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡6 6✉&✈❡② ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ %❤❛% ✇♦&❦❡&6 %❡♥❞

%♦ 6❤✐&❦ ♠♦&❡ ✐❢ %❤❡② ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ %❤❡✐& ❡♠♣❧♦②❡& %♦ ❜❡ ❞✐6❤♦♥❡6%✳

❙✐♠✐❧❛&❧②✱ ▲✐♥6 ❡% ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ 6❤♦✇ %❤❛% ✜&♠6 ✇✐%❤ ❤✐❣❤ 6♦❝✐❛❧ ❝❛♣✐%❛❧✱ ❛6

♠❡❛6✉&❡❞ ❜② ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦&♣♦&❛%❡ 6♦❝✐❛❧ &❡6♣♦♥6✐❜✐❧✐%② ✭❈❙❘✮ ✐♥%❡♥6✐%②✱ ♣❡&❢♦&♠❡❞

❜❡%%❡& ❞✉&✐♥❣ %❤❡ ✷✵✵✽✲✷✵✵✾ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❝&✐6✐6✱ ✐♥ %❡&♠6 ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❡& 6%♦❝❦ &❡%✉&♥6✱

♣&♦✜%❛❜✐❧✐%②✱ ❣&♦✇%❤ ❛♥❞ 6❛❧❡6 ♣❡& ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡✳ ▼♦6% ✐♠♣♦&%❛♥% ✇✐%❤ &❡6♣❡❝%

%♦ ♦✉& ♠♦❞❡❧✱ %❤❡ ✐♥❝&❡❛6❡ ✐♥ 6❛❧❡6 ♣❡& ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ &❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✭❛% ❛ ❧♦✇❡& &❛%❡✮

❛❢%❡& %❤❡ ❝&✐6✐6 ❛♥❞ ✇❛6 ♥♦% ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡& ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ❧❛②♦✛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

6%&♦♥❣❧② 6✉❣❣❡6%6 ❛ ♣♦6✐%✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝% ♦❢ 6♦❝✐❛❧ ❝❛♣✐%❛❧ ♦♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ♣&♦❞✉❝%✐✈✐%②✳

■♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐%❤ ●✉✐6♦ ❡% ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ❛♥❞ ▼✐♥❦❧❡& ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ▲✐♥6 ❡% ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ❛&❣✉❡

%❤❛% %❤✐6 ♣❛%%❡&♥ ✐6 ❞&✐✈❡♥ ❜② %❤❡ &♦❧❡ ♦❢ %&✉6%✳ ❆❝❝♦&❞✐♥❣❧②✱ 6♦❝✐❛❧ ❝❛♣✐%❛❧

❛♥❞ ✜&♠ ❡%❤✐❝6 ♣&♦✈❡ %♦ ❜❡ ♣❛&%✐❝✉❧❛&❧② ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ✇❤❡♥ %&✉6% ✐♥ ❝♦&♣♦&❛%✐♦♥6

✐6✱ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡&❛❧✱ ❧♦✇✳

■% 6❡❡♠6 &❡❛6♦♥❛❜❧❡ %♦ ❡①♣❡❝% ❛ 6✐♠✐❧❛& ♣❛%%❡&♥ ✇✐%❤ &❡6♣❡❝% %♦ %❛① ❛✈♦✐❞✲

❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❛% ✐6✱ ✜&♠6 ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛✈♦✐❞ %❛①❡6 ♠❛② ❜❡ ❝♦♥6✐❞❡&❡❞ ♥♦% %&✉6%✇♦&%❤②

❛♥❞ ♣❡&❢♦&♠ ✇♦&6❡✱ ❡6♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ♣❡&✐♦❞6 ♦❢ ❧♦✇ %&✉6%✳ ❚❤✐6 6❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣❛&✲

%✐❝✉❧❛&❧② %&✉❡ ✐❢ %❤❡&❡ ✐6 ❛ ♥❡❣❛%✐✈❡ 6❤♦❝❦ %♦ %&✉6% ❝❛✉6❡❞ ❜② %❤❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❡♥❝❡

♦❢ %❛①✲6❤❡❧%❡&✐♥❣ ❛❝%✐✈✐%✐❡6✱ ❛6 ✐♥ %❤❡ ❝❛6❡6 ♦❢ %❤❡ S❛♥❛♠❛ S❛♣❡&6 ❛♥❞ %❤❡

S❛&❛❞✐6❡ S❛♣❡&6✳

❆ ❧♦% ♦❢ ✭♠♦6%❧② ✐♥❞✐&❡❝%✮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ 6✉❣❣❡6%6 %❤❛% ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡6 ❝❛&❡ ❛❜♦✉%

%❤❡✐& ❡♠♣❧♦②❡&✬6 %❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦&✳ ❋♦& ✐♥6%❛♥❝❡✱ ❈❤②③ ❡% ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮

6❤♦✇ %❤❛% ✜&♠6✬ %❛① ❛❣❣&❡66✐✈❡♥❡66 ✐6 &❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② %❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝% ♦❢ ❧❛❜♦& ✉♥✐♦♥6✱

✇❤✐❧❡ ❖❡✐ ❛♥❞ ❘✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✽✮ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤% %❤❛% ♠♦6% ❧❡❛❦6 ♦❢ %❛① ❞❛%❛ ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ❞✉❡

❙❡✈❡#❛❧ &'✉❞✐❡& ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤' '❤❡ ♣♦&✐'✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝' ♦❢ ❈❙❘ ♦♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ &❛'✐&❢❛❝'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠✲

♠✐'♠❡♥'✳ ❙❡❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❇❛✉♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❙❦✐'❦❛ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❍❛♥&❡♥ ❡' ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❑✐♠ ❡' ❛❧✳

✭✷✵✶✵✮✳

❆ ❣#♦✇✐♥❣ ♥✉♠❜❡# ♦❢ ❧✐'❡#❛'✉#❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡& '❤❡ #❡❧❛'✐♦♥&❤✐♣ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❝♦#♣♦#❛'❡ '❛① ♣❛②✲

♠❡♥'& ❛♥❞ ❈❙❘✱ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ♠✐①❡❞ #❡&✉❧'&✳ ▲❛♥✐& ❛♥❞ ❘✐❝❤❛#❞&♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❛#❣✉❡ '❤❛'

&♦❝✐❛❧❧② #❡&♣♦♥&✐❜❧❡ ✜#♠& ❛#❡ ❧❡&& ❧✐❦❡❧② '♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ '❛①❡&✳ ❇② ❝♦♥'#❛&'✱ ❉❛✈✐& ❡' ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮

❛♥❞ ❍♦✐ ❡' ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ '❤❛' ❈❙❘ ❛♥❞ '❛① ♣❛②♠❡♥'& ❛❝' ❛& &✉❜&'✐'✉'❡&✱

❛♥❞ ❈❛♠♣❜❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❧❧❡❧♦✐❞ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ &'#❡&& '❤❡ ❞✐&❝#❡♣❛♥❝② ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❙'❛#❜✉❝❦&✬ '❛① ❛✈♦✐❞✲

❛♥❝❡ ♣#❛❝'✐❝❡& ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♠❛❣❡ '❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② '#✐❡❞ '♦ ❝#❡❛'❡ ❜② &❡❧❢✲♣#♦♠♦'✐♥❣ ✐'&

❝♦♠♠✐'♠❡♥' '♦ ❈❙❘✳

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♦ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ✇❤✐* ❧❡❜❧♦✇✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡*❡ ✜♥❞✐♥❣*✱ ❉②❝❦ ❡ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮

❛<❣✉❡ ❤❛ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡*✱ ❛* ✇❡❧❧ ❛* ♦ ❤❡< ♥♦♥✲ <❛❞✐ ✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❧❛②❡<* ❧✐❦❡ ♠❡❞✐❛

❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✉* <② <❡❣✉❧❛ ♦<*✱ ♣❧❛② ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦< ❛♥ <♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❤❡ ❞❡ ❡❝ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦<♣♦<❛ ❡

❢<❛✉❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡<✱ ❤❡✐< ✜♥❞✐♥❣* ❛❧*♦ *✉❣❣❡* ❤❛ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ✇❤✐* ❧❡❜❧♦✇❡<* ❢❛❝❡

*❡✈❡<❡ ❝♦* *✳ ❚❤❡② ❛<❡ ♦❢ ❡♥ ✜<❡❞✱ ❢♦<❝❡❞ ♦ C✉✐ ❜② ❤❡♠*❡❧✈❡*✱ ♦< ❛**✐❣♥❡❞

*✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥ ❧② ❞✐✛❡<❡♥ <❡*♣♦♥*✐❜✐❧✐ ✐❡*✳ ❚❤❡<❡❢♦<❡✱ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❝❛*❡* ✇❤✐* ❧❡❜❧♦✇✲

❡<* ♣<❡❢❡< ♦ * ❛② ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉*✳ ❈♦♥*❡C✉❡♥ ❧②✱ ❉②❝❦ ❡ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✹✺✮

* ❛ ❡ ❤❛ ✏ ❤❡ *✉<♣<✐*✐♥❣ ♣❛< ✐* ♥♦ ❤❛ ♠♦* ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡* ❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❧❦✱ ❜✉

❤❛ *♦♠❡ ❛❧❦ ❛ ❛❧❧✳✑ ❖♥❡ <❡❛*♦♥ ❢♦< ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡* ♦ ❞♦ *♦✱ ❜❡*✐❞❡* ♠♦♥❡ ❛<②

✐♥❝❡♥ ✐✈❡* ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❞❡*✐<❡ ♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♣♦ ❡♥ ✐❛❧ ❧✐❛❜✐❧✐ ②✱ ♠✐❣❤ ❜❡ ❛ ♣❡<*♦♥❛❧

❛✈❡<*✐♦♥ ♦ ❝♦<♣♦<❛ ❡ ❢<❛✉❞ ❜② ❤❡✐< ❡♠♣❧♦②❡<✳ ●✐✈❡♥ ❤❡ ❛❢♦<❡♠❡♥ ✐♦♥❡❞

♥❡❣❛ ✐✈❡ ❝♦♥*❡C✉❡♥❝❡* ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥ ♦♣♣♦*✐ ✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡<✱ ♠♦* ✇♦<❦❡<* ♣<♦❜❛❜❧②

♣<❡❢❡< ♦ ❤❡< ✇❛②* ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐*❤✐♥❣ ♠✐*❜❡❤❛✈✐♦< ❜② ❤❡✐< ❡♠♣❧♦②❡<✳ ■♥ ❤✐* <❡❣❛<❞✱

♣<♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❧❡** ❡✛♦< ♠❛② *❡<✈❡ ❛* ❛♥ ❡❛*✐❡< ❛♥❞ ❧❡** ❝♦* ❧② ❛❧ ❡<♥❛ ✐✈❡✱ *✐♥❝❡

✇♦<❦ ❡✛♦< ✐* ✉*✉❛❧❧② ❤❛<❞ ♦ ♦❜*❡<✈❡✳ ❙✉♣♣♦< ✐♥❣ ❤✐* ❝♦♥❥❡❝ ✉<❡✱ ❈♦<♥❡❧✐*✲

*❡♥ ❡ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ *❤♦✇ ❤❛ ♣❡<❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✐♥❥✉* ✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❛①❛ ✐♦♥ ❧❡❛❞* ♦ ♠♦<❡

❛❜*❡♥ ❡❡✐*♠ ❢<♦♠ ✇♦<❦✳ ❯*✐♥❣ ❞❛ ❛ ♦♥ ●❡<♠❛♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡*✱ ❤❡② ✜♥❞ ❤❛

✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧* ✇❤♦ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ ❤❛ ❤❡ ♦♣ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❡❛<♥❡<* ❞♦♥✬ ♣❛② ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❛①❡*

❛❝❝<✉❡ ✷✵✪ ♠♦<❡ *✐❝❦ ❞❛②*✳ ■♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐ ❤ ♦✉< ❛❜♦✈❡ <❡❛*♦♥✐♥❣✱ ❈♦<♥❡❧✐**❡♥

❡ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❛<❣✉❡ ❤❛ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜*❡♥ ♠♦<❡ ♦❢ ❡♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡② ✐♥ ❡<♣<❡ ❛*

❛ <❡❞✉❝ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❡✛♦< ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ✐* ❤❡ ♠♦* ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥ ✇❛② ❢♦< ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡* ♦

✏❝♦♠♣❡♥*❛ ❡✑ ❢♦< ♣❡<❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛① ✉♥❢❛✐<♥❡**✳ ❇② ❝♦♥ <❛* ✱ ❤❡ ♦❢ ❡♥✲*✉❣❣❡* ❡❞

<❡*♣♦♥*❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❛❞✐♥❣ ❛①❡* ✭❆❧♠ ❡ ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❆♥❞<❡♦♥✐ ❡ ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ✐* ✉*✉❛❧❧②

✐♠♣<❛❝ ✐❝❛❜❧❡ ❢♦< ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡* ❜❡❝❛✉*❡ ♦❢ ❤✐<❞✲♣❛< ② <❡♣♦< ✐♥❣ ✭❑❧❡✈❡♥ ❡ ❛❧✳✱

✷✵✶✶✮✳

❙❡✈❡<❛❧ *✉<✈❡②* ♣<♦✈✐❞❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦< ❛ ❝♦♥*✐❞❡<❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝<❡❛*✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝

❝♦♥❝❡<♥ ❛❜♦✉ ❝♦<♣♦<❛ ❡ ❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❆❝❝♦<❞✐♥❣ ♦ ❯❑ ❞❛ ❛ ✭■♥* ✐ ✉ ❡ ♦❢

❇✉*✐♥❡** ❊ ❤✐❝*✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❝♦<♣♦<❛ ❡ ❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❤❛* ❜❡❡♥ ❤❡ ❣<❡❛ ❡* ❝♦♥✲

❝❡<♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❇<✐ ✐*❤ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♥ ❜✉*✐♥❡** ❝♦♥❞✉❝ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ②❡❛< ❢<♦♠ ✷✵✶✸ ♦ ✷✵✶✼✳

❙✐♠✐❧❛< <❡*✉❧ * ❛<❡ ♦❜ ❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦< ❤❡ ❯❙✱ ✇❤❡<❡ ♣❛< ✐❝✐♣❛♥ *✬ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥

❛❜♦✉ ❤❡ ❛① *②* ❡♠ ✐* ❤❛ *♦♠❡ ❝♦<♣♦<❛ ✐♦♥* ❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❛② ❤❡✐< ❢❛✐< *❤❛<❡

♦❢ ❛①❡* ✭[❡✇ ❘❡*❡❛<❝❤ ❈❡♥ ❡<✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳ ▼♦<❡♦✈❡<✱ ✻✷✪ * ❛ ❡ ❤❛ ❤❡② ❛<❡

❜♦ ❤❡<❡❞ ✏❛ ❧♦ ✑ ❜② ❤✐* ♣❡<❝❡♣ ✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛*❦❡❞ ✇❤❡ ❤❡< ❝❤❡❛ ✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛①❡* ✐*

◆❡✈❡#$❤❡❧❡''✱ $❤❡ ♣❡#❝❡♣$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❛✐#♥❡'' '❡❡♠' $♦ ❜❡ ✐♠♣♦#$❛♥$ ✐♥ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧

$❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ $❛① ❡✈❛'✐♦♥✳ ■❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧' ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ $❤❛$ $❤❡② ❛#❡ $❛①❡❞ ♦♥ ❢❛✐# ❣#♦✉♥❞'

✭❝♦♠♣❛#❡❞ $♦ ♦$❤❡# ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧' ♦# ✜#♠'✮✱ $❤❡② $❡♥❞ $♦ ❜❡ ♠♦#❡ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ $♦ ❛❝❝❡♣$ $❤❡✐# ♦✇♥

$❛① ❜✉#❞❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦$ $#② $♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♦# ❡✈❛❞❡ $❛①❡' ✭❆❧❡'✐♥❛ ❛♥❞ ●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❋♦#$✐♥ ❡$

❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳

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❥✉"#✐✜❛❜❧❡✱ #❤❡ ✈❛"# ♠❛❥♦/✐#② ✭✺✾✳✷✪✮ ♦❢ ♣❛/#✐❝✐♣❛♥#" ✐♥ #❤❡ ❲♦/❧❞ ❱❛❧✉❡" ❙✉/✲

✈❡② ✭❲❱❙✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ "#❛#❡❞ #❤❛# ❝❤❡❛#✐♥❣ ♦♥ #❛①❡" ✐" ♥❡✈❡/ ❥✉"#✐✜❛❜❧❡✱ ✇❤❡/❡❛"

♦♥❧② ✶✳✽✪ ♦❢ ♣❛/#✐❝✐♣❛♥#" "❛✐❞ #❤❛# ❝❤❡❛#✐♥❣ ♦♥ #❛①❡" ✐" ❛❧✇❛②" ❥✉"#✐✜❛❜❧❡✳

■♥ #❤❡ ❧✐❣❤# ♦❢ #❤✐" ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥#✱ ❜♦#❤ H✇❈ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❛♥❞ ❊/♥"# ✫ ❨♦✉♥❣ ✭❊❨✱

✷✵✶✹✮ ❝♦♥❞✉❝#❡❞ "✉/✈❡②" ❛♠♦♥❣ ❈❊❖" ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡/" ✇✐#❤ ❛ "♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦❝✉" ♦♥

#❛① "#/❛#❡❣✐❡" ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ❛""♦❝✐❛#❡❞ ❡✛❡❝#" ♦♥ /❡♣✉#❛#✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡✐/ /❡"✉❧#" "❤♦✇

#❤❛# ❡①❡❝✉#✐✈❡" ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✐♥❝/❡❛"✐♥❣❧② ✇♦//✐❡❞ ❛❜♦✉# #❤❡ ♣♦#❡♥#✐❛❧ /❡♣✉✲

#❛#✐♦♥ ❝♦"# ♦❢ #❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❋♦/ ✐♥"#❛♥❝❡✱ ❊❨ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ /❡♣♦/#" #❤❛# ✽✾✪ ♦❢

#❤❡ ❧❛/❣❡"# ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡" ❛/❡ "♦♠❡✇❤❛# ♦/ "✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥#❧② ❝♦♥❝❡/♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✉# ♠❡❞✐❛

❝♦✈❡/❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✜/♠"✬ #❛① ❛❝#✐✈✐#✐❡"✱ ❝♦♥"#✐#✉#✐♥❣ ❛ "❤❛/♣ ✐♥❝/❡❛"❡ ❢/♦♠ #❤❡ ♣/❡✈✐✲

♦✉" "✉/✈❡② ✐♥ ✷✵✶✶ ✭✻✵✪✮✳ ❇② ❝♦♥#/❛"#✱ ♦♥❧② ✾✪ ♦❢ ✜/♠" ❛/❡ ✉♥❝♦♥❝❡/♥❡❞✱ ✐♥

❝♦♠♣❛/✐"♦♥ #♦ ✹✵✪ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❈♦♥"✐"#❡♥#❧②✱ ✾✾✪ ♦❢ ♣❛/#✐❝✐♣❛♥#" "#❛#❡ #❤❛# #❤❡

✐♠♣♦/#❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ #❛① /✐"❦ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥#/♦✈❡/"② ❤❛" ✐♥❝/❡❛"❡❞ ♦/ ❛# ❧❡❛"#

"#❛②❡❞ ❝♦♥"#❛♥# ✐♥ #❤❡ ♣/❡✈✐♦✉" #✇♦ ②❡❛/"✱ ❛♥❞ ✽✶✪ ❡①♣❡❝# #❤✐" ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥#

#♦ ❝♦♥#✐♥✉❡ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ #✇♦ ②❡❛/"✳

❚❤❡ ❣/♦✇✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♥#❡/❡"# ✐♥ ❝♦/♣♦/❛#❡ #❛① ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❤❛" ❣✐✈❡♥ /✐"❡ #♦

"❡✈❡/❛❧ ♣❛♣❡/" ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥✈❡"#✐❣❛#❡ #❤❡ /❡❧❛#✐♦♥"❤✐♣ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ #❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞

✜/♠ /❡♣✉#❛#✐♦♥✳ ❇♦#❤ ❉②/❡♥❣ ❡# ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ❛♥❞ ❑❛♥❛❣❛/❡#♥❛♠ ❡# ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮

❞❡♠♦♥"#/❛#❡ #❤❛# ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣/❡""✉/❡ ❝❛♥ ❧✐♠✐# ❝♦/♣♦/❛#❡ #❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✱ #❤❡/❡❜②

❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤#✐♥❣ #❤❡ /♦❧❡ ♦❢ #❛① ❛❝#✐✈✐"#" ✭❉②/❡♥❣ ❡# ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥#

♠❡❞✐❛ ✭❑❛♥❛❣❛/❡#♥❛♠ ❡# ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✱ /❡"♣❡❝#✐✈❡❧②✳ ▲♦/❡#③ ❛♥❞ ▼♦♦/❡ ✭✷✵✶✸✮

❛/❣✉❡ #❤❛# #❤❡ /❡♣✉#❛#✐♦♥ ❧♦"" ♦❢ ❛ ✜/♠ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ #❛①❡" ❞❡♣❡♥❞" ♦♥ #❤❡ #❛①✲

♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛❝#✐✈✐#✐❡" ♦❢ ✐#" ❝♦♠♣❡#✐#♦/"✳ ❚❤❡ /❡❛"♦♥✐♥❣ ✐" ❛" ❢♦❧❧♦✇"✿ "✐♥❝❡ ✐#

♠❛② ❜❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧# ❢♦/ "#❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡/" #♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛#❡ ✇❤❡#❤❡/ #❤❡ ✜/♠✬" #❛① ♣❛②♠❡♥#"

❛/❡ ❛♣♣/♦♣/✐❛#❡ ✭✉♥❧❡"" ❛❝#✉❛❧ #❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ✐" /❡✈❡❛❧❡❞✮✱ #❤❡② ❝♦♠♣❛/❡ #❤❡♠

#♦ #❤❡ ♦♥❡" ♦❢ #❤❡ ✜/♠✬" ♣❡❡/ ❣/♦✉♣✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐#" ❝♦♠♣❡#✐#♦/"✳ ❙✉♣♣♦/#✐♥❣ #❤❡"❡

#❤❡♦/❡#✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥"✐❞❡/❛#✐♦♥"✱ ▲♦/❡#③ ❛♥❞ ▼♦♦/❡ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ♣/♦✈✐❞❡ ❡♠♣✐/✐❝❛❧ ❡✈✐✲

❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦"✐#✐✈❡ ❝♦//❡❧❛#✐♦♥ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ #❤❡ ❡✛❡❝#✐✈❡ #❛① /❛#❡" ♦❢ ✜/♠" ✇✐#❤✐♥

#❤❡ "❛♠❡ ❝♦✉♥#/② ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✜/♠" ✇✐#❤✐♥ #❤❡ "❛♠❡ ✐♥❞✉"#/②✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛/ #♦ ♦✉/ ❛♣✲

♣/♦❛❝❤✱ ❍❛/❞❡❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡/#❧ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ "✉❣❣❡"# ❛ ♥❡❣❛#✐✈❡ /❡❧❛#✐♦♥"❤✐♣ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ #❛①

❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✜/♠ ♣❡/❢♦/♠❛♥❝❡ #❤❛# ✐" ❞/✐✈❡♥ ❜② ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❤♦✉"❡❤♦❧❞✮

❜❡❤❛✈✐♦/✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ✇❡ ❢♦❝✉" ♦♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡"✱ ❍❛/❞❡❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡/#❧ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤#

#❤❡ /♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥"✉♠❡/"✳ ❚❤❡② ❡♠♣❧♦② #✇♦ ❧❛❜♦/❛#♦/② ❡①♣❡/✐♠❡♥#" ✐♥ ♦/❞❡/

#♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ❤♦✇ #❛① ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛✛❡❝#" ❝♦/♣♦/❛#❡ /❡♣✉#❛#✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥"✉♠❡/ ❜❡✲

❤❛✈✐♦/✳ ❚❤❡✐/ /❡"✉❧#" "✉❣❣❡"# #❤❛# ❛❣❣/❡""✐✈❡ #❛① "#/❛#❡❣✐❡" ❛/❡ ♣✉♥✐"❤❡❞ ❜②

❆! ❞❡♠♦♥!'(❛'❡❞ ❜② ●(❛❤❛♠ ❡' ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❝♦♥❝❡(♥! ❛❜♦✉' '❤❡ ♥❡❣❛'✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝'! ♦❢ '❛①

♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✜(♠ (❡♣✉'❛'✐♦♥ ❛❧(❡❛❞② ❡①✐!'❡❞ ♣(✐♦( '♦ '❤❡ ✷✵✵✽✲✷✵✵✾ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❝(✐!✐!✳

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❝♦♥#✉♠❡'# ❛♥❞ '❡❞✉❝❡ *❤❡ ❧❛**❡'✬# ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡## *♦ ♣❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛❣♥✐*✉❞❡ ♦❢ *❤✐#

❡✛❡❝* ❝'✉❝✐❛❧❧② ❞❡♣❡♥❞# ♦♥ ❝♦♥#✉♠❡'#✬ ❛**✐*✉❞❡ *♦✇❛'❞# *❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

✐# ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐*❤ ♦✉' ❤②♣♦*❤❡#✐# ✇✐*❤ '❡#♣❡❝* *♦ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡#✳ ❈♦♥#✐#*❡♥* '❡#✉❧*#

❛'❡ ♦❜*❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❆✉#*✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❲✐❧#♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❇❛♠❡✲❆❧❞'❡❞ ❡* ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❛♥❞

❉❡❇❛❝❦❡' ❡* ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ■♥ *❤❡ #*✉❞② ♦❢ ❆✉#*✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❲✐❧#♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ✜'♠# ✇✐*❤

✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❝✉#*♦♠❡' ❜'❛♥❞# ✭❛♥❞✱ *❤❡'❡❢♦'❡✱ ❤✐❣❤ '❡♣✉*❛*✐♦♥ ❝♦#*✮ ❛'❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ *♦

❜❡ ❧❡## *❛① ❛❣❣'❡##✐✈❡✳ ❇❛♠❡✲❆❧❞'❡❞ ❡* ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❇❛❝❦❡' ❡* ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮

♣'♦✈✐❞❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ *❤❛* ✜'♠#✬ *❛① ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥❝❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞# *♦ ❛ #✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥* ❡①*❡♥*

♦♥ ♠♦'❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡# ❛♥❞ #♦❝✐❛❧ ♥♦'♠#✳

❖✈❡'❛❧❧✱ *❤❡#❡ ✜♥❞✐♥❣# #*'♦♥❣❧② #✉❣❣❡#* *❤❛* ✜'♠# *❛❦❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡'♥ ❛♥❞

*❤❡ ♣♦*❡♥*✐❛❧ '❡♣✉*❛*✐♦♥ ❧♦## ✐♥*♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥* ✇❤❡♥ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ *❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✳

◆❡✈❡'*❤❡❧❡##✱ #♦♠❡ ✜'♠# ♠❛② ✭❤❛✈❡✮ ✉♥❞❡'❡#*✐♠❛*❡✭❞✮ *❤✐# ❡✛❡❝* ♦' ♦✈❡'✲

❧♦♦❦✭❡❞✮ #♦♠❡ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❛##♦❝✐❛*❡❞ ❝♦♥#❡N✉❡♥❝❡#✳ ■* #❡❡♠# ✈❡'② ❧✐❦❡❧② *❤❛* *❤✐#

✐# *❤❡ ❝❛#❡✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ *❤❡ #✉❞❞❡♥ ✐♥❝'❡❛#❡ ✐♥ '❡♣♦'*# ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡'♥ ❛❜♦✉* *❛①

❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ '❡❝❡♥* ②❡❛'#✳ ❚❤❡ '❡#✉❧*# ♦❢ ❖✬❉♦♥♦✈❛♥ ❡* ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ❛♣♣❡❛'

*♦ #✉♣♣♦'* *❤✐# ♥♦*✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② #❤♦✇ *❤❛* *❤❡ ❧❡❛❦ ♦❢ *❤❡ O❛♥❛♠❛ O❛♣❡'# ✐♥

✷✵✶✻ ❤❛❞ ❛ #✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥* ♥❡❣❛*✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝* ♦♥ ❛✛❡❝*❡❞ ✜'♠#✬ #*♦❝❦ '❡*✉'♥# *❤❛*✱

♦♥ ❛✈❡'❛❣❡✱ ❛♠♦✉♥*❡❞ *♦ ❛ ✵✳✼✪ ❞'♦♣ ✐♥ ✜'♠ ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛'❡❞ *♦ #✐♠✐❧❛' ❜✉*

✉♥❛✛❡❝*❡❞ ✜'♠#✳ ▲✐❦❡✇✐#❡✱ ❍❛♥❧♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❙❧❡♠'♦❞ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ✉#✐♥❣ ♠❡❞✐❛ '❡♣♦'*#

❢'♦♠ ✶✾✾✵ *♦ ✷✵✵✹✱ ✜♥❞ #*♦❝❦ ♣'✐❝❡# *♦ '❡❛❝* ♥❡❣❛*✐✈❡❧② *♦ ♥❡✇# ❛❜♦✉* ❛ ✜'♠✬#

✐♥✈♦❧✈❡♠❡♥* ✐♥ *❛① #❤❡❧*❡'#✳ ❚❤✐# ❡✛❡❝* ♣'♦✈❡# *♦ ❜❡ #*'♦♥❣❡' ❢♦' ✜'♠# ✐♥ *❤❡

❝♦♥#✉♠❡'✲♦'✐❡♥*❡❞ '❡*❛✐❧ #❡❝*♦'✳ ●❛❧❧❡♠♦'❡ ❡* ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ♦❜*❛✐♥ #✐♠✐❧❛' '❡✲

#✉❧*# ❢♦' ♦❜#❡'✈❛*✐♦♥# ❢'♦♠ ✶✾✾✺✕✷✵✵✺✳ ❚❤✐# ❝♦♥✜'♠# *❤❡ ✜♥❞✐♥❣# ♦❢ ●'❛❤❛♠

❡* ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛*✐♥❣ *❤❛* *❛① ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✇❛# ❛##♦❝✐❛*❡❞ ✇✐*❤ '❡♣✉*❛*✐♦♥ '✐#❦

❡✈❡♥ ♣'✐♦' *♦ *❤❡ ✷✵✵✽✲✷✵✵✾ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❝'✐#✐#✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡'✱ ❛# ♦✉*❧✐♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ ✐*

#❡❡♠# ♦❜✈✐♦✉# *❤❛* '❡♣✉*❛*✐♦♥ '✐#❦ ❤❛# #*'♦♥❣❧② ✐♥❝'❡❛#❡❞ ✐♥ '❡❝❡♥* ②❡❛'#✳✶✵

◆♦" #✉%♣%✐#✐♥❣❧②✱ "❤❡ #❛♠❡ ✐# "%✉❡ ❢♦% ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧#✬ "❛① ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥❝❡✳ ❙❡❡✱ ❢♦% ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱

❆❧♠ ❛♥❞ ❚♦%❣❧❡% ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❉✉❧❧❡❝❦ ❡" ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❍❛❧❧#✇♦%"❤ ❡" ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳

■♥ "❤❡ #✉%✈❡② ❝♦♥❞✉❝"❡❞ ❜② H✇❈ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ♠♦#" ❈❊❖# ❡①♣%❡## "❤❡✐% ❝♦♥❝❡%♥ ❛❜♦✉"

"❤❡ %❡♣✉"❛"✐♦♥ %✐#❦ "❤❛" ❣♦❡# ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐"❤ "❛① ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ✹✻✪ ♦❢ "❤❡♠ ❡①♣❡❝" ♥♦

❛❞❥✉#"♠❡♥"# "♦ "❤❡✐% ✐♥✈❡#"♠❡♥" ✐♥ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❝♦%♣♦%❛"❡ %❡♣✉"❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦% "❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ②❡❛%✱

✇❤✐❧❡ ✶✶✪ ❛♥"✐❝✐♣❛"❡ ❛ ♠❛❥♦% ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳

❖♥ ❛ %❡❧❛"❡❞ ♥♦"❡✱ ❇♦✇❡♥ ❡" ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ #❤♦✇ "❤❛" ✇❤✐#"❧❡❜❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛❧❧❡❣❛"✐♦♥# ❝❛♥ ❤❛✈❡

❧❛#"✐♥❣ ♥❡❣❛"✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝"# ♦♥ ❛ ✜%♠✬# #"♦❝❦ %❡"✉%♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡%❛"✐♥❣ ♣❡%❢♦%♠❛♥❝❡✳

✶✵❙✉♣♣♦%"✐♥❣ "❤✐# ♥♦"✐♦♥✱ ●❛❧❧❡♠♦%❡ ❡" ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✜♥❞ ♥♦ #✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥" %❡♣✉"❛"✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝"#

♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡%#✱ ❝✉#"♦♠❡%#✱ ❛♥❞ "❛① ❛✉"❤♦%✐"✐❡#✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ #"❛♥❞# ✐♥ #❤❛%♣ ❝♦♥"%❛#" "♦ #♦♠❡ ♦❢

"❤❡ #"✉❞✐❡# ♠❡♥"✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ "❤❡ ❧❛""❡% %❡❧② ♦♥ ♠♦%❡ %❡❝❡♥" ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ♣♦#"✲❝%✐#✐#✮ ❞❛"❛✱

●❛❧❧❡♠♦%❡ ❡" ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ♦♥❧② ✉#❡ ♣%❡✲❝%✐#✐# ♦❜#❡%✈❛"✐♦♥# ✭✐♥ ❢❛❝"✱ ♠♦%❡ "❤❛♥ ✹✵✪ ♦❢ "❤❡✐%

♦❜#❡%✈❛"✐♦♥# ❞❛"❡ ❜❛❝❦ "♦ ✶✾✾✺✮✳

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■❢ ♥♦$ ✐❣♥♦'❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡$❡❧② ❜② ✜'♠1✱ $❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ $❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞

✇♦'❦❡'1✬ ♠♦$✐✈❛$✐♦♥ 1✉♣♣♦1❡❞ ✐♥ ♦✉' ♠♦❞❡❧ ♥♦$ ♦♥❧② ❛✛❡❝$1 ❛ ✜'♠✬1 ❢✉$✉'❡

♣❡'❢♦'♠❛♥❝❡✱ ❜✉$ ❛❧1♦ ✐$1 $❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❞❡❝✐1✐♦♥ ✐♥ $❤❡ ✜'1$ ♣❧❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡'❡✲

❢♦'❡✱ $❤✐1 ❝❤❛♣$❡' ❝♦♥$'✐❜✉$❡1 $♦ $❤❡ ❧✐$❡'❛$✉'❡ ♦♥ $❤❡ ❞❡$❡'♠✐♥❛♥$1 ♦❢ $❛①

❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ✇♦♥✬$ ❞✐1❝✉11 ✐♥ ❢✉'$❤❡' ❞❡$❛✐❧✳✶✶ ❏✉1$ ❛❞❞✐$✐♦♥❛❧❧② ♥♦$❡

$❤❛$✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ $❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝$ ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣❡'✐❛❧ ✐♥❝❡♥$✐✈❡1 ✭❆'♠1$'♦♥❣ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✱ ✷✵✶✺❀

❉❡1❛✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❤❛'♠❛♣❛❧❛✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❘❡❣♦ ❛♥❞ ❲✐❧1♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝❤❛'✲

❛❝$❡'✐1$✐❝1 ♦❢ ✜'♠1✬ ❞❡❝✐1✐♦♥ ♠❛❦❡'1 ✭❉②'❡♥❣ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❋'❛♥❝✐1 ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❀

●❡ ❡$✳ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ♦♥ $❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✜'♠ ♣❡'❢♦'♠❛♥❝❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡①$❡♥✲

1✐✈❡❧② ✐♥✈❡1$✐❣❛$❡❞✱ $❤❡ '♦❧❡ ♦❢ ✭❧♦✇❡'✲❧❡✈❡❧✮ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡1 ❤❛1✱ $♦ $❤❡ ❜❡1$ ♦❢ ♦✉'

❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ♥♦$ ❜❡❡♥ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ $❤✐1 ❝♦♥$❡①$ 1♦ ❢❛'✳

❆1 ❛❧'❡❛❞② ♠❡♥$✐♦♥❡❞✱ $❤❡ '♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡1 ❛❧1♦ ❤❛1 ❜❡❡♥ ♥❡❣❧❡❝$❡❞ ❜②

$❤❡ ❧✐$❡'❛$✉'❡ $❤❛$ ❧✐♥❦1 $❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✜'♠ ♣❡'❢♦'♠❛♥❝❡✳ ▼♦1$ 1$✉❞✲

✐❡1 ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐$❤ $❤✐1 ✐11✉❡ ❢♦❝✉1 ♦♥ 1$♦❝❦ ♣'✐❝❡1✱ $❤❡'❡❜② ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤$✐♥❣ $❤❡

✐♠♣❛❝$ ♦❢ 1❤❛'❡❤♦❧❞❡'1✱ ✐♥✈❡1$♦'1✱ ❛♥❞ ❡①❡❝✉$✐✈❡1✳ ❉❡1❛✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❤❛'♠❛♣❛❧❛

✭✷✵✵✻✮ ♣'♦♣♦1❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥$❛'✐$② ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ $❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡' ❞✐✲

✈❡'1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦'♣♦'❛$❡ '❡1♦✉'❝❡1✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♥❞❡'❧②✐♥❣ ✐❞❡❛ ✐1 $❤❛$ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① $❛① 1❤❡❧$❡'✐♥❣ 1$'✉❝$✉'❡1 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐$❡❞ ❜② ♠❛♥❛❣❡'1 ✐❢ ❝♦'♣♦'❛$❡ ❣♦✈❡'♥❛♥❝❡

✐1 '❛$❤❡' ✇❡❛❦✳ ❚❤✐1 ♥♦$✐♦♥ ✐1 1✉♣♣♦'$❡❞ ❜② ❉❡1❛✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❤❛'♠❛♣❛❧❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮

❛♥❞ ❲✐❧1♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ✇❤♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ♣♦1✐$✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝$ ♦❢ $❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✜'♠ ✈❛❧✉❡✱

❜✉$ ♦♥❧② ❢♦' ✇❡❧❧✲❣♦✈❡'♥❡❞ ✜'♠1✳ ❯1✐♥❣ ❞❛$❛ ♦♥ ❘✉11✐❛♥ ✜'♠1✱ ❉❡1❛✐ ❡$ ❛❧✳

✭✷✵✵✼✮ ✜♥❞ $❤❛$ 1$'✐❝$❡' $❛① ❡♥❢♦'❝❡♠❡♥$ ❧❡❛❞1 $♦ ❤✐❣❤❡' ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✈❛❧✉❡1 ❛♥❞

❧♦✇❡' ❝♦♥$'♦❧ ♣'❡♠✐❛✳ ❆ 1✐♠✐❧❛' '❡1✉❧$ ✐1 ♦❜$❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ▼✐'♦♥♦✈ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✇❤♦

1❤♦✇1 $❤❛$ ✐♥❝'❡❛1❡❞ ❡♥❢♦'❝❡♠❡♥$ ❤❛1 ❛ ♣♦1✐$✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝$ ♦♥ ✜'♠1✬ ❣'♦✇$❤ '❛$❡1

❛♥❞ ♣'♦❞✉❝$✐✈✐$②✱ ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ❧❛$$❡' ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠❡❛1✉'❡❞ ❜② '❡✈❡♥✉❡ ♣❡' ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡✳

■♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐$❤ ❉❡1❛✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❤❛'♠❛♣❛❧❛ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❜♦$❤ ❉❡1❛✐ ❡$ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ❛♥❞

▼✐'♦♥♦✈ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❛'❣✉❡ $❤❛$ '❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡'✐❛❧ ❞✐✈❡'1✐♦♥✱ '❛$❤❡' $❤❛♥ ❛❝$✉❛❧

$❛① ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ✐1 $❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞'✐✈❡' ♦❢ $❤✐1 ❡✛❡❝$✳ ❇❛❧❛❦'✐1❤♥❛♥ ❡$ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮

1$'❡11 $❤❛$ ❛❣❣'❡11✐✈❡ $❛① ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❞❡❝'❡❛1❡1 $❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ $'❛♥1♣❛'❡♥❝② ♦❢

✜'♠1✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❤✐♥❞❡' $❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ✇✐$❤ ♦✉$1✐❞❡ ♣❛'$✐❡1✳ ❈♦♥1✐1$❡♥$

✇✐$❤ $❤✐1 '❡❛1♦♥✐♥❣✱ ✐$ 1❡❡♠1 $❤❛$ $❛① ❛❣❣'❡11✐✈❡ ✜'♠1 ❛'❡ ❝♦♥1✐❞❡'❡❞ ♠♦'❡

'✐1❦② ❜② 1$❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡'1 ❛♥❞ ❜✉1✐♥❡11 ♣❛'$♥❡'1✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❛❧1♦ ✐♠♣❛✐' $❤❡✐'

♣❡'❢♦'♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❋♦' ✐♥1$❛♥❝❡✱ ❑✐♠ ❡$ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✜♥❞ ❛ ♣♦1✐$✐✈❡ '❡❧❛$✐♦♥1❤✐♣

❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ❯❙ ✜'♠1✬ $❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛❝$✐✈✐$✐❡1 ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ❢✉$✉'❡ ❝'❛1❤ '✐1❦ ♦❢ $❤❡✐' 1$♦❝❦ ♣'✐❝❡1✳ ❍❛1❛♥ ❡$ ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ 1❤♦✇ $❤❛$ ✜'♠1 ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ $❛①❡1 ❢❛❝❡ ❤✐❣❤❡'

✶✶❙❡❡ ❍❛♥❧♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❍❡✐)③♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❛♥❞ ❉②3❡♥❣ ❡) ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ❢♦3 ❛♥ ♦✈❡3✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ )❤✐;

)♦♣✐❝✳

✶✵

(15)

❜❛♥❦ ❧♦❛♥ ❝♦'(✳ ❊①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❞❛(❛ ♦♥ ❯❑ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡'✱ ❇6♦♦❦' ❡( ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮

❞❡♠♦♥'(6❛(❡ (❤❛( ❝♦6♣♦6❛(✐♦♥' ✇✐(❤ ❧♦✇❡6 ❡✛❡❝(✐✈❡ (❛① 6❛(❡' ❛6❡ ♣❡6❝❡✐✈❡❞ (♦

❜❡ ♠♦6❡ 6✐'❦② ❜② ✐♥✈❡'(♦6'✳ ◆❡✈❡6(❤❡❧❡''✱ (❤❡② ✜♥❞ (❤❡ '(♦❝❦ ♣6✐❝❡' ♦❢ (❤❡'❡

✜6♠' (♦ ❜❡ ♦♥❧② ❛✛❡❝(❡❞ (❡♠♣♦6❛6✐❧②✱ ✐❢ ❛( ❛❧❧✳

❚❤❡'❡ 6❡'✉❧(' '✉❣❣❡'( (❤❛( ✜6♠ ♣❡6❢♦6♠❛♥❝❡ ❝❛♥✱ ✉♥❞❡6 ❝❡6(❛✐♥ ❝✐6❝✉♠✲

'(❛♥❝❡' ✭❧✐❦❡✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦6♣♦6❛(❡ ❣♦✈❡6♥❛♥❝❡✮✱ ❜❡ ♣♦'✐(✐✈❡❧② ❛''♦❝✐❛(❡❞ ✇✐(❤

(❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡6✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡6✐❛❧ ❞✐✈❡6'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ 6❡♣✉(❛(✐♦♥ 6✐'❦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

✐❞❡♥(✐✜❡❞ (♦ ♣♦'❡ '❡6✐♦✉' (❤6❡❛(' (♦ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ✜6♠'✬ ♣❡6❢♦6♠❛♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ (❤❡ (❤❡✲

♦6❡(✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣6❡'❡♥(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤❡ ♥❡①( '❡❝(✐♦♥ ❣✐✈❡' 6✐'❡ (♦ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❦

(❤6♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ (❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ♠❛② ❤❛6♠ ✜6♠ ♣❡6❢♦6♠❛♥❝❡✳

✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧

❲❡ ❛''✉♠❡ ❛ (✇♦✲♣❡6✐♦❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐(❤ ❛ 6✐'❦✲♥❡✉(6❛❧ ✜6♠ ✉'✐♥❣ ❧❛❜♦6 ❛' ♦♥❧②

✐♥♣✉( ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡6✐♦❞ t ✭t = 1,2✮ (♦ ♣6♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ '✐♥❣❧❡ ❣♦♦❞ ✇✐(❤ ♣6✐❝❡ ♦❢

✉♥✐(②✳ ❲❡ ♠❛② ❛6❣✉❡ (❤❛( ✭(✇♦✲♣❡6✐♦❞✮ ✇❛❣❡ ❝♦♥(6❛❝(' ❛6❡ ❛❧6❡❛❞② ✐♥ ♣❧❛❝❡

❛♥❞ 6❡♥❡❣♦(✐❛(✐♦♥ ♦6 (❡6♠✐♥❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥(6❛❝( ✐' ♣6♦❤✐❜✐(✐✈❡❧② ❝♦'(❧②✳ ❚❤✐'

✐' ❝♦♥'✐'(❡♥( ✇✐(❤ ❛''✉♠✐♥❣ (❤❛( ✇❛❣❡ w ❛' ✇❡❧❧ ❛' (❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡6 ♦❢ ✭❤♦♠♦❣❡✲

♥❡♦✉'✮ ✇♦6❦❡6'L❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ❜② (❤❡ ✜6♠ ✐' ✜①❡❞✳ ❖✉(♣✉( f ♣6♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❡❛❝❤

❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞' ♦♥ ❡✛♦6( e✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐' ✉♥♦❜'❡6✈❡❞ ❜② (❤❡ ✜6♠✱ ❛♥❞ ✐' ❣✐✈❡♥

❛'

f(e) =φe. ✭✷✳✶✮

❚❤❡ ♣❛6❛♠❡(❡6 φ > 0 ❞❡♥♦(❡' (❤❡ ♠❛6❣✐♥❛❧ ♣6♦❞✉❝( ♦❢ ✇♦6❦ ❡✛♦6(✳ ■( ✐'

❛''✉♠❡❞ (♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥'(❛♥( ❛♥❞✱ ❞✉❡ (♦ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐(② ♦❢ ✇♦6❦❡6'✱ (❤❡ '❛♠❡ ❢♦6 ❛❧❧

❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡'✳

❚❤❡ ✜6♠ ❢❛❝❡' (❤❡ (✐♠❡✲✐♥✈❛6✐❛♥( '(❛(✉(♦6② ❝♦6♣♦6❛(❡ (❛① 6❛(❡ τ ∈[0,1]✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡6✱ (❤❡ ✜6♠ ♠❛② ❡♥❣❛❣❡ ✐♥ (❛①✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❛❝(✐✈✐(✐❡' ❛♥❞ ❛✈♦✐❞ (❛①❡'✳

❚❛① ❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ A ✐' ❛''♦❝✐❛(❡❞ ✇✐(❤ ❝♦'( C(A) = αA2/2✱ ✇❤❡6❡ α > 0 ✐' ❛

❝♦♥'(❛♥( ❝♦'( ♣❛6❛♠❡(❡6✳ ❲❡ ❛''✉♠❡ (❤❛( (❤❡ ❝♦'( ♦❢ (❛① ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✐' ♥♦(

❞❡❞✉❝(✐❜❧❡ ❢♦6 (❛① ♣✉6♣♦'❡'✳ ❚❤❡ ✜6♠✬' ♥❡( ♣6♦✜( ✐♥ ♣❡6✐♦❞ t ✐'

πt = (1−τ)Πt+τ At−αA2t/2, ✭✷✳✷✮

✇❤❡6❡

Πt = (f(et)−w)L ✭✷✳✸✮

❞❡♥♦(❡' ❣6♦'' ♣6♦✜( ♦❢ (❤❡ ✜6♠ ✐♥ ♣❡6✐♦❞ t✳ ❉6❛✇✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❉❡❧❢❣❛❛✉✇ ❛♥❞ ❉✉6

✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ (❤❡ ✉(✐❧✐(② ♦❢ ❛ ✇♦6❦❡6 ✐♥ ♣❡6✐♦❞t ✇❤❡♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ❜② (❤❡ ✜6♠ ✐' ❣✐✈❡♥

✶✶

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