12.4 Response to Pions
12.4.3 Radial Hit Time Dependency
133 135 136
134 130 129
132 131
T0 144
142 141
143 140 139
138 137
T0
Figure 12.17: Complete map of the one layer prototype. In black, disabled channels due to noise or unclear behavior of memory cells. In red the two trigger channels (35 on chip 129 and 137). The colored rings indicate the bin used for simulation and data in figure 12.18
The topological distribution ofTHitis investigated in this section. Figure 12.17 shows the mapping of the detector and the dead channels also used in simulations. The circles show the radial bins used. The pion beam in simulations has been randomly distributed over the center with a Gaussian function withσ= 13 mm. Figure 12.18 on the left (50 GeV) and right (180 GeV) show the comparison of the two physics lists with data. To determine the mean, a window of -10 ns to 600 ns for each radial bin is used. At 50 GeV in figure 12.18 on the left, a
Radius [mm]
0 100 200 300 400
[ns]First hit over thresholdMean T
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Data 50 GeV QGSP_BERT 50 GeV QGSP_BERT_HP 50 GeV
Radius [mm]
0 100 200 300 400
[ns]First hit over thresholdMean T
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
QGSP_BERT 180 GeV QGSP_BERT_HP 180 GeV Data 180 GeV
Figure 12.18: Radius dependency for the time of hit of the first hit over thresholdTF HoT. Left: Data and Simulation comparison for 50 GeV pions.
Right: Data and Simulation comparison for 180 GeV pions
the radius for each bin is according to figure 12.17. −10 ns< THit<500 ns have been considered at the mean calculated.
conclusion cannot be drawn due to the low statistics of the data in the outer radius bin (100
126 12. Hit time measurement in a Hadron Test Beam
- 10 events over 200 mm). For 180 GeV, as seen in figure 12.18 on the right the difference between QGSP BERT and QGSP BERT HP becomes larger with increasing radius and the data clearly favors QGSP BERT HP.
Chapter 13
Conclusion
This work concerns the commissioning and calibration of an analogue hadronic calorimeter based on the concept of particle flow detection. This requires excellent spatial resolution to separate single particles in a jet from their energy deposition in the calorimeter. Such resolution is obtained by segmenting the active layers of a sampling calorimeters in single sensing units with a volume of 3×3×0.3 cm3. Additionally, this novel prototype includes unprecedented time resolution on the single hit level. The first part of this thesis presents the optimization of the single calorimeter cell. The plastic scintillator tile, its coating with various materials and the coupling to the photo-detector (SiPM) is studied. This leads to an optimized design for the calorimeter cell as discussed in sections 7.2 and 7.3. The Scintillating tile is wrapped with 3M ESR foil. A Ketek PM1125 SMD SiPM is coupled with an adapter to the side of the tile. With this design 1200 calorimeter cells have been produced and characterized through this work. The main figure of merit for the single cell characterization is the amount of light detected for a single MIP traversing the plastic scintillator perpendicular to its larger side (tile response measurement, section 7.1.2). To perform this calibration, a mass testing setup, utilizing90Sr as MIP like source and UV/blue LED light to obtain the single photon response of the SiPM, has been developed. The calibration of 1200 cells was performed and the response was investigated as function of temperature and voltage. The optimal working point of the single cells in the AHCAL detector is constricted by the requirements of the Spiroc2b readout ASIC with respect to minimum signal strength of the SiPM. The optimization has been done single cell wise with different operating modes of the chip in mind. In Chapter 10, a spread of 8 % on the response was found when operating the SiPM at the optimal working point. As outlook of the single cell characterization studies possible improvements for future measurements have been identified:
• A higher energetic source with an narrower energy spectrum than the90Sr would provide signals closer to the MIP range with easier external trigger setup.
• The noise over threshold measurement could have also been conducted with greater
128 13. Conclusion
precision with the usage of a programmable threshold discriminator and digital counter instead of statistic approximation.
• Despite the good homogeneity of the tile with this SiPM option, the future generations of the detector will have SMD components mounted directly on the HBU during assembly of the board.
• The Eljen scintillator will likely be replaced with one of less response and unit costs.
• The optimization of the working point to achieve minimum response spread requires individual tuning of the SiPM voltage. This operation is performed by an adjustable voltage regulator inside the SiPM readout chip (Spiroc2b). The restrictions on the oper-ating mode are mainly imposed by the Spiroc2b readout chip, especially the uncertainty on the set voltage when using the internal voltage setting.
In Chapter 8 the precision of the voltage setting in the Spiroc2b chip is extensively discussed.
The achieved precision ranges from 15 mV to 37 mV, depending on the setting of the inter-nal voltage adjustment register. An alternative to single channel adjustment is to apply an overall common voltage to the SiPM, thereby bypassing the internal chip adjustment. Future generations of the readout chip will provide better voltage precision and stability. The con-tinued development in SiPM production and the consequent high homogeneity of the SiPMs produced will make individual SiPM voltage adjustment unnecessary. After the single cell characterization, four calorimeter layers were assembled and commissioned at the DESY-II electron test beam. The results of the response calibration with MIP like particles of the single cells obtained in the laboratory setup were compared to those from test beam and they resulted in good agreement (with a correlation of 4 %, as discussed in Chapter 9).
The second part of this thesis, starting with Chapter 11, focuses on the time resolution capabilities of the Spiroc2b readout chip to measure the hit time of a signal. The novel calibration procedure was developed using instantaneously generated electron showers as time reference through the calorimeter cells, and taking into account all known features of the readout chip. The obtained procedure is presented (see equation 11.1) and has been validated for the first time with the data collected in this thesis. A time resolution of 6.7 ns could be achieved, which is slightly worse than the 1 ns - 2 ns resolution expected from the chip design.
Due to the scintillating fiber in the tiles the photon distribution is smeared in time as well as remaining uncertainties in the chip features worsen the resolution.
Finally, the calibrated prototype calorimeter was exposed to hadronic showers of 50 GeV and 180 GeV pions at the CERN SPS test beam. The results provide insights in to the time structure of hadronic showers and are compared to Geant4 simulations with different physics list. Additionally, muon data has been collected to validate the energy and time calibration procedure developed with electron data. The time calibration with muons agrees
129
well with the prediction of the simulations including rare production of late showers due to delta electrons. A time resolution of 6 ns is achieved. Pion showers have been analyzed after energy and time calibration. The time resolution and energy measurement precision are high enough to discriminate between the QGSP BERT and the QGSP BERT HP physics lists that have been used to conduct the simulations (see also Chapter 12.2). The QGSP BERT HP package is favored by the data with 180 GeV pions, see Figure 12.14. With 50 GeV pions the prompt part of the shower is stopped earlier in the detector and proportionally more late events produced by slow neutrons occur, see Figure 12.10. This data clearly favors the QGSP BERT HP package. The limitations of the detector due to many disabled noisy channels, have a large impact on the investigation of the radial dependency of the shower.
In the 50 GeV pions measurement the comparison is not conclusive due to low statistics. For 180 GeV pions the showers show a wider extend, see Figure 12.18. Here the data clearly favors the QGSP BERT HP model. Qualitatively, the data are in agreement with the results obtained with a dedicated experiment to measure the time structure of hadronic showers, the T3b experiment [31], which had only a one dimensional coverage of the radial shower extension. Currently, a full 1m3 AHCAL prototype with high time and spatial resolution is being commissioned which will allow full 3D coverage of the hadronic showers. It will extend the work presented in this thesis and provide valuable insight into the topological time structure of hadronic showers for comparison and improvement of simulation models.
130 13. Conclusion
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