From ‘Club of the Rich’ to ‘Globalisation à la carte’? Evaluating Reform at the OECD

Munich Personal RePEc Archive

From ‘Club of the Rich’ to ‘Globalisation à la carte’? Evaluating Reform at the

OECD

Clifton, Judith and Díaz-Fuentes, Daniel

Universidad de Cantabria, Spain

2011

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33053/

MPRA Paper No. 33053, posted 31 Aug 2011 09:12 UTC

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1765910

! "

# $ %

&

'

! (

' ' )

! *

!

• ! ! "

" " # ! "

" $ $ $ % # & "

"

• ' () " * "

" " # " $ !

# ! " " $

$

• ! () "

*" % $ " " !

+, ! % " !

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1765910

∗

∗

∗

∗

+ ! ,

+

! -() # .//0 1

- . /

!

, ! 02 # .//34 501

' () ! 4 " "

$ " -() # .//51

( " " ! $ ) " #

$ ./6/# " " # !

" ) , # "

" ! 7 $

! " " + #

# # 8 " *

" " " # ! $ ! -() #

.//9 1 : " () *

" $ # ! %

" " , " " $ "

$ " ! # ; -() # .//0 # .//0 # .//0 1

' () % " "

" <./ # ! = $ !

# " +

& 6056# () :

" # % ! & * * : '(

7 # ! " ( " )

) -()) 1# > ?

$ " 2

7 ) " ! # " +

7 " - @ & # 60094 , # .//01 )$ $ " $ $

# () % ! = $ !

# < $ ()

$ # " " # !#

! A ' !

&

' # ! "

# " "

" $ $ "

= # ! " " " $

! =

< $ " $ # !

" $ # #

!

-B # .//C1 # #

! "

! # = " ! # #

:<( $ -B : # .//61 " # !

" ()

# $ "

" 7 ( " =

$ $ " " () # % " #

) # " " "

$ # !# ! 7 "

" " # !

" 6030 " ./// # "

" ! " $ " !

, " " " $ # " "

" 7 " " $ ! " .//0 ./6/

! " % " () # "

< ) $ # ()

< " # ) # ' " # $ #

< $ ' $ # @ , # !

" $ #

() 6056 .//0# # $ #

6

7 " $ $ $ () ' ()

" $ "

" -, # .//61 () " # #

" $ " " # #

" ! % " " "

% % -() # ./6/ " # # "

" $ # % " #

$ # $ -() # .//51 " " # $

% " #

" " " ! " "

= ! ( "

$ % ! " $ *()

! -() # .//C1 + ! ! ! " 4 #

$ () # ) # ! !

$ " ! ! ! " D #

) () # ! "

$ " ! + %

" " = " 4 %

" "

2 "

"

# : !

+ # " # $ - # 609ED + #

60591 * " " - # # $ 1 ! $

! = = !

# #

( " $ $ # $ 8

8 ' " $ =

$ ! $

" " ! 4

# % " #

+ * " " !

! & # "

$ = #

( " $ - * " 1#

= * "

= % ! " # $ " #

$ = " % ! " '

" $ "

" " B

? : " $ # ! !

! " " # B : -.//61 "

" " '

" $

% @ # " % !

= # # % " #

" $ " # "

)= $ " # !

= - $

= % # 1 + " $

# %

" $ !#

" B : "

" # " < '' 2 # !

600/ @ ! $ # 7 %

" # " % $

" -, # .//61 "

$ ! $ $ " # # % " $ !

" = % % "

" " " " $ & , ! $

" " $ "

:<( ! & " "

! % : " !

" " " $ $ % "

" # $ " " " "

" $ " $ #

$ ! ! $

( # % "

# " B -B #

6000# .//C# .//51 B $

" # & " & # "

" - 1 $ - 1 = " # #

" " "

" " " #

& " " $

$ # " " "

$ !

$ " "

$ $ B * "

" ! ! " #

B " " # ! #

" $ # &

% $ " " " " " -B # .//C1

* ! " " " #

$ $ $ "

" " # " & " ! "

" # % " " !

" # B " " !

! " -@ # ./6/D 7 # ./6/1

: !# $ = " " $ !

" $ $ " 2 ! =

" $ " # + + " <./ " $

-+ + # .//01 : $ # ! " $

" $ & # ! >

" # 2 7 + %# " $ #

$ -B : # .//61 ' () " #

! " + ! = = #

! " " =

$ ()

* ,

() * *" " $ #

$ " " !

$ 2 # 7 + % $ < ''F7'(4

# ! ! ! > * # !

7 ! * $ *

) ' # () % " *!

$ $

= () ! = "

4 " D " $ " % "D

$ # D % "

$ $ ! ( # ! " #

" " " 6030# ()

#

7 " " () A $

" ! 7 !

" " 600/ ' () ! 6056# "#

! " " ()) '

()) # # ! > # 60E3# !

+ + % -60E3 01 " B 7 -609/ C1# $

? # 2

7 ) ! $ + %

$ , - @ & # 60091

()) * : '( * $ 2 $

# (2) (: -< # 60951 !

7 ) D # + " # %# # < #

# # # ; = "# : # : ! # " # ! #

! # ' % # ? B " 7

< ' " # " 600/ # () ! %

$ " * # !

! # % " " $ $ > "

" #

< # # " ' % ' " # ()) $ "

* % # ! $ $ " !

$ ^. # & ! $ "

# & # $

@ , # " " 7 7

< : $ ! % $ ? 2

! 609. ) $ & %

= , " ()) # 6056 +

7 ! " () !

() !

! : ) = 7

- # 605C1 ' () ())

# ? # # % " !

5./ - $ ! " ) 1

)= " ! -605E1#

-60501# *7 -2 # .//51 -60G61 : !

H -60GC1 ' " = # "

#

() ! ! $ !

= ^C2 = 60GC ! # " !

? " <

! 7 &

() " ! ! % " " # !

% " () # " # "

" $ & ' () " $ " #

" =# < $

$ " $ )

# ! $ $ ! " !

> 2 $

! ! % # '

% " % " ' # #

& # " ) ? > "

" ! "

$ ' # ! " ! " #

() & " 4 # %

! ! ! % "

# + ./6/#

! .// # ! % " " " $

) ! ! 4

! () # ! *

E( # 7 % " C

+ # )

# <G : # ! # !

) ! #

! $ $ ' !

() " $ " $ # !

" ) # # #

: ⁹+ ! % $ " ()

" + $ ' ? $

605. ! ./// ()

! $ " " " * " $

# =

600/ " 2 " $

-B # 60031

< $ " $ ! % "

' " # #

" " " ' ()

! & I #

! ! # # ?

B " ? # 7 () ()) #

5./ # $ G/ ! ! # !

+ # " 6C ⁵ " 4

* " # " # #

# D *+ # D *

*; 6056# ()

4 $ ! *+ # ! * * "

./ $ !

# " # C3

# ' 6

: ),' ' +;) 6 ,(?: @),)

' *" " ! ! 6056 60GC# ! ' .

# # 6#93/# ! () "

* " " #

!

+ ! + 60GC# 9G

* > 60GC % () = # %

" " 7 ! !4 $ ,

, " ? 2 " ' ? B "

! " "

: ),' ' +;) . ,(?: @),)

# 6030# $ 7 # ! # #

? B " ? # G/ () > '

$ #

() # " CG # 605E

" > " 7 ! "

# " 603/ #

! ! " * $ $ !

# = # ! &

! % * %

# $ ^G ?

$ $ " + ! 6056 603E#

() ! < ) #

% : # ! # ?

! 603E# !

! < # &

" " "

600/# ! !

7 " $ () $ # !# ! A

' " " " " ! #

()) " 2 # ()

' " $

* " $ -2 2 + # .//01 (

$ () $

# # " '

% ! " #

' " "

()) # ! )

# & 2 -2 #

600E1 ($ = ! # "

() # > # #

# " # $ # @ ! $ #

! -2 # .//91 ' #

> $ $ " ! $ #

$ - " * .

" 1 () % *

# ! >

*% ! ! "

3 ! *() ! " ! #

" " # ! *

$ ! ./// ()

% ! " !

$ -() # .//C1

> $ () %

" ! $ ()

= " '

% " "

% $ # $ " %

% % = " $ # ! $ " *!

0' " * $ " %

()) " " $ 2

6/+ &

$ # ! $ $ $ !

" ! % " "

" % " 60G/ # !

? " 7 <GG

< " ?: -2 # 60G51

( > () $ #

" $ # " * # *+ #

*< # * # *: # * * ( #

() % ! ! 8 #

8 $ # %

> # " # # *

# $ " # " ! % " % ()) #

! " 2 ! "

* '

! # $

# ! ! > " & "

" # % ! *

# ! $ "

2 - " # .//.1 ' " () &

$ " # # ! " $

" ' # * $ ! *

() > # = ! * #

) ? # *( 2 - J # .//51

" "

* " " " = () -7 # .//E1

# ! $ " () # "

" # ! " " ! 7 #

$ > % #

# " " " " $

$ # ! '

! % !

& ! % " # () $

! $ ' ! % "

$ ! " '

8 " 8 " !

! " " () " " " 4

! ! "

! "

, () " " !

' ! "" 7 # ! ()

$ 8 8 " "

' " ! # * " D

! ! !# () * # !

# 600/ # $

! % " # " " ! !

" $ * " " ⁶⁶

( $ # " " "

# " " " $ # ! !

" " $ !

1 2343

' + 7 & $ ? !

() %

" $ " # % "

" # ( # "

! " $ $ " 7

7 # & ()

" ! " "

# " " # " # " #

! ( 600/ ! " <

# * ! # ()

% " % # !

) ) = " > " ()

6030# ! " () "

= ! ! %

" * ! * " ^6. 6006# "

) ) 4 - 1 $ % #

@ " ' $ =

) ! " * $

) ) ) ! * " =

2 = # ! > : ' 600E ! !

? # B ) " ! 2 = -600E1#

, -60091# @ " B -60051 # #

$ % , # ./// ( > " () # 2 = B <GG#

! $ > $ $

* $ " " #

./6/ # " # <GG

- # ./6/1 ' () ! % ! " "

" " " # "

) ) '

! " () #

" * ' + *

# #

$ %

-() # .//C1 ; # % ! " % = " "

7 $

"4 ! $ !

& ! ! & -() # .//E1

! ! # ! $ # ()

" ! " " $ # ! + 6030#

() ! % $

" % * $ ()

# 600/# ! ) ' )

! " 8

5 5 # > ! 2 # 7'(

)+ , 6006 2 % = ! % " #

" ! -() # .//E1 ' () * !

D ! % * "

6 $ %

< *

600/ , ! $ ^6C+

" $ ! " $ !

" ) " $ !

> ! $ $ 2 $ # *

! % " " ' % " !

() ! " 2

() # ./6/#5 . " # ()

" " ! ! 90

.///4 ./6/# 9/ # ./C/# !

> EC # ' C ' <./ () 8 " #

+ # # # # , # 1

.. 600/ C6 ./6/# ! 2 -./6/1

C5 ./C/ + ! ./// ./6/# () =

G6 5/ ! ' * ! #

# ! " * #

$ " !

# ; -() # ./6/ 1 # () $ $

" ! !

" $ # " $ -() # .//E1 , !

! " " !

& $ <

6005 .//5 ! $ " ^6E

: ),' ' +;) C ,(?: @),)

$ "# = " %

! " ! " " ! " ! "

! " " ! " (

! " () 4 " 600/ #

$ ) * " " $ # ! !

" ! 7 ⁶⁹

$ ! $ "

! 7

" ! () $ # ) #

$ ! $ " !

" ! () # $ #

! % " 7 # " "

-() .//9 1

< # ! " # ! "

# ! ! ./// #

" ! $ " $ "

" " " # # <

$ " # 2 = # ! .//5 ' > "

" $ # .//5 !

? ! K 2 > L "

" & % ! 5/

# ! % " !

.9 6 " -() # .//51 + " !

.//3 $ # ? .9 ./

" # ! ! .

6 ! ! !

- 61 " ! & # $

# ! ! ! "

' $ ! " ?

! -() # .//31 ! !

! $ $ # "

" -+ " # .//01

) " " " " , # ) #

# , $ 8 $ ! $

" > " ! " .//G " # " "

()

*) $ * ) # $ "

./6/# ) = " ./6/ , # ! $ #

! ( $ # ,

% 600/ 2

= , > " 6005# !

! * " 600G # = $ %

! , !

() " ! 7 .//G

! ! # , ! # "

$ "

> " 7'( " " () $ #

# " $ , %

! " "

+ $ ! , # ! $ "

" ()

, " " # " * " " ! #

.//G# $ % 4 + # # # -

1 ' "

> "# ! " () * "

$ ! " > -() # ./6/ ! "

" " " ! ! $

! .//3# ! $

2 2 " # !

! % " $ # "

' ()

" " $ $

() 6 1 # " # &

$ 4 + $ $ + $

# $ #

" # ! $ $ " # # !

" # # " #

# # " -() ./6/ 4 ' E1 #

! %

" # " " $

($ () ! $ " $ # # %

% ! " # ' # () # $ "

! () ! <

-603E 60051 ! = + .//9# ()

$ ! ! " -() # .//9 1 ' "

& " # ! $ "

" " " ! ! " $ " '

" # ! $ ! $

) () 4 # 7 % " C

" # "

: () >

$ "

' .//0 ! () = $ ! %#

! > * $ = $ @ " B "

2 ! $ 4 # "

! ' () % ! # $ " # "

! " $ = # %

() " <./ ; .//0 ' ()

<./ ! # $ ( # "

< " " .//0 -() # ./6/ 661

" # " () !

! ! % ! " 603/ 600/ # !

! () # ! $ #

! ' . # + *

" $ " # .//0 E9

> * 9 G # ()

! % ! " * ! )

' ' ! * ! : 2

600G $ " 7 " " #

$ # ! "

" + ! & % $

" " " 4 () ! % ! $ "

" * * "" $ " !

$ " ! "

! & -() .//E1 ' & % &

* -() # ./6/ 91 # ! % ! 4 .//6#

6./ ! % " * ! : 2 !

() @ # () ! %

! D " !

" # () ! %

+ " ! % # ! ()

" " #

# -() # .//9 1 ' ! %

! " # $

# () " $

$ $ ' % ! > 4

* ! % " $ # !

" # " # $ : ! % " $

" " # " ) # # ;

# 2 ) : # #

() = " ! % "

$ ! " $

$ % " #

> " $ $ ()

! % " $ - # " & $

1 # " $ % # .//9#

() ! # "

" > # " > "

" ' > " ()

! # ! ! % # !

$ $ $ $ "

$ # = $

() $ " " -() # .//G1

) 6056# () # " # ()) #

# +

" 7 # !

= ! # " "

!# " ! $ #

?: - # 60G51 7 7 6030#

() " # #

7 # ! # = # " +

" ! 603/

" "

" # ! $ # ! # " "

() ! " $ #

# () ! % " !

" " ! ! " 7 " "

" # # !

A

, ! !

" () " " "

" $ # ! $ %

! " " $ ! " #

" % " $ $

" $ "

" ' ! " ! " " 4

" " " *M ! > ./6/ # $ !

, # () " !

' * " " " $ ()

* " # # + #

" () D !

= ! + "

" D ! !

" " ! * # "

$ $ () ! = $ 7 $

' " " 8 " " *() !

! # " $ ()

$ " * $ %

* " 2 " ! %

= " +

" () % " " $ A

$ # () " 4

# " " $ : !

# <./# % # $ "

$ " " " # !

% > 7 ) '

! 7 #

# # " & ! 4 ()

" " # () A

+ "

# @ -605G1#) / * : ! I %4

" , "

+ # 2 + -.//01# *' <./ ) < $ #

6 6 69-61 5G 35

+ " # -.//01 *, 2 () # ,

6 , . 1 E.

+ # -60591 * ) ' # # C. -6.91# 6 6E

# ' -./6/1 * ! ,15 G ./6/

E : $ ./6/ 4FF ! F ! A ! N9./G0

# 7 -605C1# *) #,

6G -C1

# 2 -60G51 *' ) () # '

5 1 1 # E

< # ; # -60951 *( " ) ) ,

# 6/ -61# 6 66

@ # ) -./6/1# * + 7 A ' .//G 3

< #, ) 351C1 560 5C5

B # # # -600016 1 6 / , 72

# (= 4 (= ? $ ?:

B # # # -.//C11 6 1 6 / & 6 #

(= # (= ? $ ?:

B # # # -.//51#* - 1 8 # (= # (= ? $

?:

B # , : -.//61 *+ ! " 4 '

2 2 ; " #9

" . 1 # ,7 /6 E

B # -60031 *' 2 $ 8 1 66.# 0G

6/0

2 # # -600E1 * #: - (

; 630

2 # -.//91 *2 " " ! 69//

.//6 # , . 96# 6# 6 C9

2 # -.//51* . < ) & 1 4

() $

2 # B -.//31 *' 2 7 # =3

07>

2 # , 2 + - 1 -.//01#* *

6 # ? $ +

2 # -603C1 *@ () # $

() .E C/

2 # , -60G51 *' , $ 4 ' ? , < "

' $ " ; % " !

( " : 2 % " #, # C/ -E1 5E0

53

() -./6/ 1#6 1 / 5 . # 4 ()

() -./6/ 1#* 6 1 7??3'7?2?# 4 ()

() -.//0 1) ) # 4 ()

() -.//0 1) , # 4 ()

() -.//0 1) 5 ) # 4 ()

() -.//0 1#) ( ) # 4 ()

() -.//31 8 1 2 :

( " # 4 ()

() -.//G1* , # 4 ()

() -.//51# - 6 5

# 4 ()

() -.//9 1) 8 - '& # 4 ()

() -.//9 1 ' ' / # 4 ()

() -.//E1) 5 # 4 ()

() -.//C1#* * / * # # 4 ()

" # -.//.11 / ) * ' ! )

. & # 4 ()

, # < -.//61# *< < $ #

6 6 # G# E66 E.5

, # + -.//01# 9 , ! 8 242@

1 " 4 , "

# # -609E1 *' ' )= #

5 # C5 -E1# C3G C30

J # -.//51# * ! " $ A " ( 2

$ 2 () #A

1 1 6C -61 G/ 33

@ &# 2 # -60091#* "- : . , / -

* '8 # + " % 4 2

7 # 2 -.//E1 * " " 4 #

() O > = #

, 1 # 66 -E1 G3G 3.G

7 # : # -./6/1 *< < $ 4 : !

2 ; < < ! A 6 1 # 6 -61# 96 5C

7 ! # , -.//01* #

" # , "

∗ 2 " 2 # ! $ " ! "

# ! ! ' ! %

6 > % ! () " # $ ! $

. $ ! ! () # ./6/

C $ ! ! () # ./6/

E $ () *(

< " $ $ # 4FF! C "F() " F

9 $ ! ! () # ./6/

5 $ () ! $ () @ ,

G' $ $ () !

2 # ) $ < ) L ; # !

" 603E .G 2

-603C1

3 $ ! ! () # .//0 ./6/

0 $ ! ! () # ./6/

6/() @ 7

4FF!!! "F FE3F/#CCEC# P.5E0P./6639P63G506.P6P6P6P6#//

66 $ ! ! () # ./6/

6. $ ! ! () # ./6/

6C $ ! ! () # .//0

6E $ ! ! () # ./6/

69 $ ! ! () # ./6/