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Experimental research and mathematical modelling of the melting and dissolution behaviour of scrap in liquid hot metal

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Doctoral Thesis

Experimental research and mathematical modelling of the melting and dissolution

behaviour of scrap in liquid hot metal

Dipl.-Ing. Florian Markus Penz, BSc

August 2019

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