11-year variability in marine bivalve growth ...Sun-related?

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

Lars Beierlein

Otto Salvigsen, Bernd R. Schöne, Mihai Dima, and Thomas Brey

11-year variability in marine bivalve growth

... Sun -related?

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Archives of the past

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

Svalbard: 6 sub-fossil Arctica islandica

Raised beach deposits shells found ~5-10m a.s.l.

20° E 0°

-20° W 75° N

70° N

65° N

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Methodology

ȝP

A LSG B C

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

Methodology

0 20 40 60 80 100

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Ontogenetic age (years)

Gr owth width (µm)

0 1 4 9 800 100

8 0 2

2 3 5 6 7 8 10

Ontogenetic age (years)

ȝP

A LSG B C

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Decadal time-scale

1 mm

AI-DiFj-08 (umbonal)

direction of growth

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

Decadal time-scale

1 mm

AI-DiFj-08 (umbonal)

direction of growth

⁰⁰ ¹⁰ ²⁰ ³⁰ ⁴⁰ ⁵⁰ ⁶⁰ ⁷⁰ ⁸⁰

300 600 900 1200 1500

Ontogenetic age (years)

Gr owth width (µm)

Ontogenetic age (yrs)

Standardized Growth Index

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-300 -200 -100 0 100 200

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Frequency (1/yr)

Relative Spectral Density

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Comparing spectral fingerprints

Significance levels:

99% 95%

90%

5-6 yrs

2-3 yrs

Average 6 A. islandica

10-11 yrs

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014 Frequency (1/yr)

Relative Spectral Density

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Comparing spectral fingerprints

Significance levels:

99% 95%

90%

5-6 yrs

2-3 yrs

Frequency (1/yr)

Relative Spectral Density

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.0 external forcing ?

10-11 yrs

Average 6 A. islandica

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Frequency (1/yr)

Relative Spectral Density

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Comparing spectral fingerprints

Significance levels:

99% 95%

90%

5-6 yrs

2-3 yrs

Frequency (1/yr)

Relative Spectral Density

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.0 external forcing ?

10-11 yrs

Average 6 A. islandica

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

•   ss

http://nasa.gov

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Solar forcing & shell growth

11 year sunspot Schwabe cycle

–   Number of dark spots on the Sun´s surface ranges from 0-200.

–   Linked to Sun´s magnetic activity ( à 22-year Hale cycle).

–   Net increase in total solar irradiance of about 0.1% (±0.06°C).

Indirect influence

Amplifying mechanism needed.

In bivalves via: food and/

or temperature.

http://en.wikipedia.org

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

11-year signal

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11-year signal: Ram et al., 1997

GISP2 ice core Greenland

dust concentration 100,000 yrs BP

Photo by Planet Taylor

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

11-year signal: Frisia et al., 2003

stalagmites N Italy

laminae thickness AD 1650 to 1713 AD 1798 to 1840

from Panno et al., 2009

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11-year signal: Damon et al., 1998

tree-rings

Sequoia National Forest AD 1065 to AD 1250

Tom Swetnam/University of Arizona

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

11-year signal: Bondarenko & Evstafyev, 2006

spring phytoplankton Lake Baikal

AD 1943 to AD 2005

barentsportal.com

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11-year signal: Halfar et al., 2007

copyright Steffen Hetzinger

coralline red algae W Bering Sea/

Aleutian Island region

117-yr long chronology

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

11-year signal: Butler et al., 2012

bivalve A. islandica

North Icelandic Shelf

1357-yr long chronology

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11-year signal

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

Correlation

Ciliatocardium ciliatum Barents Sea

SGI data by Michael Carroll (from Carroll et al., 2014)

1965 1972,5 1980 1987,5 1995 2002,5 2010 0 50

100 150 200

1965,0 1972,5 1980,0 1987,5 1995,0 2002,5 2010,0 1965,0 1972,5 1980,0 1987,5 1995,0 2002,5 2010,0

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Sunsp ot numb er Standar diz ed G ro wth I nde x

Year

20° E 0°

-20° W 75° N

70° N

65° N

R = -0.64 p=0.00002

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Correlation

Mya sp.

Young Sound E Greenland

SGI data by Mikael Sejr

1955 1962,5 1970 1977,5 1985 1992,5 2000 0 50

100 150 200

1955,0 1962,5 1970,0 1977,5 1985,0 1992,5 2000,0 1955,0 1962,5 1970,0 1977,5 1985,0 1992,5 2000,0

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Sunsp ot numb er Standar diz ed G ro wth I nde x

Year

20° E 0°

-20° W 75° N

70° N

65° N

R = -0.50 p=0.00093

cop yr igh t Na tional M useum W ales

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ozone layer stratosphere

troposphere

clouds / GCR

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ozone layer stratosphere

troposphere

UV-B radiation

clouds / GCR

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ozone layer stratosphere

troposphere

UV-B radiation

clouds / GCR

Ineson et al., 2011 Haigh et al., 2010 Harder et al., 2009

Svensmark &

Friis-Christensen, 1997 Pudovkin et al., 1995 Gray et al., 2005

Haigh , 1996

positive correlation

(27)

Häder et al., 2007 Häder et al., 2003

Hessen, 2002 Aas et al., 2002 Estevez et al., 2001

Sinha et al., 2001 Ghetti et al., 1999 Klisch & Häder, 1999 Wängberg et al., 1998

Vincent & Roy, 1993

UV-‐B radia�on

negative correlation

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Carroll et al., 2008 Witbaard et al., 1999 Witbaard et al., 1997 Christensen et al., 1985

positive correlation

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ozone layer stratosphere

troposphere

UV-B radiation

clouds / GCR

+

-

+

(30)

Latitude dependence

Earth´s magnetic field

http://nasa.gov

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An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

Latitude dependence

ozone depletion

http://nasa.gov

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Conclusions

K   11-year signal in sub-fossil A. islandica from the high Arctic K   marine, freshwater and terrestrial

archives show 11-year signal

–   Sun as common (external) driver accepted

K   IF 11-year signal is related to the Sun, what is the amplifying

mechanism for marine bivalves?

–   UV-B radiation inhibits photosynthesis in phytoplankton

–   affects food quantity/quality at benthos

http://nasa.gov

(33)

An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

Conclusions

K   11-year signal in sub-fossil A. islandica from the high Arctic K   marine, freshwater and terrestrial

archives show 11-year signal

–   Sun as common (external) driver accepted

K   IF 11-year signal is related to the Sun, what is the amplifying

mechanism for marine bivalves?

–   UV-B radiation inhibits photosynthesis in phytoplankton

–   affects food quantity/quality at benthos

http://nasa.gov

(34)

Conclusions

K   11-year signal in sub-fossil A. islandica from the high Arctic K   marine, freshwater and terrestrial

archives show 11-year signal

–   Sun as common (external) driver accepted

K   IF 11-year signal is related to the Sun, what is the amplifying

mechanism for marine bivalves?

–   UV-B radiation inhibits photosynthesis in phytoplankton

–   affects food quantity/quality at benthos

http://nasa.gov

(35)

An 11-year solar signal in marine bivalve shell growth? Lars Beierlein OSM2014

References

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Bondarenko & Evstafyev, 2006. Eleven-and ten-year basic cycles of Lake Baikal spring phytoplankton conformed to solar activity cycles. Hydrobiologia 568, 19-24.

Butler et al., 2012. Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 373, 141-151.

Carroll et al., 2014. Bivalve growth rate and isotopic variability across the Barents Sea Polar Front. Journal of Marine Systems 130, 167-180.

Carroll et al., 2008. Benthic infauna of the seasonally ice-covered western Barents Sea: Patterns and relationships to environmental forcing. Deep-Sea Research II 55, 2340–2351.

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