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Global Long-term Energy-Economy-Environment Scenarios with an Emphasis on Russia

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Global Long-Term Energy–Economy–

Environment Scenarios with an Emphasis on Russia

Arkady Kryazhimskiy, Yaroslav Minullin, and Leo Schrattenholzer

RP-06-006

April 2006

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International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis • Schlossplatz 1 • A-2361 Laxenburg • Austria Tel: (+43 2236) 807 • Fax: (+43 2236) 71313 • E-mail: publications@iiasa.ac.at • Web: www.iiasa.ac.at

Global Long-Term Energy–Economy–

Environment Scenarios with an Emphasis on Russia

Arkady Kryazhimskiy Yarloslav Minullin Leo Schrattenholzer

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria

RP-06-006 April 2006

Reprinted from Perspectives in Energy, 2005, volume 9, pages 119–137.

Material orginally presented at the International Conference MIEC–CGEMP 2005

"Energy relation between the European Union and Russia in the global context,"

Paris, France, 18–19 April 2005.

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IIASA Reprints make research conducted at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis more accessible to a wider audience. They reprint independently reviewed articles that have been previously published in journals. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work.

Reprinted with permission from Perspectives in Energy, 2005, volume 9, pages 119–137.

Copyright © 2005.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder.

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