5 Formation of Strategies for Integrated Transport and Urban Development in Asian Developing Cities
5.3 Resulting strategies
(16) Integrated Transport Authority; (17) Transport and Urban Authority; and (18) Monitoring and Improvement.
In the group of priority level 3, measures include: (1) Bikeway Networks; (2) Vehicle Registration Control; (3) Fees, Taxes and Standards for Individual Motorised Vehicles; (4) Road Pricing for Private Car; (5) Access Control and Traffic Calming; (6) Parking Pricing;
(7) Public Transport Service Improvement; (8) Public Transport Priority Lanes; (9) Park &
Ride Systems; (10) Maximum Parking Space Regulations; (11) New Urban Zones Development; (12) Provision of Facilities and Services in Sub-centres; (13) Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns; and (14) Enforcing Regulations.
M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
* STRATEGY 2: CONTROL INDIVIDUAL MOTORISED VEHICLES
The strategy aims to control the ownership and use of individual motorised vehicles, in particular, cars and motorcycles. The strategy contributes to objectives of improving traffic safety, protected environment and human health, improving economic efficiency.
Key measures
M5 - Vehicle Registration Control
M6 - Fees, Taxes and Standards for Individual Motorised Vehicles M7 - Road Pricing for Private Car
M8 - Access Control and Traffic Calming M9 - Car Pooling and Car Sharing
M10 - Parking Pricing M11 - Parking Restriction Supportive measures
M18 - Intersection Traffic Control Systems M19 - Intelligent Transport System
M20 – Intermodal Connection Centres M21 - Park and Ride Systems
M26 - Maximum Parking Space Regulations M27 - Density Control in Suburban Areas M28 - Land-use control in Suburban Areas M33 - Integrated Transport Authority M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
* STRATEGY 3: PROMOTE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
This strategy aims to facilitate the operation of public transport modes. The strategy contributes to objectives of improving traffic safety, protected environment and human health, improving economic efficiency.
Key measures
M12 - Public Transport Service Improvement M13 - Public Transport Priority Lanes
M14 - Public Transport Signal Prioritisation M15 - Public Transport Feeder Services M16 - Pricing Mechanism
M17 - Public Transport Authorities Supportive measures
M1 - Facilities for Pedestrians M2 - Pedestrian Zones
M4 - Bicycle-sharing Schemes M5 - Vehicle Registration Control
M6 - Fees, Taxes and Standards for Individual Motorised Vehicles M7 - Road Pricing for Private Car
M8 - Access Control and Traffic Calming M9 - Car Pooling and Car Sharing
M10 - Parking Pricing M11 - Parking Restriction
M18 - Intersectional Traffic Control Systems M19 - Intelligent Transport System
M20 – Intermodal Connection Centres M21 - Park & Ride Systems
M22 - Density Increase in Central City Areas
M23 - Mixed-use Development in Central City Areas
M29 - Sufficient Spaces for Mass Rapid Transit Lines and Stations
M30 - Mixed-use and Compact Development in the Neighbourhoods of Mass Rapid Transit Stations
M31 - New Urban Zones Development M33 - Integrated Transport Authority M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
* STRATEGY 4: PROMOTE INTERMODAL AND MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT The strategy facilitates the connectivity among transport modes and transport system.
Key measures
M18 - Intersectional Traffic Control Systems M19 - Intelligent Transport System
M20 – Intermodal Connection Centres M21 - Park & Ride Systems
Supportive measures
M1 - Facilities for Pedestrians M2 - Pedestrian Zones
M4 - Bicycle-sharing Schemes M10 - Parking pricing
M11- Parking Restriction
M12 - Public Transport Service Improvement M15 - Public transport feeder services
M33 - Integrated Transport Authority M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
* STRATEGY 5: PROMOTE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT IN THE CENTRAL CITY AREAS
The creation of compact central urban areas is a critical element of efforts to arrest urban sprawl and to protect the climate (Ong et al., 2010). The strategy contributes to objectives of improving traffic safety, protected environment and human health, improving economic efficiency.
Key measures
M22 - Density Increase in Central City Areas
M23 - Mixed-use Development in Central City Areas M24 - Layout and Landscape Design in Central City Areas M25 - Urban Growth Boundaries
M26 - Maximum Parking Space Regulations Supportive measures
M1 - Facilities for Pedestrians
M2 - Pedestrian Zones M3 - Bikeway Networks M4 - Bicycle-sharing Schemes M5 - Vehicle registration control
M6 - Fees, Taxes and Standards for Individual Motorised Vehicles M7 - Road Pricing for Private Car
M8 - Access Control and Traffic Calming M9 - Car Pooling and Car Sharing
M10 - Parking Pricing M11 - Parking Restriction
M20 - Intermodal Connection Centres M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
* STRATEGY 6: CONTROL SUBURBAN AREAS Suburban areas are controlled to avoid urban sprawl.
Key measures
M27 - Density Control in Suburban Areas M28 - Land-use Control in Suburban Areas Supportive measures
M5 - Vehicle Registration Control
M6 - Fees, Taxes and Standards for Individual Motorised Vehicles M7 - Road Pricing for Private Car
M12 - Public Transport Service Improvement M15 - Public Transport Feeder Services M20 - Intermodal Connection Centres M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
* STRATEGY 7: PROMOTE TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
Transit-oriented development is defined as “a compact, mixed-use community within a walkable catchment of a transit place, blending housing, shopping, employment and public uses in a pedestrian-friendly environment that makes it convenient and practical for residents and employees to travel by public transport” (Ashton-Graham et al., 2005). Transit-oriented Development is characterised by places offering both land-use and transport variety and choice. The residential or commercial areas are designed to maximise access to public transport. The mixed-use and compact neighbourhoods enhance the use of transit systems.
Key measures
M29 - Sufficient Spaces for Mass Rapid Transit Lines and Stations
M30 - Mixed-use and Compact Development in the Neighbourhoods of Mass Rapid Transit Stations
Supportive measures
M1 - Facilities for Pedestrians M3 - Bikeway Networks M4 - Bicycle-sharing Schemes
M12 - Public Transport Service Improvement M13 - Public Transport Priority Lanes
M14 - Public Transport Signal Prioritisation M15 - Public Transport Feeder Services M16 - Pricing Mechanism
M17 - Public Transport Authorities M20 - Intermodal Connection Centres M21 - Park & Ride Systems
M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
* STRATEGY 8: DEVELOP NEW SUB-CENTRES
The strategy helps to reduce overcrowding in existing central city areas. Therefore, traffic volume in main roads leading to the existing central city areas is also decreased. Sub-centres are connected to the existing central city areas by public transport system, in which, Mass Transit Rapid plays a critical role. Development of activities in sub-centres due to the provision of facilities and services help to reduce average trip distances and mitigate traffic increases. Such development is essential to maintain a compact urban form (Petersen, 2006).
Key measures
M31 - New Urban Zones Development
M32 - Provision of Facilities and Services in Sub-centres Supportive measures
M12 - Public Transport Service Improvement M15 - Public Transport Feeder Services M19 – Intermodal Connection Centres M20 - Park & Ride Systems
M34 - Transport and Urban Authority
M35 - Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns M36 - Enforcing Regulations
M37 - Monitoring and Improvement
Table 5-2: Strategies for integrated transport and urban development
No. Measures Strategies
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
M1 Facilities for Pedestrians
M2 Pedestrian Zones
M3 Bikeway Networks
M4 Bicycle-sharing Schemes
M5 Vehicle Registration Control
M6 Fees, Taxes and Standards for Individual Motorised Vehicles
M7 Road Pricing for Private Car
M8 Access Control and Traffic Calming
M9 Car Pooling and Car Sharing
M10 Parking Pricing
M11 Parking Restriction
M12 Public Transport Service Improvement
M13 Public Transport Priority Lanes
M14 Public Transport Signal Prioritisation
M15 Public Transport Feeder Services
M16 Pricing Mechanism
M17 Public Transport Authorities
M18 Intersection Traffic Control Systems
M19 Intelligent Transport System
M20 Intermodal Connection Centres
M21 Park & Ride Systems
M22 Density Increase in Central City Areas
M23 Mixed-use Development in Central City
Areas
M24 Layout and Landscape Design in Central City Areas
No. Measures Strategies
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
M25 Urban Growth Boundaries
M26 Maximum Parking Space Regulations
M27 Density Control in Suburban Areas
M28 Land-use Control in Suburban Areas
M29 Sufficient Spaces for Mass Rapid Transit Lines and Stations
M30 Mixed-use and Compact Development in the Neighbourhoods of Mass Rapid Transit Stations
M31 New Urban Zones Development
M32 Provision of Facilities and Services in Sub-centres
M33 Integrated Transport Authority
M34 Transport and Urban Authority
M35 Marketing Campaigns and Educational Campaigns
M36 Enforcing Regulations
M37 Monitoring and Improvement
Source: Author’s representation
Note: Key measure
Supportive measure 5.4 Summary
The chapter develops strategies for integrated transport and urban development in Asian development cities. The process of strategy formation based on a model, which ensure that the resulted strategies are agreed with the goals and objectives of integrated development. The model comprises three steps, including (1) Pre-selection of measures; (2) Qualitative assessment of measures; and (3) Bundle of measures.
Measures, which are being implemented in cities to cope with transport and urban issues, are collected. Successfully implemented measures, which are proven through the case studies, are pre-selected as candidate measures. The candidate measures, which potentially contribute to form strategies for integrated transport and urban development, are assessed to clarify their effectiveness and applicability. The multi-criteria assessment is conducted by expert consultation with the purposes of confirming as well as getting the priorities of measures.
Finally, the strategies for integrated transport and urban development in Asian developing cities are formed by bundling measures.