A number of mitigation measures for BC, CH4, and HFCs have been successfully implemented in parts of the region (Tables 4.1–4.3). In addition to the list in Tables 4.1–4.3, there are other sectors and policy options, described in a forthcoming technical report, that have large mitigation potential for SLCP emissions; however, more resources are needed for their implementation.
Their application, however, would greatly accelerate the national planning process for SLCPs in Latin America and the Caribbean.
In conclusion, despite some remaining uncertainties about SCLPs, especially BC, that require further research, currently available scientific and technical information has provided a strong foundation for making mitigation decisions and implementing the identified measures through appropriate public-private partnerships, financial incentives, dedicated research funds and legal frame-works to achieve lasting benefits for public health, the environment and climate.
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Transport sector
BC-1
Promote and implement improved vehicle technology:
• facilitate the introduction of ultra-low-sulphur (ULS) fuel and advanced emission-control technologies;
• catalyse deployment of low- or zero-emission vehicles;
• retrofit particle filters for appropriate diesel engines (requires ULS fuel);
• replace old diesel buses and trucks with cleaner, more efficient models.
BC-2
Enforce stricter environmental regulations on emissions and efficiency such as low-emission and fuel-economy standards:• strengthen inspection and maintenance programmes;
• accelerate the scrapping of old vehicles.
BC-3
Implement more efficient mobility in the cities:• promote high-capacity public transport, such as BRT, and non-motorized transport;
• develop integrated land-use and transport policies, travel demand and freight management.
BC-4
Promote clean transport programmes (eco-driving training programmes to reduce fuel consumption and operating costs).Residential cooking
BC-5
Substitute traditional cookstoves (open fire) with improved wood-burning cookstoves and modern fuels such as LPG.BC-6
Develop social and environmental policies and national programmes to incentivize and support the substitution of traditional cookstoves with improved cookstoves.Brick production
BC-7
• Promote cleaner production in the brick sector by, for example, switching to cleaner fuels.• Improve fuel efficiency in traditional brick kilns and move gradually to introduce modern brick kilns.
• Identify and incentivize alternative construction materials.
Oil and gas sector
BC-8
Extended recovery and utilization, rather than flaring, of associated gas and improved control of unintended and fugitive emissions from the production of oil and natural gas.Agricultural open burning
BC-9
Adoption of no-till technologies and other conservation agriculture.BC-10
Encourage mechanization of sugar-cane harvesting.BC-11
Ban or restrict open burning of crop residues and agricultural waste.Wildfires
BC-12
Reinforce national programmes for protection against forest fires.Table 4.1
Identified measures for reducing black carbon emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean
Table 4.2
Identified measures for reducing methane emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean Livestock
MT-1
Implement integrated livestock manure management:
• utilize on-farm biodigesters to harness CH4 for use as an electricity source, slurry irrigation, and composting;
• apply manure to fields as fertilizer for improving the nutrient cycle.
MT-2
Improve dietary and grazing management of cattle:• use tanniferous and saponiferous plants, as well as plant oils, to reduce CH4 production in the rumen.
Municipal solid waste
MT-3
Reinforce and promote programmes for the separation of urban solid waste to increase the number of 3R programmes (reduce, reuse and recycle).MT-4
Promote CH4 recovery at landfill sites and use it for power generation.Municipal wastewater treatment
MT-5
Improve management of existing wastewater treatment facilities to ensure proper operation, energy efficiency and maintenance.
Consider as an option the installation of sewage treatment processes consisting of modern anaerobic reactors followed by aerobic or natural systems, particularly in warm regions.
MT-6
Upgrade primary wastewater treatment to secondary and tertiary treatment with gas recovery and overflow control:
• in conventional activated sludge processes (medium and large), install anaerobic sludge digesters to process wastewater biosolids and produce biogas for on-site use (in place of using conventional fuel to generate electricity);
• install biogas capture systems at existing open-air anaerobic ponds;
• install efficient flares and degassing devices at the effluent discharge of anaerobic municipal reactors (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket).
Coal mining
MT-7
Extend pre-mine degasification and recovery and oxidation of CH4 from ventilation air from coal mines.Oil and gas sector
MT-8
Extend recovery and utilization, rather than venting and flaring, of associated gas and improve control of fugitive emissions from oil and gas production.MT-9
Apply Reduced Emission Completions (RECs) or “Green Completions” after hydraulic fracturing stimulation and workovers. RECs help to reduce emissions of CH4, volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants during well clean-up and can eliminate or significantly reduce the need for flaring.MT-10
Leak monitoring and repair:• reduce CH4 emissions by utilizing control technologies, for example, low-bleed or no-low-bleed pneumatic controllers and dry-seal systems.
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HF-1
Ratify and comply with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down HFCs.HF-2
Control, regulate, and monitor imports, use and emissions of HFC products and equipment.HF-3
Technology conversion of manufacturing lines to lower-GWP and energy-efficient alternatives; if feasible, the safe retrofit and/or replacement of existing products and equipment containing high-GWP HFCs.HF-4
Control imports of products containing high-GWP HFCs, unless essential.HF-5
Introduction of standards and training of service technicians.HF-6
Introduction of good practices in refrigerant management as well as end-of-life management.HF-7
Incentivize simultaneous improvements in appliance energy efficiency and low-GWP refrigerant alternatives.Table 4.3
Identified measures for reducing hydrofluorocarbon emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean
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