Brazil 14–32 2.3–5.4 15.4–36 31–72
Chile 0.44–1.0 0.1–0.2 0.5–1.1 1–2
Colombia 1.9–4.3 0.3–0.7 2.1–4.8 4–10
Mexico 1.8–4.2 0.3–0.7 2.0–4.7 4–9
Total 18.14–41.5 3.0–7.0 20.0–46.6 40–93
Table 3.5
Peak load reduction (gigawatts) in 2030 from a 30 per cent efficiency improvement and a transition to refrigerants with low global warming potential, selected countries of Latin America and the Caribbean
* Note: results for the policies enacted in parallel are better than the simple addition of the effects of the policies in isolation simply because the effects are multiplicative and not additive.
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
TM5-FASST
Million tonnesMillion tonnesMillion tonnes
0 0 0
0.5 0.5 0.5
1 1 1
1.5 1.5 1.5
2 2 2
2.5 2.5 2.5
SLCP Mitigation vs. reference Climate vs. reference SLCP mitigation + climate vs. reference
GEOS-CHEM GISS 2030
146 147
UN environment / CCAC onment / CCAC
the generation of electricity, which, depending on the application, generation mix and fuel type, could account for 70–95 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions attributable to products using refrigerants. Reductions in emissions from fuel have substantial benefits for air quality, human health and fuel security, as well as agricul-tural yields and ecosystem integrity from less damage by O3 and other toxic air pollutants.
Furthermore, growth in the use of refrigeration and air-conditioning products could account for 40–60 per cent of peak summer energy load in cities with hot climates, and are the largest contributor to peak load from household appliances. The growth of room air conditioning, particularly in major emerging econo-mies, is increasing pressure on the capacity of power grids, with far-reaching economic and environmental consequences. A transition to super-efficient room air conditioning would reduce energy demand, lower operating costs for businesses and households, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution associated with electricity generation.
The phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons under the Montreal Protocol catalysed substantial improvements in air-conditioning and refrigerant energy efficiency as the result of replacing old products and equipment with a new generation of higher-efficiency machines, and comparable energy efficiency improvements are documented for projects demonstrating alternatives to high-GWP HFCs (Carvalho et al., 2014). For example, recent demonstration projects for utilizing low-GWP alternatives to HFCs presented by the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC) calculated energy savings of 15–30 per cent and carbon footprint reductions of up to 60–85 per cent for refrigeration in commercial food stores (UNEP/CCAC, 2014). As compared to HFC-410A, HFC-32 can improve energy efficiency by 5–10 per cent depending on the model (Daikin, 2016). In addition, companies including Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have reported an almost 50 per cent energy saving by using low-GWP retail refrigerated beverage display cases. Tesco and Unilever have reported approximately 10 per cent energy savings for refrigerated and frozen food cabinets using natural refrigerants compared to high-GWP units.
The achievable energy savings from the replacement of high-GWP HFCs with low-GWP alternatives, paired with technical improvements in the equipment that utilize them, has the potential, in some sectors, to as much as double the climate benefit of either action alone. A study by the US Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory estimated that a ~30 per cent improvement in the technical energy efficiency of mini-split room air conditioning in parallel with a transition to low-GWP refrigerants has the potential to significantly reduce peak-load energy demand and in four countries in Latin America and the Caribbean has the potential to avoid
energy use up to the equivalent of 93 medium-size power plants (Shah et al., 2015).
Another benefit of tackling HFC emissions is the protection of the stratospheric O3 layer. While HFCs were originally chosen as replacements for O3-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol, recent studies by NASA have determined that HFCs still have a small O3 -de-pleting potential. Thus reducing HFC emissions would avoid the resulting O3 depletion (Hurwitz et al., 2015).
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