Only a few countries have made serious headway in access to clean cooking since 2000 (box figure 1). Indonesia and Maldives provided access to around half their populations in 2000–14, while Angola, Peru, and Vietnam boosted access by about 20 percentage points.
Indonesia’s story is of particular interest. Launched in 2007, the Indonesian Kerosene to Liquid Propane Gas Conversion program has begun to bear fruit, converting 56 million households and microbusinesses nationally by 2014.a And through the Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative, a results-based financing framework was designed for stove delivery, informed by extensive social and gender knowledge work from results tracking. An innovative stove-testing method incorporates local cooking practices and preferences, and the government facilitated innovation through a market-based approach, including two rounds of open calls for stove technologies.
BOX FIGURE 1 Countries with the highest annual increase in access rate to clean cooking in 2000–14
0 25 50 75 100
2014 2010
2005 2000
Maldives
Indonesia Bhutan
Peru
Angola Vietnam
Source: GTF.
a. For a presentation of information on the program, see Pertamina (2016).
ANNEX 3.1 METHODOLOGY FOR ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING FUELS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Key differences from past GTF editions include:
• Using the same statistical model to estimate missing data for both access to clean fuels and technologies, and access to electricity.
• Using a different method to calculate the annual growth rate.
• Updating the indicator definition for clean fuels and technologies from “non-solid and liquid fuels” to “clean cooking fuels and technologies.”5
Data sources
The WHO Global Household Energy Database (2017) was used for cooking. The database col-lects nationally representative household survey data from various sources (table A3.1). The database contained 824 surveys collected from 161 countries, including high-income countries,
between 1970 and 2014. The countries provided for cooking are only those with underlying data, so there are no estimates for Turkey and Libya.
Population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators were used for all countries except the Cook Islands and Anguilla (not in that database), so United Nations Population Division data were used.
The World Development Indicators database does not have 2013–14 data for Eritrea, 1992–
94 data for Kuwait, or 1990–97 data for Sint Maarten, so the 2011, 1991, and 1998 popula-tions were used as proxies.
Estimating missing values
Since household surveys are conducted irreg-ularly, a multilevel nonparametric modeling approach developed by WHO was adopted to estimate missing values in between surveys for both databases.6
For clean cooking fuels, only the model esti-mates are used due to large variances in survey results.
Multilevel nonparametric modeling takes into account the hierarchical structure of the data: survey points are correlated within countries, which are then clustered within regions. Time is the only explanatory variable;
no covariates are used. Regional groupings are based on WHO regions and used for cooking.7
Calculating the annual growth rate
In contrast to earlier editions, the 2017 GTF uses a simpler, more intuitive annual increase in the access rate, calculated as the difference between the access rate in year 2 and that in year 1, divided by the number of years to annu-alize the value:
(Access Rate Year 2 – Access Rate Year 1) / (Year 2 — Year 1)
This approach takes population growth into account by working with the final national access rate.
TABLE A3.1 Overview of data sources for clean fuels and technologies
Name Entity Number of
countries Distribution of
data sources Question
Census National statistical agencies 85 20.0% What is the main source of cooking
fuel in your household?
Demographic and Health Survey
(DHS) USAID funded,
ICF International implemented 71 22.9% What type of fuel does your
household mainly use for cooking?
Living Standard Measurement Survey, income expenditure survey, or other national surveys
National statistical agencies,
supported by the World Bank 17 4.1% Which is the main source of energy
for cooking?
Multi-indicator cluster survey UNICEF 57 11.1% What type of fuel does your
household mainly use for cooking?
World Health Survey WHO 49 6.9%
National Survey 63 23.7%
Other 56 11.3%
58 • SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL GLOBAL TRACKING FRAMEWORK Progress toward Sustainable Energy 2017
NOTES
1. On a global level, these efforts are largely led and coordinated by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves.
2. High-impact countries are defined as the 20 countries with the highest access deficit in absolute numbers
3. In contrast to electrification, which is more of an issue in low-income African (excluding North Africa) countries.
4. The 20 countries with the highest increase in clean cooking fuel access rate in 2012–14.
5. See the WHO report Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children (2016).
6. The model is described in depth in Bonjour et al. (2013).
7. The WHO regions are African Region, Region of the Americas, South-East Asia Region, European Region, South-Eastern Mediterranean Region, and Western Pacific Region. See “Who Regional Offices,” http://www.who.int /about/regions/en/.
REFERENCES
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IEA (International Energy Agency). 2016. World Energy Outlook 2016: Energy Access Database. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/IEA, Paris. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment /energyaccessdatabase/.
Pertamina. 2016. “Switching Kerosene to LPG: Indonesia Success Story.” Pre-sentation at the WLPGA Oceania Regional Summit, Gold Coast, Austra-lia, May 18, 2016.
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———. 2017. RISE — Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy. World Bank, Washington, DC.
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