Systolic Arterial Blood Pressure

4.4.1. Systolic arterial blood pressure baseline

The mean baseline systolic arterial blood pressure had an increased level in nerve block anaesthetized treated cows compared to intravenous regional treated group at t-12 min as well as t-5 min before treatment while nerve block group revealed a decreased mean baseline systolic arterial blood pressure 10 min and 1 min before anaesthesia compared to intravenous regional treated cows. However, there was not seen any significant difference between two treatment method before anaesthesia with either nerve block or intravenous regional method [Fig. 34].

4.4.2. Systolic arterial blood pressure after anaesthesia

The Mean ± SD of systolic arterial blood pressure has been presented in Table 7. The mean systolic arterial blood pressure after nerve block anaesthesia had an increased level compared to intravenous regional treated group at t+15 min, t+22 min, t+27 min, t+32 min, t+34 min as well as t+39 min after treatment. However, the mean systolic arterial blood pressure in nerve block treated group decreased compared to intravenous regional anaesthetized treated cows at t+2 min, t+17 min, t+48 min, t+51min, t+59 min as well as t+69 min after anaesthesia. On the other hand, there was a remarkable difference between two different treated groups at t+45min (P T+45 < 0.0001). Moreover, there were not any significant effects of time as well as

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treatment with either IVRA or NBA on systolic arterial blood pressure (Treatment effect: P = 0.67; Time effect: P = 0.002) while the effect of time and treatment on systolic arterial blood pressure (Time*Group effect: P = 0.0002) was significant. Furthermore, the results shows decreased mean systolic arterial blood pressure in nerve block treated group compared to intravenous regional group in all times of standing position times such as t-39 min, t-24 min, t+45 min, t+48 min, t+51 min, t+59 min and t+69 min [Fig. 34].

Fig. 34: Mean Systolic Blood Pressure in two treatment groups with no significant differences between IVRA and NBA. * shows the significant difference between two treated groups. A, B, C, D and E represent respectively the time for turning cows to LR, tourniquet application, anaesthesia with either IVRA or NBA, returning cows to standing position as well as tourniquet deflation.

4.4.3. Systolic arterial blood pressure related to lateral recumbency

Mean systolic blood pressure in intravenous regional treated group was higher than nerve block anaesthetized cows before LR at t-20 min as well as t-5 min while mean systolic blood pressure in nerve block treated group was greater than intravenous regional one at t+7 min.

However, any significant difference between two treated groups regarding type of anaesthesia was not seen at above time (P T-20, T-5, T+7 > 0.05; t0 = LR time) [Fig. 35]. Moreover, application of proc GLM revealed, Group effect: P = 0.99, Time effect: P = 0.39 and its interaction with treatment as Time*Group effect : P = 0.53.

0 50 100 150 200 250

-39 -24 -12 -10 -5 -1 2 15 17 22 27 32 34 39 45 48 51 59 69

Systolic blood pressure/mmHg

Time (min)

IVRA NBA

*

A B C D E

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4.4.4. Systolic arterial blood pressure related to standing position

As the results showed mean systolic arterial blood pressure in intravenous regional treated group was higher than nerve block treated cows after returning cows to standing position from lateral recumbency on surgical tipping table at t+5 min while mean systolic blood pressure in intravenous regional anaesthetized group had a lower level compared to nerve block one before returning cows to standing position at t-1 min. However, any significant difference between two groups related to anaesthesia type was not seen at above time (P T-1, T+5 > 0.05; t0

= returning to standing position time) [Fig. 36]. Evaluation of recorded results by proc GLM showed, Group effect: P = 0.015, Time effect: P = 0.26 and Time*Group effect: P < 0.0001.

4.4.5. Systolic arterial blood pressure related to first (control), second and third nociceptive thresholds

The mean systolic blood pressure in intravenous regional treated group was higher than nerve

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block anaesthetized cows at t+1 min while mean systolic blood pressure had a lower level compared to nerve block one at t-1 min as well as t+5 min. However, any remarkable difference between two groups was not seen at above recorded time (P T-1, T+1, T+5 > 0.05; t0 = first nociceptive threshold measurement). Additionally, application of proc GLM revealed, Group effect: P = 0.58, Time effect: P = 0.45 and Time*Group effect: P = 0.76. Regarding second nociceptive threshold responses, the mean systolic blood pressure in nerve block treated group was higher than intravenous regional treated one at t-1 min while mean systolic blood pressure in nerve block had a lower level compared to intravenous regional one after nociceptive threshold measurement at t+1 min and was at the exactly same level at t+5 min.

However, any significant difference between two groups was not seen at t-1 min, t+1 min and t+5 min (P T-1, T+1, T+5 > 0.05; t0 = second nociceptive threshold measurement). Proc GLM demonstrated, Group effect: P = 0.94, Time effect: P = 0.56 as well as Time*Group effect: P = 0.61. Evaluated results of third nociceptive threshold responses showed that, the mean systolic blood pressure in nerve block treated group was greater than intravenous regional one before as well as after third nociceptive threshold measurements at t-1 min, t+1 min and t+5 min. However, there was not seen any significant difference between two groups regarding anaesthesia type at above time (P T-1, T+1, T+5 > 0.05; t0 = third nociceptive threshold measurement) [Fig. 37]. Also, proc GLM showed, Group effect: P = 0.49, Time effect: P = 0.54, Group*Time effect: P = 0.53.

0 50 100 150 200 250

-1 1 5 -1 1 5 -1 1 5

NBA IVRA

-10 +15 +30

Systolic arterial blood pressure

Time before and after anaesthesia

Fig. 37: Mean systolic arterial blood pressure before and after application of anaesthesia with either nerve block or intravenous regional analgesia (t0 = anaesthesia time). Error bars represent standard deviation.

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4.4.6. Systolic arterial blood pressure related to anaesthesia

The mean systolic arterial blood pressure in intravenous regional treated group showed a higher level compared to nerve block one before and after anaesthesia application at t-1 min and t+2 min However, results revealed no significant difference at above recorded time (P T-1, T+2 > 0.05; t0 = anaesthesia time) [Fig. 38]. Moreover, proc GLM revealed, Group effect: P = 0.75, Time effect: P = 0.52, Time*Group effect: P = 0.55.

4.4.7. Systolic arterial blood pressure related to inflation of tourniquet

As the results showed the mean systolic blood pressure in nerve block group was higher than intravenous regional one before application of tourniquet at t-1 min while mean systolic blood pressure in intravenous regional group had a greater level compared to nerve block treated cows after tourniquet inflation at t+3 min. However any remarkable difference regarding anaesthesia method between two groups was not seen (P T-1, T+3 > 0.05; t0 = inflation of tourniquet time) [Fig. 39]. Besides, proc GLM showed, Group effect: P = 0.82, Time effect: P

= 0.011, Time*Group effect: P = 0.11.

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4.4.8. Systolic arterial blood pressure related to deflation of tourniquet

The mean systolic blood pressure in intravenous regional anaesthetized group was higher than nerve block treated cows before as well as after deflation of tourniquet at t-1 min, t+2 min and t+5 min. However, any significant difference between two groups regarding anaesthesia method was not seen at t+5 min (P T+5 > 0.05; t0 = removal of tourniquet time) except one minute before its release at t-1 min (P T-1 = 0.0002) and two minutes after removal of tourniquet at t+2 min (P T+2 = 0.017) [Fig.40]. Proc GLM showed, Group effect: P = 0.0014, Time effect: P = 0.0005 and Group*Time effect: P = 0.0006.