antipulse simulation
*
* spice3 pulse2.ps
* run
* plot v(2)
* plot i(VS)
* hardcopy V812Anode.short.ps v(8) v(1) v(2)
*
R1 0 1 600.
R2 0 2 600.
R3 0 3 600.
R4 0 4 600.
R5 0 5 600.
R6 0 6 600.
R7 0 7 600.
R8 0 8 600.
R9 0 9 600.
R10 0 10 600.
R11 0 11 600.
R12 0 12 600.
R13 0 13 600.
R14 0 14 600.
R15 0 15 600.
R16 0 16 600.
R17 0 17 600.
C1B 1 31 100.P IC=400.
C1 1 32 100.P IC=400.
C2 2 32 200.P IC=400.
C3 3 32 200.P IC=400.
C4 4 32 200.P IC=400.
C5 5 32 200.P IC=400.
C6 6 32 200.P IC=400.
C7 7 32 200.P IC=400.
C8 8 32 200.P IC=400.
C9 9 32 200.P IC=400.
C10 10 32 200.P IC=400.
131
C11 11 32 200.P IC=400.
C12 12 32 200.P IC=400.
C13 13 32 200.P IC=400.
C14 14 32 200.P IC=400.
C15 15 32 200.P IC=400.
C16 16 32 200.P IC=400.
C17 17 32 100.P IC=400.
C17B 17 33 100.P IC=400.
IP 8 32 PULSE( 0 2000NA 1N 1N 1N 10N )
.TRAN 0.2N 150N 0N 0.1N UIC
*
* fuer Spannung an Kathode
*.TRAN 1U 10M 0 1U UIC
*.TRAN 1N 250N 0 0.1N UIC
*.TRAN 1N 1500N 0 0.1N UIC
*
*.PRINT TRAN V(16) V(1) V(2)
*.PLOT TRAN V(1) V(4)
1.1 The unitarity triangle . . . 9
1.2 B0–B0mixing . . . 10
1.3 The Golden Decay. . . 15
1.4 The Feynman diagrams of the Golden Decay . . . 15
1.5 Constraints on unitarity triangle . . . 17
2.1 The HERA-B detector. . . 19
2.2 Schematic drawing halo wire target . . . 20
2.3 The principle of first level trigger . . . 23
2.4 A typical HERA-B event . . . 25
3.1 Electrode structure of the first MSGC . . . 28
3.2 Gain versus high voltage . . . 29
3.3 Gain drop due to substrate charge at high rates . . . 29
3.4 Simulated field lines in MSGCs . . . 30
3.5 The electric field strength over the substrate . . . 31
3.6 Cross-section a MSGC on silicon . . . 32
3.7 Cross-section of an overcoated MSGC . . . 33
3.8 The principle of advanced passivation . . . 34
3.9 Advanced passivation . . . 34
3.10 Destroyed advanced passivated MSGC structures . . . 35
3.11 The structure of a GEM-MSGC . . . 36
3.12 The structure of a GEM-MSGC . . . 37
3.13 The electrical field in the GEM holes . . . 38
3.14 Aged aluminium anodes and cathodes . . . 39
List of Figures 133
3.15 Spark probability versus gain . . . 40
3.16 Streamer close to a MSGC-substrate . . . 41
4.1 Floor plan of the clean room . . . 43
4.2 The microscope . . . 45
4.3 A typical anode break . . . 46
4.4 Error distribution online display . . . 47
4.5 Principal of the electrical substrate tester. . . 48
4.6 Picture of the electrical substrate tester. . . 49
4.7 Interconnection between the MSGC substrate pad and the readout electronic 50 4.8 Typical substrate control measurements done with the electrical tester. . . 51
4.9 Number of broken anodes . . . 53
4.10 Substrate efficiency . . . 53
4.11 Resistance of the wafers . . . 54
5.1 Transverse cross section of the test-chamber . . . 57
5.2 Sparks induced by a hair and an anode-break . . . 58
5.3 Destruction of a MSGC-structure by sparks . . . 58
5.4 Material deposition on neighbor cathodes . . . 59
5.5 Experimental setup . . . 60
5.6 Rate and integrated rate . . . 61
5.7 Beam-profile . . . 62
5.8 Resistance-plot over the testing period . . . 63
5.9 Short time resistance plot. . . 63
5.10 Cancer-like structures on the MSGC-substrate . . . 64
6.1 The readout electronics . . . 67
6.2 Diagram of the Helix readout chip . . . 68
6.3 The readout electronics . . . 70
6.4 A Helix chip raw data sample . . . 72
6.5 The different corrections . . . 75
6.6 Helix chip cell correction . . . 76
6.7 Channel correction . . . 76
6.8 Cell to cell variationminuschannel to channel variation . . . 77
6.9 Column corrections . . . 78
6.10 cell correction - channel correction - column correction . . . 78
6.11 Parameters for the fit to the time dependent offset . . . 80
6.12 The column number amplitudes of one chamber . . . 81
6.13 Raw data noise . . . 81
6.14 Noise of the corrected and fully corrected data . . . 83
6.15 Noise after all corrections divided by noise before corrections . . . 83
7.1 Experimental setup at the PSI October 1998 . . . 87
7.2 Event with two particle tracks . . . 88
7.3 Track residuals of chamber M5 and M8 . . . 89
7.4 The multiplicity divided by the efficiency . . . 90
7.5 Charge distributions of chamber M5 for a threshold of 4 and 5 . . . 91
7.6 Efficiency versus threshold for chamber M5 . . . 92
7.7 Efficiency versus threshold for chamber M6 and M8 . . . 93
7.8 Noise estimations . . . 94
7.9 Noise of the fully corrected signals . . . 94
7.10 Charge distribution of chamber M5 in units of noise . . . 95
7.11 The Landau distributions of chambers M6 and M8 . . . 96
7.12 An event with strong crosstalk . . . 98
7.13 Scheme of the circuit simulated in spice . . . 99
7.14 Simulated crosstalk . . . 99
7.15 Crosstalk measurements . . . 101
7.16 The average crosstalk . . . 102
7.17 Crosstalk versus channel . . . 102
8.1 Experimental layout at the PSI July 1999 . . . 104
8.2 Grounding scheme . . . 106
8.3 Grounding scheme transverse section . . . 107
8.4 Noise . . . 107
8.5 Horizontal scans of the PSI test July 99 . . . 108
8.6 Wrong readout timing of the Helix chip 3.0 . . . 110
8.7 DataValidbursts of the Helix chip 3.0 due to wrong timing . . . 110
List of Figures 135
8.8 Event with a signal in all three chambers. . . 111
8.9 Event with a noisy chamber 0 . . . 112
8.10 Wiremap and efficiency of the bad chamber 0 . . . 113
8.11 Beam divergence . . . 113
8.12 Multiplicity / Efficiency versus threshold of chamber 1 . . . 115
8.13 Wire maps for different thresholds . . . 116
8.14 Peak distributions of anode groups . . . 117
8.15 Charge distributions of anode groups . . . 117
8.16 Charge distributions of single channels . . . 118
8.17 Efficiency for every single channel . . . 119
8.18 Efficiency versus threshold. . . 119
8.19 Mean charge value for every single channel . . . 120
8.20 Mean charge value for groups of 16 anodes . . . 121
8.21 Charge mean value alongy-axis. . . 122
8.22 Charge mean value for groups of 16 anodes,xy-view . . . 122
8.23 Cluster width . . . 123
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First I would like to thank Prof. Dr. P. Tru¨ol for giving me the chance to participate in the HERA-B experiment. The great trust he has put in me allowed me to define many of my aims myself.
While doing this work I was continuously and strongly supported by Dr. Peter Robmann.
Without his profound experimental knowledge and experience I would never have been able to complete this work.
Many thanks to the whole workshop, especially to Kurt B ¨osiger and Stefan Steiner. With their mechanical expertise they supported us building the excellent testing apparatus and strengthened GEM-MSGC.
It was a pleasure to work in the HERA-B collaboration. Especially remembered are the fruitful discussions during the night shift at the PSI with all the colleagues from the uni-versities of Heidelberg and Siegen.
I have experienced a very enjoyable and most interesting time at the Physik Institut.
Many thanks to all the members creating this friendly atmosphere.
Not forgotten should be my physics teacher Prof. Dr. H. Aeppli, who awaked my curios-ity and fired me with enthusiasm for physics.
Last but not least I want to thank my parents and Birgit for their continuous support and love.
This work has been supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.