1 Abernathy, C.O., Utili, R., Zimmerman, H.J.: Immaturity of the biliary excretory system predisposes neonates to intrahepatic cholestasis. Med. Hypotheses 5 (1979) 641-648
2 Alverdy J.C., Aoys F., Moss, G.S.: Total parenteral nutrition promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surg.
104 (1998) 185-190
3 Baltes-Götz, B.: Statistische Datenanalyse mit SPSS 10 für Windows, Kap. Grafische Datenanalyse, 121-133, Universitäts-Rechenzentrum Trier (Hrsg.), Druckerei der Universität Trier, 2001; URT
4 Bell, RL et al.: Total parenteral nutrition-related cholestasis in infants. JPEN 10 (1986) 356-359
5 Benjamin, D.R.: Hepatobiliary dysfunction in infants and children associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition.
A clinico-pathologic study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 76 (1981) 276-283
6 Berger, H.M., Den-Ouden, A.L., Calame, J.J.: Pathogenesis of liver damage during parenteral nutrition: is lipofuscin a clue? Arch. Dis. Child. 60 (8) (1985) 774-776
7 Bhatia, J., Rassin, D.K., McAdoo, D.J.: Photosensitized oxydation of tryptophan: effect on liver and brain tryptophan.
JPEN 15 (1991) 637-641
8 Bhatia, J., Treinen, M., Haque, A.K. et al.: Total parenteral nutrition associated alterations in hepatobiliary function and histology in rats: is light exposure a clue.
9 Black, D.D., Suttle; E.A., Whittington, P.F. et al.: The effect of short-term total parenteral nutrition on hepatic function in the human neonate: a prospective randomized study demonstrating alteration of hepatic canalicular function. J.
Pediatr. 99 (1981) 445-449
10 Blitzer, B.L., Ratoosh, S.L., Donovan, C.B.: Amino acid inhibition of bile acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes:
relationship to dissipation of transmembrane Na+ gradient. Am J. Physiol. 245 (1983) G399-G403
11 Bojanowski, M., Lükermann, R, Schulz-Falten, J. et.al.:
Prog. Lipid Res.Vol. 30, No. 2/3 (1991) 295-300
12 Braxton, C.C., Coyle, S.M., Montegut, W.J. et al.:
Parenteral nutrition alters monocyte TNF reseptor activity. J.
Surg. Res. 59 (1995) 23-28
13 Brouwer A., Parker, S.G., Hendriks, H.F.J. et al.:
Production of eicosanoids and cytokines by Kupffer cells from young and old rats stimulated by endotoxin. Clin. Sci. 88 (1995) 211-217
14 Bühl, A., Zöfel, P.: SPSS Version 10, Einführung in die moderne Datenanalyse unter Windows, 7. Auflage, Kap.
Nichtparametrische Tests, 291-316, Addison Wesley Verlag, München 2000
15 Bucuvalas, J.C., Goodrich, A.L., Blitzer, B.L. et al.:
Amino acids are potent inhibitors of bile acid uptake by liver plasma membrane vesicles isolated from sucking rats. Pediatr.
Res. 19 (1985) 1298-1304
16 Chen, K., Okuma, T., Okamura, K. et al.: Glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves gut mucosa integrity and function in endotoxemic rats. JPEN 18 (1994) 167-171
17 CART 4.0. Salford Systems. http://www.salford-systems.com/
. Copyright 2003-2004
18 Cooper, A., Betts, J.M., Pereira,et al: Taurine deficiency in the severe hepatic dysfunction complicating total parenteral nutrition. J. Pediatr. Surg. 19 (1984) 462-466
19 Drongowski, R.A., Coran, A.G.: An analysis of factors contributing to the development of total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis. JPEN 13 (1989) 586-589
20 Donoso, M.L.N., Valenzuela, A., Silva, E.: Tryptophan-riboflavin photo-induced adduct and hepatic dysfunction in rats. Nutr. Rep. Int. 37 (1988) 599-606
21 Düwel, J., Neubauer, A.-P., Kattner, E.: Gallensteine und Cholestase bei Frühgeborenen unter 1000 g Geburtsgewicht.
Vortrag am 47. Jahrestag der Norddeutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin. Hannover 1998
22 Elsner, F.: Statistische Datenanalyse mit SPSS für Windows.
Rechenzentrum der Universität Osnabrück. URL:
http://www.rz.uni-osnabrueck.de/Zum_Nachlesen/Skripte_
Tutorials /SPSS_Fuer_Windows/pdf/spss.pdf Stand 10.03.2003
23 Freund, H.R., Rimon, B.: Sepsis during total parenteral nutrition. JPEN 14 (1990) 39-41
24 Fong, Y.M., Marano, M.A., Barber, A. et al.: Total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic
response to endotoxin in humans. Ann. Surg. 210 (1989) 449-456
25 Georgeson, G.D., Szony, B.J., Streitman, K. et al.:
Antioxydant enzyme activities are decreased in preterm infants ans in neonates born via caesarean section. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. Jul 10 (2002) 136-139
26 Gerok, W., Blum H.E., Hepatologie, Kap. Cholestase (Buscher, H.-P), 246-268, Urban & Schwarzenberg, München 1995
27 Gleghorn, E.E., Merrit, R. J., Subramanian, N. et al.:
Phenobarbital does not prevent total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in noninfected neonates. JPEN 10 (1986) 282-283
28 Gonella, P.A., Helton, W.S., Robinson, M. et al.: O-side chain of Escherichia coli endotoxin 0111: B4 is transposed across the intestinal epithelium in the rat: evidence for increased transport during total parenteral nutrition. Eur. J.
Cell. Biol. 59 (1992) 224-227
29 Graham, M.F., Tavill, A.S., Halpin, T.C. et al.: Inhibition of the bile flow in the isolated perfused rat liver by a synthetic parenteral amino acid mixture: associated net amino acid fluxes. Hepatology 4 (1984) 69-73
30 Grinko, I., Geerts, A., Wisse, E.: Experimental biliary fibrosis correlates with increased numbers of fat-storing and Kupffer cells, and portal endotoxinemia. J. Hepatol. 23 (1995) 449-458
31 Jones, A., Selby, P.H., Viner, C. et al.: Tumor necrosis factor, cholestatic jaundice, and chronic liver disease. Gut 31 (1990) 938-939
32 Hecker, H.: RECPAM Recursive Partition and Amalgamation.
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Biometrie URL:
http://www.mh-hannover.de/fileadmin/institute/biometrie/Scripte/ausgew/recdo c.pdf Stand: 31.01.2005
33 Heubi, J. E., Balistreri, W. F., Sushy, F. J: Bile salt metabolism in the first year of life, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 100 (1) (1982), 127-136
34 Howard, D., Thompson, D.F.: Taurine: an essential amino acid to prevent cholestasis in neonates? Ann. Pharmacother. 26 (11) (1992) 1390-1392
35 Klein, G.L., Berquist, W.E., Ament, M.E. et al.: Hepatic aluminium accumulation in children on total parenteral nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 3 (1984) 740-743
36 Klein, G.L., Sedman, A.B., Heyman, M.B. et al.: Hepatic abnormalities associated with aluminium loading in piglets.
JPEN 11 (1987) 293-297
37 Krawinkel, M. B.: Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis – what do we know, what can we do?, Eur. J.
Pediatr. Surg., 14 (2004), 230-234
38 Kubota, A., Okada, A., Imura, K. et al.: The effect of metronidazole on TPN-associated liver dysfunction in neonates.
J. Pediatr. Surg. 25 (1990) 618-621
39 Lambert, J.R., Thomas, S.M.: Metronidazole prevention of serum liver enzyme abnormalities during total parenteral nutrition. JPEN 9 (1985) 501-503
40 Leitlinien der GNPI, Diagnostik und Therapie des symtomatischen Ductus arteriosus Botalli des Frühgeborenen, URL: http://leitlinien.net/, Stand: 22.09.2003
41 Levine, A., Maayan, A., Shamir, R. Et al: Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in preterm neonates:
Evaluation of ursodoxycholic acid treatment. J. Ped. Endocr.
Metabol. 12 (1999) 549-553
42 Manginello, F.P., Lavitt, N.B.: Parenteral nutrition and neonatal cholestasis. J. Pediatr. 97 (1979) 294-298
43 Mashako, M.N.L., Bernard, C., Cezard, J.P. et al.: Effect of total parenteral nutrition, constant rate enteral nutrition, and discontinuous oral feeding on plasma cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in children. JPGN 5 (1986) 9-22
44 Mashige, F., Tanaka, N., Maki, A. et al.: Direct spectrophotometry of total bile acids in serum. Clin. Chem. 27 (1981) 1352
45 McAndrew, H.F., Lloyd, D.A., Rintala, R. et al.:
Intravenous glutamine or short-chain fatty acids reduce central venous catheter infection in a model of total parenteral nutrition. J. Pediatr. Surg. 34 (1999) 281-285
46 McBride Emerick, K., Whitington, P. F.: Neonatal liver disease, Ped. Annals 35:4, April (2006), 281-286
47 McKiernan, P. J.: Neonatal cholestasis, Semin. Neonatol., 7 (2002), 153-165
48 Ment, L.R., Oh, W., Ehrenkranz, A. et al.: Low-dose
indometacin and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage: a multicenter randomized trial. J Pediatr. 93 (1994) 543-550
49 Merritt, R.J. Sinatra, F.R., Henton, D.H. et al.:
Cholestatic effect of intraperitoneal administration of tryptophan to suckling rat pups. Pediatr. Res. 18 (1984) 904-907
50 Moss, R.L., Das, J.B., Raffensperger, J.G.: Total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: Clinical and histopathologic correlation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 28 (1993) 1270-1274
51 Nationales Referenzzentrum für Krankenhaushygiene (NRZ).
Hrsg. Definitionen nosokomialer Infektionen. Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin 1997
52 Obladen, M. et al.: Neugeborenenintensivpflege, 6. Auflage, Kap. Frühgeborenenretinopathie, 110-112, Springer Verlag, Berlin 2002
53 Olge, C.K., Zuo, L., Mao, J. et al.: Differential expression of intestinal and splenic cytokines after parenteral nutrition. Arch. Surg. 130 (1995) 1301-1308
54 Owings, E., Georgeson, K.: Management of cholestasis in infants with very low birth weight. Semin. In Pediatr. Surgery Vol 9 No 2 (May) (2000) 96-102
55 Pappo, I., Bercovier, H., Berry, E. et al.: Antitumor necrosis factor antibodies reduce hepatic steatosis during total parenteral nurtition and bowel rest in the rat. JPEN 19 (1995) 80-82
56 Pereira, G.R., Sherman, M.S., DiGiacomc, J. et al:
Hyperalimentationinduced cholestasis. Am J Dis Child 135 (1981) 842-845
57 Piccoli, D.A., Treem, W.R., Watkins, J.B.: Amino acid (AA) induced reduction of the bile flow is independent of taurocholate (TC) transport. Pediatr. Res. 19 (1985) 229
58 Polkowska, G., Polkowski, W., Kudlicka, A. et al.: Range of serum bile acid conentrations in neonates, infants, older
children, and in adults. Med Sci Monit, 7 (Suppl. 1) (2001) 268-270
59 Preisig, R., Rennert, O.: Biliary transport and cholestatic effects of amino acids. Gastroenterology 73 (1977) 1240
60 Reynolds, A.P., Kiely, E., Meadows, N.: Manganese in long-term paediatric parenteral nutrition. Pediatrics (1979) 110-115
61 Rigo, J., Sentrerre, J.: Is taurine essential for neonates?
Biol. Neonate 32 (1977) 73-76
62 Rooney, J.C., Hill, D.J., Danks, D.M.: Jaundice associated with bacterial infection in the neuwborn. Am. J. Dis. Child.
122 (1971) 39-42
63 Shu, Z., Li, J., Zhou, Z. et al.: Hystopathologic study of cholestasis induced by total parenteral nutrition or intraperitoneal sepsis in rats. JPEN 15 (1991) 630-636
64 Scheid, A.: Quantitative Bestimmung von freien und konjugierten Gallensäuren im Serum von gesunden Erwachsenen und Neugeborenen mittels Dünnschichtchromatographie mit „in-situ“-Fluorimetrie, Dissertation aus dem Arbeitsbereich Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie im Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Humangenetik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 1983
65 Schwenk, R.A., Bauer, K., Versmold, H.: Cholestase bei parenteraler Ernährung Früh- und Neugeborener. Klin. Pädiatr.
(1998) 381 -389
66 Spaeth, G, Berg, R.D., Specian, R.D. et al.: Food without fiber promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surg. 108 (1990a) 240-247
67 Spaeth, G., Berg, R.D., Specian, R.D. et al.: Bulk prevents bacterial translocation induced by the oral administration of total parenteral nutrition solution. JPEN 14 (1990b) 442-447
68 Spencer, A. U., Yu, S., Tracy, T. F. et al.: Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: multivariate analysis of the potential protektive effect of taurine. JPEN 5 (2005) 337-343
69 Spurr, S.G., Grylack, L.J., Mehta, N.R.: Hyperalimentation-associated neonatal-cholestasis: effect of oral gentamycin.
JPEN 13 (6) (1989) 633-636
70 Sushy, F. J, Balistreri, W. F., Heubi, J. E. et al.:
Physiologic cholestasis: elevation of the primary serum bile acid concentration in normal infants, Gastroenterol. 80 (1981), 1037-1041
71 Touloukian, R.J., Sheashore, J.H.: Hepatic sekretory obstruction with total parenteral nutrition in the infant. J.
Pediatr. Surg. 10 (1975) 353-360
72 Utili, R., Abernathy, C.O., Zimmerman, H.J.: Cholestatic effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the isolated perfused rat liver. Gastroenterology 70 (1976) 248-253
73 Utili, R., Abernathy, C.O., Zimmerman, H.J.: Endotoxin effects on the liver. Life Sci. 20 (1977) 553-568
74 Vromen, A., Spira, R.M., Bercovier, H. et al.:
Pentoxifylline and Thalidomide fail to reduce hepatic steatosis during total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest in the rat. JPEN 19 (1997) 233-234
75 Watkins, J. B., Szczepanik, P., Gould, J. B. et al.: Bile salt metabolism in the human premature infant. Gastroenerology 69 (1975) 706-713
76 Wisemann, M.: SPSS spezial topics: Einige Grundbegriffe der Statistik. Leibniz-Rechenzentrum der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften:
URL:
http://www.lrzmuenchen.de/services/schulung/unterlagen/grundbe griffe/
Stand: 29.05.2001
77 Wolf, A., Pohlandt, F.: Bacterial infection: The main cause of acute cholestasis in newborn infants receiving short-term parenteral nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 8 (1989) 297-303
78 Yohannes, Y., Hoddinott, J.: Classification and Regression Trees: An Introduction, Kap. Further Applications, Strengths, and Weaknesses of CART, 6-9, International Food Policy
Research Institute, Washington D.C., 1999
79 Yohannes, Y., Webb, P.: Classification and Regression Trees, CARTTM A user manual for identifying indicators of vulnerability to famine and chronic food insecurity, Kap.
Regression Trees: An Overview, 21-29, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C., 1999
80 Zahavi, I., Schaffer, E.A., Gall, D.G.: Total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: acute studies in infant and adult rabbits. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 4 (1985) 622-627
81 Zaman, N., Tam, Y.K., Jewell, L.D. et al.: Effects of light-exposed parenteral nutrition in hepatic function and lidocaine metabolism: a study using isolated rat liver perfusion. Pediatr. Res. 40 (1996) 280-287