• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

fluessige Probe bei φ=31%

P[δ x ] P[δ y ] P[δ z ]

0 2000 4000

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

P(u i ) a.u.

u i [µm]

kristallin, φ=31%

u x u y u z

=0=B@ &CFE EHh fU ![QTJkP\R`QZPRQTJMj]U!S_[ W_QZ QZZ U!L$US_[QTS j]J]SQTS2X7JMj]W2J]\RP

J]P

'#U_Z \aQTJMS_QZ #VU!\\J][QTSƒZeQ J]P + Wf9Z[QT\RPRQTj]jkP



IpJkQ QZPRQTJ]jMU!S_[QTS

\J]SW[fU`QZPRQTJ]j]Psg 0J]S!JkQTSH2J]P4 JkP[fU\L$N_QTS QZPRQTJ]j]U!S!['mŽU!S!WJ]S fjMjkQW_ZQTJ

J]L$NPUS_[QTS

[jkQTJ]L$Nwe!ZQTJkP

 ZQTL$NPRQTSX7JMj]W\OJ]S!W WJkQ QZOZ U!LAU!S_[QTS&J]SQTJ]S_Q BLL/l ŽZOJ]\Pfj]j JkP + ^TU

\RQTN_QTS



KU!LONdN!JkQZi\OJ]S!W\J]Q [fU`QZPRQTJ]j]PW!J]Q

QZPRQTJ]j]US_[W_QZ

QZZ U!L$U!S![QTSdJ]S 9l

JMLON'PU!S_[

J]\RPRQTWALONseZQTJkPRQZ|fj]\.WJkQ J]S !lŠe!^b



'l

J]L$NPU!S![



2$ ]f354+) @ I:Z 60Mq 0GZ_B4%P8 34U34 ND

XRU 34|o.34, ]A B34¢å' 3434=G/0

60=-G

5$=U= rED o234ED,60 HS@

;_H! ?9"$# <7 L • D $

H*?> @ 7 L

BA G %

ZB'& ` %

")(

E "

* @ 7+*

HJ@4* L

F`G 3434 F;PJ `&$ ;WH,

E

"# <7 L !<(Z!1U7474

E

"

!#OD

!14

F H R+ ` . P!#!1[]H ]34?+34 N0GŽo.OD8

34m80=4ƒr -G 34 9$34n0 60A- 4.!1

E "

34dH .+34 N0Go234d)34U08 o.0 9dHS>4

-%10 M%""#'%4 $%10.-%10 00/,'%4#%1'

) 25 60J 83( Q!#+U v 34 60JUGD

B34 u)34 J@4^]O # do. 61H48# 2F- /i8G7Vo.34B9XD

/0 Œ= +':G83($'U v

60, 7C k 5. /0WZ

!#!7>4G;P vT$ 783( +5GHN 3434#n-Gl8G2Z

H 34=5MG0 !#R CC52 9 !#!J74

Chn 5V nG83($ UGv

/>4jChL t8 5*D

;` m #/0 X !#34U 34OA

!) 4G n =9Z34n 9*DX34E! T $f] 4 /07 * $=DF=B4&MD

N34U0=4*F - [ 62;=mJ@48_H 8 597! !#34

:+

•

J)$ 4:- 604 8F<U ƒr ]$C9 !, 64 F H0G> +D

0` 34 j+7U A A34gS:$0=U0AH!) 0 T$M34g

4R0 l8G3434534U0 0 C8 0Q G83($

0 34UN

H ,-&B-!, B/0 * L 4

=! BU 347YD 34DHS-GH 5. /0 d l8 0G= H=ED

JJ 0 7G .77tA8 35 N RNR 7XNgGJ 52 XD

QX !J60-28 & /XOG* = !J !) 64 SBH8 &

U v

0/0 -A 4F 8A:$0 - -

QJ4

o.3434!1 U J 34J /0F 3($ 8

60

# M8 AG/

KJ 0] 4 1! !) 0

D 0] 4K4MFN;P RNR5 <

poMR`! !) 0 a>8Av +5 28 & />$5 `34U_! #+34d

!1 Aå'&4N:Z!#` `X 0G34* 0# 83(

GD

0K<9*DX34U0g34U

l8 7h8 6]O!Q834 -/nW+

dDHS d;= 34 R$Z04

5" /$%10jh"?"5 '%1' ' .%#%"5%"(''$#%10 5"5% 4#%'$%10 %"5,.%1'

=0=B@ CFEFEBH

QTLON'PRQT\ƒX†J]j]WH 9IilcALONS!JkPRPReJ]jMW\RQTS'ZQTL$NP ^TU!Z

J]LON'PU!S_[ŽW_QT\ 9l'\



IpJkQ

SPRQTS!\OJkPXf9PRQTSW!QZ ŠU!SPRQ fUaW_QZQTJ]S_[Q^QTJ]L$N!S_QPRQTS JMS!JkQ2QZ[QeQTSQTJ]S_Q S'PRQTS!\JkPXf9P\R`QZOPRQTJl

j]U!S![J]SQTJ]S_Q fLON!\RPRQ+l KfLON'ef9ZRl

J]LON'PU!S_[W_QT\9 f9ZAJkQZPRQTS 0QTJ]j]LON!QTS!\



iU!\†W_QZ.X7QZQTL$N!S'US_[

W_QZ(S'PRQTS!\J]PXf9P\R`QZPRQTJ]j]US_[QTS fj]j]QZ 0QTJ]j]LON!QTS J]Sfj]jkQ 8 fL$N!\RPRQ+lKfLON'ef9ZRl

J]LON'PU!S_[QTS j f\\RP

\J]L$NWJkQ JkPRPj]QZQ SPRQTS\JkPXf9P\R`QZPRQTJMj]U!S_[DJ]S fLON!\PRQ+lifL$Nef9Zl

J]L$NPU!S![?eQT\RPJ! 2QTS W!JkQ

U_ZŽQTJ]S_QVQT\\U!S_[J j]J]SQTS–X†J]j]WD[Q^QTJk[P JM\RP



X7QTJ?W_QZ_eQZQTSP U_ZO`Q2b|U_ZOW_QweQTJ W_QZ X7Q+l

ZQTL$N!S'US_[`S U!SZZOJ][JkQZPRQTSX†J]j]W_QZ$SfU!\R[Q[fS_[QTS W!JkQ J]S!J! fj]Q( S'PRQTS!\JkPXf9PQTSP\&ZOJ]LON'P

W_QZwhiJ]S'PRQZ[ZOUS!W!J]S'PRQTS!\JkP f9PŽW_QZwX†J]j]W_QZ



X7QTJ7W_QZUSPRQZQTS U_Z`Qb|U_ZOW_Q2`S JkPX7JMj]W_`QZRl

f9ZeQTJkPU!S![\\LON!ZOJkPRP ZZOJ][JkQZPRQTS X†J]j]W!QZOS fU!\R[Q[fS_[QTS



IpJkQX7ZQTJkPRQTS W_QZ+QTf]A\ \JMS!W J]S

eQTJ]W_QTS 'fj]jkQTSU!S_[QfN_Z\([Z$ b|JkQW!QZ 0QTJ]j]LON!QTS!W!U_ZOL$N2QT\\QZ b ZOfU\ jk[P"ƒW!f\\ W!JkQ

QZPRQTJ]jMU!S_[QTSseQTS!fL$Nef9ZOPRQZ QTJMj]LON_QTSVS!J]LON'P U_eQZOj]f]&%&QTS



Ch*;= JE4^JSN+ B l- .1Z0 ?o234[U0.B!1 #YD

[ H Ch l8G0

60PGN7>!$=D &<DBN34U0

34P= X- o234O >4NF - Q 9BOG`G07 = P ).XD

!#G834 B G!

8

= BB Ch l8G0

60n'

N34U0 !#!74F VrR NgHS!1vk - $ D

4G 5&A+5 -G rm =34UWB9*D

NQP

#FR&DBN34U0

U6K 7g89BG8H=8K o.34 Nk d! JA D#" Ch+D

0 /i8G

75wŒJ8 34 60YDŒPG34$ GDX34g- 1C -

r9X 340 H X34U0 #gg;P J@4 L 4M) 9 Ko.34

pŒ 8 34 60"DRŒP 34-GGDBN34U 0B>. 8G 7 34L1!1/Ch 8G0

D

0J(Œ 8 34 60YDŒPG34$ GDX34# Žo.34 _9 !#!15d34 .DRD

0 + <5MG0 9T 341N!#0ChU0 /8 8G

*dΠ8 34 0YD

ŒPG34$ GDX34=47FJ !)

g! = #O);P J@45 0/F

- U0J @+

d=G #5 JA D:$4 B ` YD

U N74 F,G02!)

*X 34,= #

R+9+D

7P B34-#

0 90 34/ $ L GN74@FP

60WGwo.34k340#!#*KX34K]8G34

ŒPG34$ W U,E`8 OG

- )U0 5.>& CJ34U

+ U034J2 ]Šo.3434!# 74r . 7 346B! R- M

#

0G 34/+ #P 52& _34U[8G6>4 =! B'8BG8ZHS7Z

ChU0 /i8G

<-GN9- †o.34W89qGBB97AN

$= 0G!1! F;P i8G\B"N 34k o234E !#!7>4 r FU Q 34,

- ZT $4fM;P 8G 34- †o.346MG ]Šo23434!# D

m 74Y;P = 0 34-GH Uk@Bo.34EU0=B 7Y8

U'+* 3434U0[IH

8 ,$9F )jF34 34 34

74-Ch

2_8 FH48 B+$ - H|o.34 B B ,;= l8 74

xay %

‰Ž„

‚

~I

a}M

‚ ?}

‚ (^(

‚

Z"~

Ch:"HS";P 34/0aN G 34

8G0B>INQ - :

5. /0p9YD

!#!7 +Q 8gj34N;= RN01po.34$+ 8

.D 1-G>4

Ch! Ch HG,R d !#!1K7a- No.34D K :$0 C u

H

dU v 34 60 `jH $ i & i 9 i C u L • ` u CZB?H

q q

4

q

"

' q

L YD

IZN#134U+!1/60#9- 34- 60io.34'8q BBZ>4MF

/>$K`- #+1U0 60- 6_- 9 0BX- _ 34K Žo234KS+

+ 4Z) n J(u)-GAG/J+52 L34 5;P=B ` V

H?

"%CB

o.34DD! !)U00G `

u

9 !#!7>4

Ch CZB!#U0 #"vL 34 pChU0 l8G0

0 o.OD

34O=!1/NXU v 34601 34 H *;=WJ@4 L 4 r

8

=q BBD 60d- 34-G0o.34UGD 34D=A9*DBN34U=4

:Z!#_!#60X)34,;P@B> C7V

H?

"%ZBVo234dFMq

o.34u)- AGN52 9 !#!J=4

"! $#&%'# 4)(+*-,/.0# #/*1(+,/.0#2!

F43 0I0 346587,- A =B*=;= !#KN* 60!1!7!

K!1/\]8 60347A> #nI0 60IQN:9)&B N !#!#7

12024365879:<;>=@?BACEDFHGJIKLGMIONPIQSRPTUJVWI

IOXXY!ZP[\NPIQ^]TXGMVGMTZ!IOZ GMIQVWIQ

]4_`QVGMaIOUIQ[_`bcIOGJZPIedVWQIOY!YZP[fNPIQ

]TXGMVGMTZ!IOZgY!h N!GMIihjGMVWVUMIQIe]TXGlk

VGMTZ

m

Y!n[QSYZ!NoNPIQpaUMIOGqZPIOZgTr!VGlk

Xs$RPIOZ

m Y #0tTXY!Z![(GJZ kuvGqsSR'VY!ZP[wGJXV

N!GMI IQSVWIOGJUJY!ZP[(GqZ

kuvGJs$RVYZP[(b!QIOGMk

VWIQx_UJXyGJZ{zkuvGJs$RVY!Z![



F|GMI~}<GJZ!GJIOZ

bIOXsSR!QIOGMbIOZN!YPQSs$R€4GMV(_Z![Ir_XXWVWI

‚ _Y

ƒ

IQSVWIOGJUJY!ZP[IOZ



0 200 400 600 800 1000

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 P[ ∆ r i ] a.u.

∆r i [µm]

σ x =11 nm σ y =11 nm σ z =23 nm

- _x„234K 34D ! 8F6†…‡,-Nd34UN9" >4EˆD_†‰2 x…0‡

Nd #K0B d!‹Š!ŒŽ

?

"%hU0 l8G

`\H%‘“’+”<’•’/…– L˜— ` – CZB?H™

HB‘

™eš

–

›

LSœ " H%”

™iš

–



LSœ " Hž•

™eš

–

Ÿ

LSœ

F?

œ L H J@4+ L

BN 6N74fF˜‰M !1I0.@l N !)U0 $`

–

l #

K H‘ Bw•*D,C8 +&ŒŽ

?

"% ++d B34QdCZB!1U0

  E"*8 />4EhO ! # +W¡„.34B9 w…g!1/m:Z34/mJ<

;P0!19B¢„.34 34+ 60!1!7Y, -4£¤… — … – ™

…T!#0>4 #

!g¥§¦†¥XD"¨©Bª@ª@©Bª«A*! ;= 0 7 34- ¬‘=DW”<DB#

£¤• —®­ 0JHY!

-G5gŒŽ

?

"%¯ˆQ'°

­

0^FA] HY!±¦

­

0^FA] HY!±¦

­

0^JHY! 4 F ²„. 6PNOH 8

³

­´   60D H=! 7)0J n wŒŽ

?

"% 34 H 6<mUG8 H48

V:4 -GM+34"

c£µ…LMD1 <DBN34U0f¶

›`· —

­ 0­ ³

FEm¸•*DBN34U¹¶

Ÿ

—º­

0­ ³

]E4) HS gd!<(Z!< 7)- AG

H‰. /0

WJ! ¤‘=DM²”<DBN34U0[

y¥'0^]A! »•*DBN34U=4+F

7)-GAG/Mµ•*DBN34U9N

0 34UT34# ;P=B

‰ZTB~„.34'i• DBN34U0=4 F# i '< #34L

7)l8¼°) jŒŽ

?

"%DBX _!#0"7)- AGN 4

½ B<¾!¿¾ÀU+¾ÂÁ8Á,N¾,¾ 7j¾ÂÀ- A¾_¾Ã‰2 ¼À 0¾ !#!JÀ7H 8_À0¾"H¾XD

Á34¾j„ľ8Á34¾À0¾ 0!1!*>-8À¾!ž8À¾¡‰<¾

¾!»¾ /¾ÂÀN¾&8ÀD¾=8¾‰MG0¾ÂÁ

34:B 34¾À!Á8¾0¾ ¾6_+¾À /¾ÂÀ74HWÀ F ³ ­ !#¿¾8À¾! ¥Æ¦f¥XDO¨©Bª@ª@©Bª«

HS¾À!#!¿¾À¾ÂÀ-#+8Á¾ 64 B<¾ÁÀ<H À¾ÀD 34>Š$¾L¾Á

³ ­ „ľ8Á34¾À74@h!Ǐh¾>Á/H Á8Á9 ¼ÁÁOD

+¾ÂÀK8¾È„ľ8Á34¾ÀK8À5Á8Á¾À#+8Á¾/À<8¾FÁ8¾34¾&‰. /0¼À5- <¾À,4½ †¾U K 34¡Š$¾$34

¾À¾ :$/¾À'¾¿‰2 ¼À¾ÂÀ !ɾÀ¾K!#/Á8¾/¾x‰. /0Àn!1/µ¾À¾Q:$0À-G- +D

L¾34À

¼Àp¶

›`· — ³¼³ À! À¯¶

Ÿ — F&J.À! H 8¾¾;PÁÀ J@4³ ­<L 4,&¾ @¾Á8¾

8À(• DBN34U0À `l8¼°¾_Á !1Àx¾ NGHSÀK¾_À/¾ 34¾Á34¾ÂÀ~‰*¾ÂÁB>GÁB

„¬¾8Á34¾À À‘fÀʕN34U0À¸¾R /¾4˽KN:¾ -'Á 34 ¾O 34Á8¾34U/¾"D

/¾<B0 34¾K;=Ì.8 ÀE¾ ¿ˆ 0GB 8À{• DBN34U0À

¾ 34U>4F¾5À¾¼¾0¾YD

À¾ÂÀV:4À -GML¾34À¼¾ÂÀ' /¾ÁÁ8¾ÀE8¾ 7¾À- A'¾P¾j‰. /0¼À¾ÀW! aÁÁÄÀ34U

qÍÀ8¾/¾À¾ ¼ÁÁ-Á8¾j„ľ8Á34¾ÀL-G7Àe¾ÂÀU0 B/¾34¾ÀaT

³

0^]vÎ ¾ >„¬¾8Á34¾À+D

34!¿¾ $¾ 4a;PÍÁÁ8¾ÀK -G N8¾ ˜¾/¾ÁÀ¾ÀP¾8À¾ 7, °

¾6+¾ÁÀ¼¾ÀK 8À:9

12024365879:<;¡=@?BAA?8D4F|GMI†F|GYXGMTZNPIQ aTUJUMTGJN!_UJIOZ 0IOGJUJs$RPIOZ6UJGJZPaIOX GJUJN¢n tYRPQV N!_OYPN!_

N!_X¢N!Y!QSsSRÃ_YPn8[IOZPThjhIOZ!I§GqUJNÈIOGJZPIOX <IOGqUJsSRPIOZX4aIOGJZPI

YP[IOU¼GJXWVXWTZNPIQSZ&XGJs$R_Y!X

YP[IOUqXWI[hIOZ'VWIOZ OY!X_hhIOZ!XWIV!V8QSIOsSR'VWIOX" GJUJN



F|GMI¡FHGqsaI¡N!IQË_`b![IbGJUJN!IVWIOZdI[hIOZ'VWI

IOZ'VXWr!QSGJs$RV˜N!IOh

m

b*XWV_Z!N ƒ TZ$#&%(' h‹_YPn8IOGJZ!_Z!N!IQ.nTUM[IOZNPIQ)+kd¼sSRGJsSR'VWIOZ



+*8¾È‰-,&.*0/1*2,¼À

,¼À

*8¾ÂÁ8¾Ày„ľ3*8Á245¾À.1*À76*8À98;:<%¾=*À8À76¾=><?,Á2@¼¾ÂÀ76¾À#A*8Á06¾=>$À9@¼Á8¾3*245$:À76

<CB:757>$¾À B=:D6¾=:/+Á2*045 5EB,&5¾3>/¾Àw ¹¾3>//¾F6¾=> ˜¾=>/+¾=*Á2:À@¼¾À G<¾=*“£

š

—Ê­ H 4

I *KJAL$!M$*+#7N# !M2#PO#/*1(+,/.0# !

Q8;.mJA DB#A*Á26D./¾R/ B3/S.*245T8;:.&À8;45¾3*8À8'À76¾=>S8U:<?@¼¾À,&H$H¿¾À¾À F& D:45À7*V/1/1G7*8Á06¾=>$ÀUB=:+D

.8UH$H¿¾À74XW":<?@&>:À76Y6¾=>*#H¾L¾=@&:À7@P6¾3>„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ¹¾3>15EB8ÁV/FHZ8À¯¾3*8ÀY@¾=H[*0/1//¾ÁV/+¾=. #\*8Á26

6¾3.L‰-8;>/1*'¾Á2.;674]574^68U.#A*8Á06_*2./Z¾3*8À¾!Q:7@¼¾ÂÁ5U.1,¼À76¾=>/À¿¾=*ÀQ8+GŠ$¾^/>^678;.8;:7.)H¿¾=57>$¾=>$¾À

!Q:7@¼¾ÂÁ2./¾3@&H¿¾À^/+¾ÂÀVB=:.8;H[H»¾ÂÀY@¼¾3./¾R/ B3/`*2./KH?.1*¾=5¾QB=:7> ˜¾=>18À7.458;:Á0*245:À7@PW"G7G7*Á267:À@

J@4

³¼³ L 4 #L¾=./1*2H[H`/aHZ8'À$6¾ÂÀ²WÀ^/+¾ÂÀ7.1*V/ B8U/1.1.145<L¾=>b7:À=^/"67*8¾3./¾=.S8+GŠ$¾^/.¾3>1@&*0G/a.1*245y¾=*8À¾

B

:7G<¾=>c67*¾ˆ¾=..0B¾3*0/"@¼¾=H[*0//+¾ÂÁ0/+¾&‰-,&.*0/*0,¼À74 "B:7>d67*8¾2#H¾3./1*2H[H_:À7@e6¾3>˾Áf8U./*0.145¾ÂÀ"!Q,¼ÀED

./8À^/+¾ÂÀ 8;:7.a6¾À²„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀÌ:=^/1:8U/*0,¼À¾ÂÀ9*2./H¾3.Ic*245^/1*2@=68;..g67*¾=./¾3>†ˆh*V/1//¾Á2:À7@&./¾";^/

!Á8¾3*8Ài*2./jk8À76¾3>/À<l8ÁÁ2. mB:7>16¾ 67*¾(ˆh*V/1/+¾ÂÁ2:À@P68&B3:n<B:75>/¾À,68;..e67*8¾9W":7./Á¾À=:À@¼¾À

6¾3>„¬¾=*8Á045¾Ào8;:7.F6¾À 7Á8¾3*2457@¼¾"c*245^/.bp,;.1*0/1*2,¼À¾À Á¾=*À¾=>¾=>.1457*¾À¾ÂÀi:À76o67*¾ !Q>*2.GD

/8'Á8Á8¾q*8À<?,¼Á0@¼¾=6¾=.1.$¾À 5EB8;>/+¾3>4

&¾=>½*ÀÌ:7..`67*¾=.$¾=.µ½ Í0¾^/.e8U:<c67*8¾»‰-,;.1*0/1*2,¼À¾À¹ÁrB8;.1./_.*245Y<?,¼Á0@¼¾À6¾=>HZ8°¾ÀsG0¾YD

./1*2H[H»¾ÂÀ:9WÀ¾=*À¾=H!Q,¼Á8Á0,&*26=>*2./8Á8Áfc*0>16HŠ$¾=6¾3.“„ľ3*8Á245¾ÀF67:7>145F68;.¬‰t,;/+¾ÂÀ/1*f8Á =68U.

,¼À

./¾3*8À¾ÂÀTuq8;45G8U>/ÀT@¼¾=G*8Á26¾3/mc*0>167p8;:<a.$¾=*8À¾=H 7S*V/1/+¾3>1bÁ28U/ BF@¼¾358Á0//¾À74<WÀv@&://¾=>Qu`B8;5¾YD

>1:À7@T*2./m6*8¾=.$¾=.¿‰-,U/+¾À^/1*f8Ág578;>1H[,¼À7*0.145j)8U:<w67*8¾x„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ;c*0>0^/m67*¾ B

:74(./+¾ÁÁ>8x<y/

z —

™+{

…+X6¾=>/¾ÂÀ :/ B8;>R¾m67:7>45|6*8¾ !Q,¼À7./8À^/+¾

{

G<¾=./*2H[H`/ c*2>16,4+*8¾ p¾=45./¾ÁOc*2>D

:À7@o6¾=>WU,¼Á8Á0,&*2678Á8¾ÂÀ¸„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ}H[*0/m6¾3H ~ B,&.:À7@&.H$*V/1/+¾ÂÁU8'ÀÀ}67:7>45 BL¾=* !Q> B8U<y//¾

G<¾=.145>1*8¾3G0¾ÂÀKH¾3>16¾ÂÀ:9(:H ¾=*8À¾À_c*0>0^/A8;:<*Š$¾36¾=.L„ľ3*8Á245¾À²¾3*8À¾w.1*0459.145À¾Á8ÁkB8À76¾=>/À+D

6¾X+B3:<B8ÁÁ2*2@¾ !Q>8U<y/a€MHy L 67*8¾c67:7>45 !Q,¼Á8Á0*2.*2,¼À¾ÂÀ_6¾3>A~aB,&.:À7@&.H$*V/1/+¾ÂÁ2H[,¼Á8¾EB:Á8¾gH[*0/6¾À

„¬¾=*8Á045¾À

¾=>1:>1.8U45/ c*2>674E(:7H‚8À76¾=>/¾ÂÀ c*0>16¯¾=*À „ľ3*8Á045¾ÀTH[*0/+6¾=> 7¾=.145<c*À767*2@*D

¾3*0/wƒ„>/¾ÂÁf8U/1*

B3:7H…~aB,&.1:À@&.1H[*0//+¾ÁE67:>145P67*¾ :/,A'¾=.>/¾=*0G7:À7@ zd†

—ˆ‡

ƒ„b7>1,&b‰,&>/*2,À8Á

B=:> 7j¾3.145<c*8À76*2@A'¾=*0/_@¼¾=G7>$¾=H[./4 &¾=>:þ3*2G7:À@&.0U,*¾RŠ_B3*8¾ÂÀ/m*0./_<B:>\!Á8¾=*À¾ ,¼Á0:7H¿¾ÀED

G7>UB:745¾P:À6„¬¾=*8Á045¾À‹H$*V/¿¾=*8À¾=H w8;67*2:.

š

*Àf¾3*8À¾3> §ÁB:7.1.*2@A'¾=*V/$6¾=> q*2.R;,&.*0/ŒB8x/$

67:7>45

‡x—

Ï?>X

š

@¼¾3@¼¾=G<¾À,4

ˆh*0/$67*¾=./¾ÂÀ!Q>ŽB8U<y//¾ÀfÁ!B8;../[.1*045¾=*À¾uþd/1,¼À7.145¾#H¾L¾=@&:À7@&.1@Á8¾=*045:À7@Y<B:7>¿¾=*À

„¬¾=*8Á045¾Àh8;:<?./+¾ÂÁ8Á8¾ÂÀ 2³ ]+ ] ­ 3 9

œ+…

 œ — ™ ‡ …

™n{

… "n€ H J@4 L

+*8¾3./¾S./1,4578;./1*2.145¾+*Í0¾=>$¾À^/*28Á2@Á8¾=*045:À7@eH[*0/d6¾3>ÃÌ7:^/:7*¾=>/¾ÂÀ76¾ÂÀ$!Q>8U<y/w€ c*0>16h8Á2.

ª«"Œ©Bª«"©*ª«qG<¾Â¾=*045À¾3/.qB:7>c67*8¾&Ì7:^/:7*¾=>/¾ÂÀ76¾*!Q>8U<y/c@&*Á0/

€y — ­

!?#"$ — %x‡

{'&)(

E E

™

#"$ 0

+*,-"B:7>g¾=*V/+¾À$/. 01p¾3>15EB8ÁV/gH$8À98U:7.g6¾3>g~aB,&.1:À7@e67*8¾3./¾3>2+*Í0¾=>$¾À^/*28Á2@Á8¾=*045:À7@Q<CB:7>g68U.

H[*0/1//Á8¾3>/¾ ˜¾3>1.145*8¾=G:À7@&.3:78;67>8x/4žˆ65,7g6¾=.˄¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ7.69

8:9

…;?

™

…;

­

=< œ>

—

{'&(

{ ? ³ ™

¾Cb D ™ { @

{'&)(



GA@

B*,

³ ­

Q8;G<¾=**0./DC —FEGH1 67*¾I+*Íp:7.1*0,¼À7.JU,¼À7./8À^/+¾:KqB:7>\¾=*V/+¾ÀeML EJG-H

EN

¾3>1>/¾3*245^/\68;.Hˆ65,

¾=*Àw‰˜Á28U/+¾=8;: H$*V/d6¾3H  ¹¾3>/ E G H

E

+*8¾7OA*Á268U:<%À8;57H¿¾q6¾=.Ȉh*>1,;.J;,;b7.ÁrB8;.1./c.1*045D<?,¼Á0@¼¾À6¾=>HZ8°¾ÀH[,6¾ÂÁ8Á0*8¾=>$¾À

P

+:7>45 67*8¾&À:7H¿¾=>*2.45¾jWÀ//¾=@&>18U/*0,¼À6¾3> 7jÁ¾=*245:À@Q*,eH[*0/M=:<B8ÁÁ2*0@¼¾ÀSRS>B8U<y/+¾ÂÀ

c*0>16¸¾=*8À¾w„t>8Š$¾^/,&>*8¾w…

–

?>¾=*À¾=.¿„¬¾=*8Á045¾À.$G<¾=./*2H[H`//KqB:7>m67*¾T+*qÍ(:.1*2,À7.VU

:À6WK@¾=6¾3>JU,¼À7./8À^/+¾XL¾=>6¾À$/#Yb*2.145¾&¾[Zb<¾=>1*0H»¾ÂÀ^/+¾ÁÁ8¾† p¾=>//¾"@¾\B8;5ÁV/]+*¾ÃWÀU

//¾=@&>18U/*0,¼ÀWc*2>6h8U:< ¾3*8À¾3H^!Á8¾3*8À¾3>/¾À¾=*V/>18;.//¾=>c8Á0.

³`_

OA*Á267>18U/+¾"@¼¾3<B:75>/]

P

+*¾>„->18Š$¾^/1,&>1*¾µ…

–

?ac*2>6¯¾À^/.b7>/¾345¾À76Y6¾=>bOA*Á267>18U/+¾6¾=.¡ˆh*c>,&.JU,&b7.b¾3*0/U

Á0*245 @¼¾=H[*0//+¾ÂÁ0/]d5,»¾3>1@&*0G/w.1*04567*¾À¾=:¾„->18Š$¾^/1,&>1*¾¡…`e=f-y[gQ8]h&,¼Àh8;:7.@¼¾=5¾À76

c*0>16¹¾3*8À¾SK,¼Á2@¼¾4h;,¼ÀiOA*Á26¾3>/À¹¾3>J¾=:7@;/j-G<¾=*a6¾3>`6¾ÂÀiOA*8Á06;UŒŽ\k;[MªwWÀ^/+¾ÂÀ7.1*V/ŒB8U//¾À

¾ÂÀ/1.1b7>$¾=45¾ÂÀ76ˆ6¾=>lOA*Á268U:<%À8;57H¿¾ 6¾=.wˆD*>1,&.;,&b.l=:7@¼¾[c*8¾3./¾ÀmL¾=>6¾ÀjA65n

6¾ÂÀƌŽ\k;[Mª`*À$6¾=>H¾3>1./+¾ÀS[UV5457*245^/g6¾=.|¾3>1.//¾ÀlO\*8Á26¾=./H¾3>16¾ÂÀ67*8¾ÃWÀ^/+¾ÂÀ7.1*V/ŒB8U//¾À

op%‘“’/”0’

³ —rq

9

‘“’+”<’

³

’+…`e=f:?tsJ=<u=:7@¼¾[c*8¾3./¾Ànj-6¾ÂÀ¾Às*8ÀT6¾3>7\L¾=*0//¾Àv5457*245^/F67*¾

WÀ^/+¾ÂÀ7.1*V/ B8U//¾ÀTonB‘“’+”<’ % —wq

9

‘“’+”<’

³

’+… e=f ?

œ

#<j :7.V7nK B:> q 9

‘“’/”0’•*’+…x<)c*2>16D6¾3>"*À

7Á8¾3*245:À7@y*,_6¾\z@À*8¾=>/+¾SWq:.167>:74lh¼¾=>VH¾ÂÀ76¾R/]

P

ˆh*V/{545>1*0//{*_6¾3>dWÈÁ2@;,&>1*V/57H¿¾Ày=:7>†„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ7.1:45¾|c*2>166*8¾}]@¼¾=H¿¾=../¾ÂÀ¾}„t>8`U

Š$¾\/1,&>1*¾QG0¾3./1*2H[H`/]Wq:7.@¼¾=5¾ÂÀ76P68]h;,¼ÀÁ B8;.1./w.1*245 68U.Ȉ~5, G<¾=>$¾=45À¾ÂÀ

WÈÁ0.(‰k8;>18;H¿¾3/+¾3>9<CB:7>967*¾ ˆh,6¾ÁÁ2*8¾3>1:À@c:7>16¾À <CB:7>€C — ­,­ ¥u‚H œ _ .:À76 ƒ

{ —

¥ ³ ³

‚Hl„ œ ¾À^/1.1b7>$¾=45¾ÂÀ ¾=*8À¾=>…>1*2./8ÁÁ2*À¾Ào‰)>1,;G0¾„H[*0/‡† — * ³

ÎQP:À76 <CB:7>T67*¾

OA*Á267>18U/+¾¥ ­ OA*Á26¾3> _ .dG,\7 %­ OA*8Á06¾=> _ .d@¼¾[B8;5Á0/ˆ+*8¾½)>1@¼¾3GÀ7*0.1./¾.1*À76h*ÀhW"G7G7*Á267:À@

*,³ % 68;>@¼¾=./+¾ÂÁ8Á0/69‰Q8;. ˆ65, 6¾=> À:7H¿¾=>*2.145¾À ~\B,;.1:À7@ ./*2H[H`/H$*V/P6¾3>T8À8Á$Y/1*$U

.145¾À ~aB,&.1:À7@i8;:7. 7Á8¾=*045:À7@v*;

³ ­ B:7G<¾=>$¾=*8ÀnD+*¾~Š`B,&5¾D6¾=.y‰.Áf8U//¾8;:7.[6¾3>~}]@¼¾=H¿¾=.=U

./¾ÂÀ¾Àn}¬„t>8Š$¾^/,&>*8¾µÀ7*0H$H/QH$*V/Q8;GÀ¾=57H¿¾À6¾=> OA*8Á067>8x/+¾_8UG‹OH¾=*§¾=*8À¾=>bOA*8Á067>8x/+¾ h;,¼À

¥ ­ OA*Á26¾3>/À _ .[*2./67*¾WqGÀ8;57H¿¾¿Š$¾=6,45 ./¾357>@¼¾3>1*8À@Œ,À 6¾À 67>$¾=*|Žw8;:7H[>1*045^/:À;U

@¼¾ÂÀ}*2./967*¾~•!U#RQ,,&>67*8À78U/+¾h8;H ./ŽB8;>J.//¾À G<¾3/1>1,Í0¾ÀMŠ"*¾=>yU8'ÀÀ}67*¾WqGÀ8;57H¿¾H[*0/

£y‘/C

ŸA’

Cv“p”

„;•–—t˜™–š—=›œž

Ÿ

˜™ ™¡J¢š£›cœ

8;G@¼¾=.45EB8U/tR/aL¾=>6¾Àn

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0 2 4 6 8 10

msd [ µ m 2 ]

t [s]

D=0.047 µm 2 /s βk=41.1 1/µm 2 ungemittelt

framerate 40Hz x z framerate 20Hz x z fit

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

0 20 40 60 80 100

msd/D [ µ m 2 ]

t [s]

D=0.045 µm 2 /s βk=40.9 1/µm 2

3D 2D fit

0 0.03 0.06

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

D=0.045 µm 2 /s βk=40.9 1/µm 2

12024365879:<;=@?BA@?6D}0GJZPaIOX[ GJUqN ¤T¼NPIOUJUqGMIQSY!ZP[ NPIQ9 GJUJN!_Y!n8Z!_RhIT6XGMIORPI <I¼VÄGJZPI

GJUJNPQ$_`VWI ƒ TZŒ#X§GqUJNPIQSZXLn tY!RPQVvZYPQAOY¿a¼UMIOGJZ!IOZ

m

b'K§IOGJsSRY!ZP[IOZyNPIOX ydPF ƒ TZ²NPIQ|Y!ZP[I+k

hjGMVWVWIOUJVWIOZÃYPQ

ƒ

I^§IOG*IOGqZPIQ)§GqUJNPQS_`VWI

ƒ

TZ#X GJUJNPIQSZX¬K§IQSNPIOZ>N!GMI

m

b'K§IOGJsSRY!ZP[IOZ>[Q tTIQ

_h [Q tTVWIOZ¹GqXWVjNPIQ¡€!IOR!UMIQ¡GqZ `kuvGJs$RVYZP[!ÄuvIOsSR'VWIOX` GJUqN ¿GJVWVUMIQIOX#"¢IQSXSsSR!GMIb*Y!ZP[X%$Y!_k

NPQS_`VHIOGJZPIQ`FLk.YZ!N¤IOGJZ!IQ&`FLk' ¿IOXXY!ZP[µhjGJV\ GJUJNPQ$_`VWIOZ ƒ TZ()& GJUJNPIQ$ZX**F|_¡bIOG0NPIQ+`FLk

¿IOXXY!ZP[N!_X_~GqZ `kuvGJs$RVYZP[wIOZ'VWn t_UqUMV“IQ[IbIOZ¯XGqsSRT 0IOGJUJs$RPIOZ¼kl 0QS_-, IaVWTQSGMIOZphjGMV

a¼UMIOGJZPIQIOZ .IOGMVGqZVWIQ

ƒ

_UJUMIOZ~_UJX&bIOG NPIQ/&`FLk' ¤IOXXSY!ZP[!¬FHIOXR!_UJbÆU t_XXWVXGJs$R NPIQ

m

Z!XVGMI[xNPIOX

²d¼F¸_YPn0NPIOZ>]¬UJ_`VWIO_Y'KÄIQSV hjIOXXWIOZ8aUJIOGJZPIOX GJUJNFHGJIL[IOhIOXSXWIOZPI+ËYPQ ƒ I|XWVGJhhÃV§[YPV.hjGMV

NPIQ¢VRPITQSIVGJXsSR!IOZ#ËYPQ ƒ Ic‚ UMIOGqsSRY!ZP[0&21#xnYPQ¢N!GMIt FHGY!XSGMTZÃIOGqZPIOXX <IOGqUJsSRPIOZXGqZIOGqZPIOhR!_`QWk

hTZ!GqXsSRPIOZµ]TVWIOZ'VGJ_U tYPbIQIOGqZN!IQIOZµ]4_`QS_hIVWIQLNYPQSsSRµ€4GMV bGqX43657&4X˜bIOXVGJhjhV§KLYPQSNPIOZ

8 h NPIOZ

m

Z!XWVGJI[¿NPIOX9 ²d¼FgbIOG4a¼UMIOGJZPIOZ:.IOGJVWIOZx[YPVwOY(bIOXVGJhjhIOZ@KLYPQSNPIOZxN!GJIj]0TXSGMVGMT`k

ZPIOZµNPIQ§IQIOs$R!ZY!ZP[jNPIOX; ²d¼FZ!GJs$RV.NPQSGJnVWaTQQ$GM[GMIQV*¼FHIOXR!_UMb ƒ IQSU t_Y!nV˜N!GJI ¿IOXXWa¼YPQ ƒ I†nYPQt

[Q

t

TIQI.IOGMVWIOZ&IVK _XÄTbIQ$R!_UMbNPIQ“€4GMVWa¼YPQ

ƒ

I) »GMV“NPIQ&`FLk' ¤IOXSXY!ZP[ËIQS[GMb!V¢XGJs$RjNPIQ¢[UMIOGJs$RPI

]¬Uq_`VWIO_YK§IQVvKLGMI|bIOG@N!IQ<`FLk' ¤IOXXSY!ZP[!

m

UJXWTjGqXWV.N!GMIc GJUJNPQ$_`VWIH[QST[IOZYP[!

½ Zb<¾=>*2H¿¾À^/+¾ÂÁ8ÁLÁ!B8;../_.*245„6¾3>µ½)*8ÀÌ:.1.e6¾3>>¾À76Á2*245¾ÀOA*Á267>18U/+¾$67:7>145„6¾ÂÀvŒ˜¾=>=U

@¼Á¾=*245(¾3*8À¾3>{*-aUSˆ¾3.1.:À7@$8;:7.cH»¾357>/¾3>/¾ÂÀ 545À*0/1/1G7*8Á06¾=>$ÀH$*V/†¾=*À¾=> % aUˆ¾=..1:À@$:ÀU

/+¾3>1.:745¾ÀnQ8SG0¾3*‰6¾=>

%

aUSˆ¾3.1.1:À7@`67*¾XO\*8Á26¾=>)G<¾=*E¾=*À¾=><%¾=./+¾ÀWŠ_B,&5¾w6¾3.+GŠ$¾^/1*ch.

8;:<?@¾À7,&H[H¿¾ÀH¾3>16¾ÂÀjH¾ÂÀ/<B8Á8ÁV/m68;.xJª@ªn"ª|*À•!U#Žw*045/1:À7@|:À76¾3>1HB,&@¼Á2*045^/¤¾=*8À¾

.145À¾ÁÁ8¾=>$¾ˆ¾=..1:À7@|6¾=.»ˆ65;…6¾3>¤„ľ3*8Á245¾À/&¾3>¤‰.Áf8U//¾8;:'L¾=>/¿¾3*8À¾3>Q*-aUSˆ¾3.1.:À7@

6¾3>\@¼Á¾=*045¾À»‰)>1,&G<¾c.1,¼ÁÁ0/+¾d678;.

œ U <l8;45¾c6¾3.|‰.Áf8U//¾8;:'L¾=>/.a6¾=> % aUSˆw¾=.1.:À7@G0¾R/>8U@¼¾À

!./q67*8¾3.ÈÀ7*045^/Q6¾=>XK 8Á8ÁBj7*2./+67*¾ *-aUˆ¾=..1:À@l=:ÆÁ28À7@&.18;HTˆ+*¾=.$¾ Œ˜¾=>@¼Á8¾3*245¾bc:7>16¾À

< B:7>[8ÁÁ8¾SŒ,¼Á0:7H¿¾ÀG7> B:45¾h6:7>1457@¾3< B:757>/Z:À76¾3.¿¾3>1@^8UG0¾ÂÀ‹.*245 *0H$H¿¾=>

B

"G<¾=>/¾3*8À7./*0HQU

H_:À@¼¾ÀP6¾=>&‰.Á28U/+¾=8;:'H¾3>/+¾:WÀPW"G7G7*Á267:À@S*,³ % *2./"68;.Ƚ)>1@¼¾3GÀ7*2.w<CB:7>Ⱦ3*8À¾ÂÀ RQ>1*0./8'Á8Á

H[*0/¾=*À¾=H Œ,¼Á0:7H»¾ÂÀG7>1:745‡h&,¼À † — * ³ Î 68;>@¼¾=./+¾ÁÁ0/ Q8U.>ˆ65; 6¾=> % aUSˆ¾3.1.:À7@

./1*2H[H`/@;:/aH$*V/ ¾=*À¾=>.À78;4587Á8¾3*245:À7@b*,³ ­ @¼¾[z7/1//¾3//¾À K :À^/*2,ÀTB:G0¾3>/¾=*À5,;H$*V/ug8U>

67*¾ 7¾=.45'c*8À767*0@-¾3*0/[H[*0/m6¾3>[6*8¾ OH¾\L¾=@;:À7@Y6¾=>¿„ľ3*8Á245¾Àn@¼¾=H¿¾=../¾À c:7>16¾h57,45

@¼¾ÂÀ:@4=:7>MOH¾=./*2H[H_:À@`6¾3.†‰.Áf8U//¾8;:'L¾=>/1.g6¾3.ˈ65,jg8U.|¾=../¾À^/1*8¾ÁÁp<B:7>\67*8¾aOH¾3./*0HQU

H_:À@96¾=>ȾÁf8U./*0.145¾ÂÀ…RQ,¼À7./8À^/+¾ÂÀ|8U:7.q6¾ÂÀ K§Á2:^/1:8U/*0,¼À¾ÂÀ6¾3>&„ľ3*8Á045¾À7b‰,&.*0/*0,¼À¾ÂÀ

*2./]

WÀ 67*¾=./¾3H RS8;b*0/+¾ÂÁ c:>16¾ G<¾=.457>1*¾=G<¾ÀjSc*¾ .1*045 8;:7.@¼¾=5¾ÂÀ76 h&,¼À :À7@¼¾3< B8U>1G//¾À

‰vˆÆˆhW{U‰5,Š"W{U‰-8;>/1*¾ÂÁ8À *Àw+,6¾348Àʾ=*8À 67*245^//¾[UZ:À76 G7>$¾=45:À7@;.1*8À6¾[Z8À7@¾=b8;..VU

/+¾3. RS,Á8Á2,;*267.VY./+¾3H 5¾3>1.//¾ÁÁ8¾À ÁrB8;.1./h:À76 c*¾v6¾=../¾ÂÀc„ľ3*8Á045¾À^/>18Š$¾^/1,&>1*¾À H$*V/1/+¾ÂÁ2.

RQ,¼À<?,-x8ÁUSˆh*c>1,&.;,&b7*¾":À76€OA*8Á06,h¼¾3>8;>G0¾3*0/1:À7@`G<¾=./*0H$H`/L¾=>16¾À€pB,¼ÀÀ¾ÂÀ@½).Mc:7>6¾

@¼¾\¾=*0@;/]j=68;.1.X6*8¾.¾=>=*¾Á0//¾/+*245^//¾8À7b78;.1.:À7@wH$*V/4¾=*À¾=> 7¾À78;:7*2@¾=*V/h&,À£ —Ê­,­ ³!#"

$%

8;:7.>/¾3*245¾ÂÀ76~3:7>&À^/+¾3>1.1:45:À7@Sh&,À6RQ,¼Á8Á0,&*26,>*2./8ÁÁ8¾Àm*0./]

½). c:7>6¾968;>@¼¾=./+¾ÂÁ8Á0/jX68;..`.1*045Y67*¾¿‘Uq:À76¹”UXRQ,,;>167*À8U/+¾ÂÀ|6¾=>„ľ3*8Á245¾ÀoH[*0/

¾=*À¾=>a57,&5¾À47¾À8;:*2@-'¾=*0/aG<¾=./*2H[H¿¾À¿Áf8;../¾Ànj67*¾"H[*0/

’ ³ ™ % Î 6¾3.H„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ767:7>45;U

H¿¾=.1.$¾=>.8;G7@¾=.145XB8U/tR/uH¾3>16¾ÂÀx8ÀÀxWq:<?@&>1:À6`6¾3>k.145Á8¾=45^//¾=>/¾ÂÀe,&b/1*2.145¾À_W":ÌtB,&.:À7@

*8À¿•!U#Žw*045^/:À7@,j^.1*8À6$67*¾Ë•!U=RQ,,&>16*8À8U//¾À4h&,À !Á8¾3*8À¾3>/¾3> 7¾À78;:7*2@¾=*V/]jA8;.a683:[<B:75>/]j

68;..+*8À6RS>*2./8ÁÁ8¾ÀD67*¾ Œ˜¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@¼¾À6¾=>XŒ˜¾3>1>UB:74:À7@¼¾ÂÀs*À •!U#Žw*045/1:À7@G7>$¾=*V/+¾=>".1*À76

8Á0.d67*8¾&‘Ua:À6~”'U=Žc*245^/:À@

½).@&*2G/@Š$¾367,45>„ľ3*8Á045¾Àjx6¾3>/¾À¤‰t,&.1*V/*0,¼À¾À.145Á¾=45^/+¾3>G<¾=./1*2H[H`/‹H¾3>16¾ÂÀQ(B,ÀÀ¾Ànj

L¾=*8ÁpG0¾3*2.b7*8¾ÂÁ2.L¾=*0./¾+*057>DOA*8Á06S=:6:À¾ÂÁX*2./g,6¾=>H¾3*8Á(.*8¾Q8'À²¾=*À¾=H 8À76¾3>/¾ÂÀw„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ

58U<y//¾À

 ¹¾3*0//¾=>Dc:>16¾"@¼¾Â¾=*2@U/]j68;..g67*8¾aŽw8U/+¾:jH[*0/a6¾3>A67*¾XO\*8Á26¾=>\8;:<?@¼¾ÂÀ7,&H[H»¾ÂÀyL¾=>6¾À

pB,¼ÀÀ¾ÂÀjc8;:7.>/¾3*245¾ÂÀ76 *2./jA:7H 67*8¾Wq:7.$Á8¾À,:À7@¼¾À 6¾3>x„ľ3*8Á245¾À 8;:7.*057>/¾ÂÀ 7S*V/1/+¾3>VU

bÁrB8U/t¾À€=:DH»¾3.1.$¾À

!#" "

WÀ‡RF8Ub7*0//¾Á % c:7>6¾$@¾¾3*2@;/j68;..S.1*245s67*¾¿¾ÂÁf8;./*0.145¾ÂÀRQ,¼À7./8À^//¾À ¾=*8À¾=.bRQ>1*2./8ÁÁ2.

G<¾=>/¾345À¾ÂÀwÁ28;.1.$¾ÀjL¾ÀÀ 67*¾XRQ>ŽB8x<y/+¾X[c*2.45¾À ./¾3*8À¾ÂÀlOg8;:./+¾3*8À¾ÂÀG0¾\x8ÀÀ^/d.1*À76 "H

67*¾Ë p¾=45./¾Á$c*2>:À7@\c*0.145¾ÂÀ6¾À»„ľ3*8Á045¾À$6¾=>a57*8¾3>\:À//¾=>.1:745^/+¾ÂÀ€;,¼ÁÁ2,&*068Á8¾ÂÀy5:7.=U

b<¾À7.*2,¼À¾ÂÀ 3:‹G<¾=./*0H$H¿¾Àj c:7>16¾À >18;67*28Á8¾x‰-8&8;>Vh¼¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@&.<?:À^/*2,À¾À ;,¼ÁÁ2,&*068Á¾=>

K§ÁB:7.1.*2@-'¾=*0//¾Ào:À//¾=>.1:745^/] Q8U>8;:7.¡¾=>@^8;Go.*245j-68;.1.`.1*245i6*8¾»‰k8&8;>Vh¼¾3>/+¾3*8Á0:À7@&.<?:À-U

/*0,¼À¾ÂÀ$67:>145lŠaR%$aU‰t,;/+¾ÂÀ=*28Á8¾cH[*0/v¾=*À¾=>˜¾ÂÍ0¾^/1*ch¼¾ÂÀ ~E8;67:À7@7h&,À % ¥ ¤'& b>1,„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ

:À76p¾=*À¾=>F6¾=G'Y¾=.145¾ÀnWqG7.457*2>H»ÁrB8À7@¼¾4h&,À %-%­ À7H G<¾=.457>/¾3*2G<¾ÀiÁ28;.1.$¾À“WÀ|67*8¾3./¾=H

RS8;b7*V/+¾Ápc*2>16(¾3>J!Á!B8;>/]j,c*¾S67*8¾3./¾ ¹¾3457./¾ÂÁcc*0>J:À7@[G0¾3./1*2H[H`/Ac:7>16¾

( *) + ,.-# / 1032 5456 1798-:0<;

= >0<;@?A0B0 C7%,.-D?

WÀ~À¾=:ÀB†FE 9³

β’*

³ Î <šg6¾=>"5¾=>@¼¾=./+¾ÁÁ0//¾ÀƉ)>,&G0¾ÂÀG7*Á26¾R/+¾ÂÀ.1*045ÌB:.1.1*0@¼¾>‰)58U./¾Àn

Q8g67*¾Wq>/E:À76 ¹¾3*2.$¾j]c*8¾k67*8¾˜‰)>1,;G0¾ÂÀFb>ŽB8;b8U>1*8¾3>/c:>16¾ÂÀj¾À^/.45¾=*06¾À6<CB:7>X67*¾/K>8!U

@¼¾d*0./]jU,&Ge67*¾H ¹¾3457./¾ÂÁcc*0>J:À7@F6¾=.D5Y./+¾=H[.)G<¾=*7:À^//¾=>1.457*8¾36Á2*045¾ÀQŒ,¼Á0:7H»¾ÂÀG7>UB:745¾À

@¼Á¾=*245v*0./jnc*2>6s*0H K,¼Á0@¼¾À76¾À À7,457H$8Áu=:.8;H[H»¾ÂÀ7@¼¾R<l8;.1./]jc*8¾e6*8¾¤‰)>1,&G<¾Às5¾3>1@¼¾ U

.//¾ÁÁ0/Xc:>16¾ÂÀ l.1*¾=5¾eW"G7.145À7*0//7*,³ ¥'HGpuq8;45T6¾3>+WÈÀ7b78;.1.:À7@ 6¾=>‰+*245^/+¾_578U/1//¾`67*¾

;,Á8Á2,;*268Á¾u5:7.1b<¾À7.*2,¼À¾=*À¾À7Œ,¼Á0:7H»¾ÂÀG7>1:745|h;,¼ÀAI ³ ÎWx+*¾=./¾5:7.1b<¾À7.*2,¼À7c:7>6¾\G<¾=*

57,&5¾=>wH$67>$¾=5:À7@;.J8U5Á(.,¼Áf8À@¼¾X¾À^/>*0<?:7@&*¾=>/]jG7*2.\67*8¾„ľ3*8Á245¾À9.$¾=67*0H»¾ÂÀ/1*8¾3>/MA8;>$¾À

:À76„67*¾ B:7G<¾=>./+¾35¾À6¾ K§Á B:7..1*0@-¾3*0/m8;G@¼¾À7,;H$H¿¾ÀL¾=>6¾À ;,ÀÀ^/+¾)W":7.1@¾=5¾ÂÀ76 h;,¼À

6¾3>|;,¼À¾À^/>*8¾3>/+¾ÂÀv5:7.1b<¾À7.*2,¼À c:7>6¾Àp‰)>1,&G<¾ÀTH[*0/ÈÀ7*8¾367>1*0@¼¾=>$¾À6Œ,¼Á0:7H»¾ÂÀG7> :745¾ÀB

5¾3>1@¼¾3./+¾ÂÁ8ÁV/]jg*À76¾=H 67*8¾ 5:7.1b<¾À7.*2,¼À H[*0/6¾3H 8;G7@¾À7,&H[H¿¾À¾ÂÀ ~ B,&.:À7@&.H$*V/1//¾Á+*0HQU

H¿¾=>/H¾3*0//¾=> h¼¾=>6B:ÀÀ^/2c:>16¾:W":<?@&>1:À7676¾3.1./¾ÂÀlx8ÀÀ98'À7@¼¾À,&H$H¿¾ÀQL¾=>16¾Àj68;.1.a67*¾

RQ,¼À¾À^/>18U/*0,¼À 6¾=>J¾=@¾À7*0,¼À¾À :À6 678;H$*V/LK *8À 8ÁÁ8¾À‰>,&G<¾À ÀEB8;5¾3>1:À@&.L¾=*0./¾

@¼Á¾=*245Y*2./ Œ,Ào67*8¾3./¾ÂÀ U,¼Á8Á0,&*2678Á8¾ÂÀK§ÁB:7.1.*2@-'¾=*V/+¾À‡c:7>16¾ÂÀ{„ľ3*8Á245¾ÀU,¼À,z@&:>8U/1*2,¼À¾ÂÀ

@¼¾3H»¾3.1./¾ÂÀm:À76m6¾=>$¾Àm>8U67*f8Á¾H‰-8&8;>Vh¼¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@&.<?:À^/*2,À¾ÀmH[*0/ľ=*8À¾=H *À4ŽË¾3<%¾=>$¾À

9

¤*³ <

G<¾=.145>1*8¾3G0¾ÂÀ¾ÀhWÈÁ0@&,&>1*V/57H`:7.gG<¾=>/¾345À¾R/]

WÀhW"G7.145À7*0//

³

*,

³

c:7>16¾G<¾=H¿¾=>/j68;..w.*245D67*8¾Q>18;67*28Á8¾È‰k8&8;>Vh¼¾3>/+¾3*8Á0:À7@&.<?:À-U

/*0,¼ÀNMn

š

»¾3*8À¾3>lK§ÁB:.1.1*0@-¾3*0/ZG7*Š$¾\/1*ch 8;:<¾=*À ¾ÂÍ0¾^/*$h¼¾=.w‰-8&8;>1b‰,;//¾À3*f8Á%O

œQP š

Z8;G;U

G7*Á26¾ÂÀÁ!B8;../2+*8¾3./¾3.Wx8ÀÀ .1*045 h&,&H g8;5>/¾À ‰-8&8;>1b‰,;//¾À3*f8Á":À^/+¾=>.145¾3*26¾ÂÀjAH¾ÂÀÀ

ˆ¾357>JpB,&>b0¾3>J>ŽB8U<y//¾(¾=*8À¾ÀvL¾=./¾ÂÀ^/+Á2*045¾Àf½)*8ÀÌ7:7.1.m8;:<c67*8¾y p¾=45./¾Á$c*2>:À7@¯À¾=57H¿¾Àn

 p¾=*0//¾=>7c:7>16¾Z67,&>/`G<¾=H¿¾=>^/]jt68;.1..1*045eˆ¾357>JpB,&>b0¾3>J>ŽB8U<y//¾²À:7>`*Àp¾3*8À¾3> Œ,¼Á0:7H¿¾À;U

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1 2 3 4 5 6

g

r/d

φ =3%

φ =7%

φ =9%

φ =13%

φ =18%

φ =21%

φ =28%

φ =31%

φ =1%

d=1.66 µ m

12024365879:<;! E?BA?8Duv_N!Gq_UMI7"¢IQVWIOGJUJYZP[XWn6Y!ZPaVGMTZPIOZ#"%$x _UJUJIQ¯[IOhIOXXWIOZ!IOZ‹aTUJUJTGJN!_UMIOZ

€4UY!XXSGM[aIOGMVWIOZ96XsSR'K§_`QI|F|_`VWIOZPr*Y!ZPaVWI3¬YZ!NjbIQIOs$R!ZPIVWI&"%$x't X.hjGMVÄN!IOZa¼UMIOGJZ!XVWIOZ¡€PIORUMIQSZ

OYNPIOZI¼rIQSGJhIOZ'VWIOUJUMIOZ("%$x'Xc8QTVWI|}<GJZ!GJIOZF|GMIËYPQ ƒ IOZ¡n Y!Q*)+t 1-, KvYPQSN!IOZSOYPQ§bIOXXWI+k

QIOZF|_`QSXWVWIOUJUJYZP[

ƒ

IQSXSsSRPTbIOZ¼F|GMILbIQIOs$R!ZPIVWIOZ."%$x'X§n tY!Q§N!GJI"¢TUJY!hjIOZb!Q

t

Y!sSRPILbGJX*) 50/1,

IQ[_`bIOZwXSGJsSR(_YXÃNPIQÃZY!hIQ$GJXsSR!IOZ2Z'VWI[QS_`VGMTZ~NPIQ430.k

‚

UMIOGJs$R'Y!Z![¤Y!Z!NxN!GMIbIOG“R tTRPIQIOZ

_Y!X# 5Äkd¼GJhÈY!UJ_`VGMTZ!IOZ<F|GMI

t

8 bIQIOGJZXWVGJhjhÈY!ZP[¿GqXWVÃbIOG§_UJUMIOZ "¢TUJY!hIOZ'b!Q tY!s$RPIOZ~XWIORPQÈ[YPV*

6 YPQGJh §IQIOGqsSR7$89 5 1 ƒ

IQSUJ_YPn8IOZÆN!GMI¡IrIQSGJhjIOZVWIOUJUJIOZ ËY!Q

ƒ

IOZwTbIQSR_UMb~N!IQÈbIQIOs$R¼k

ZPIVWIOZ@F|GMIOXHKvYPQ$NPIN!_NYPQSsSR

ƒ

IQSYPQ$X_sSR'V@N!_XX|N!GMI&]TXGMVGMTZPIOZ»IOGJZ!GJ[IQA 0IOGJUJs$RPIOZ²XsSR!UJIOsSR'VWIQ

bIOXWVGJhjhV.K§IQSNPIOZ>aTZ!Z'VWIOZ¤T¼NPIQa 0IOGJUJs$RPIOZ¤hjGMV._Z!N!IQIOZ

m

[[UMThIQS_`VWIbGJUJNPIVWIOZ

G7>:7458;G75XB8À7@&*0@-¾3*0/{h&,¼À O

œQP š

M¾3*2@¼¾ÂÀˆ+*8¾7K>18;@¼¾À8;45h6¾=H ½)*ÀÌ:7.."67*¾=.$¾=>IRQ>ŽB8U<y//¾

Á!B8U.1./.1*045i8Á0.1,wÀ:>`G<¾8À^/#\,&>//¾Àj H¾ÂÀÀiK§ÁB:7.1.*2@-'¾=*0//¾À|G0¾3*\:À^//¾=>1.457*8¾36Á2*045¾À‡Œ,¼Á2:;U

H¿¾ÀG7>UB:45¾À :À^/+¾3>1.:745^/lH¾3>16¾ÂÀAQ83:}H_:7..W=:ÀXB8;457./LO

œQP š

$8Á0.SO\*8Á26h&,À M

š

G<¾=*a6¾Ào:À//¾=>.1:745^/+¾ÂÀiŒ,¼Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>UB:745¾ÂÀiG0¾3./*0H$H/bL¾=>6¾À G'J¾=HB8°hW"G7.145À7*0//

³ *

Á!B8U.1./A.1*0458;:7.L¾=*8À¾=Hljk8&8;>bp,U/+¾À,=*f8'Á‰6:7>14567*¾ÈÀ:7H¿¾=>*2.145¾&WÀ^/+¾=@;>8U/1*2,¼À$6¾=> +>./+¾3*8À;U

¾=>$À7*24'¾[U JjÁ¾=*245:À@vH$*V/>¾=*À¾=>`WqG7.45Á2:7..1G<¾=67*À7@&:À@p¾3*8À¾>18;67*f8'Á8¾»‰k8&8;>Vh¼¾3>/+¾3*8Á0:À7@&.=U

<?:À^/1*2,¼À9@¾À¾3>1*8¾3>/¾ÂÀWÀ76¾=H 678;.†‰-,U/+¾À,=*f8'Áp.,¼Áf8À@¼¾ah¾=> B8'À76¾=>/Ac*2>6jG*2.|¾ Zb<¾=>*2H¿¾À;U

/+¾ÂÁ8Á¾=.!Mn

š

d:À76 SgU Mn

š B:7G<¾=>$¾=*À7./1*2H[H»¾ÂÀj@Á B8;../".1*045*0//¾=>18U/*$hx¾=*À¾‰-8&8;>VH¾3457./¾ÂÁcc*2>=U

:À7@_<B:7>A68;.|¾ Zb<¾=>*2H¿¾À^/+¾ÂÁ8Á¾|5Y.//¾=H G<¾=./*0H$H¿¾À+*¾=./¾ˆ¾3/157,6¾Xc:7>16¾+<CB:7>g67*¾=./¾3.

RQ,¼Á8Á0,&*26.Y.//¾=H H$*V/†¾=*À¾=H Š"8;>//¾[U#RS:@¼¾ÁUD$a:x8]g8`U‰-,U/+¾À,=*f8'Á/BŠaR5$XU‰t,;/+¾ÂÀ=*28Á \8À7@¼¾ U

A8À76/j\68U.Z*8À JjÁ¾=*045:À7@ ³ ¥Y8Á2. K:À^/*0,¼À 6¾3.WRQ,¼À^/8:/#L¾=>/. :À76}6¾3>Z*Àh¾=>=U

./¾ÂÀW"G7.1457*0>1H¿Á!B8À@¼¾1K6¾\zÀ7*8¾3>/w*2./]WÈÁ0.dWqG7.45Á2:.1.1G<¾=6*8À7@&:À7@Sc:7>6¾ 3:7Hž=*À¾ÀD67*¾

{t[ p"Œ©Ut:À6W=:7H 8'À76¾=>$¾À96*8¾|dOªn=J,©BªUtW"G7.145Á0:7.1.G0¾367*8À@&:À7@

9

% <

@¼¾[B8;5Á0/dK"B:7>c8'Á8Á8¾aŒ,¼Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>UB:745¾7\c*0.145¾ÂÀ ³ Î :À76~* ³ Îr;,Àh¾=>@&*8¾3>/+¾F67*¾À:H»¾ U

>1*0.145¾`~aB,&.1:À@96¾=> SgU JÁ8¾=*045:À7@[.1,xA,;5ÁkH[*0/w6¾3>bd"ªn#J,©BªUg8'Á2.w8;:745vH[*0/

6¾3>!{t[ p"Œ©U!WqG.145Á0:7.1.G0¾367*8À7@;:À7@[:À76D.1,y;,¼ÀÀ^//¾ÀƉ-8;>8UH»¾R/+¾=> K :À76" @¼¾ U

<?:À76¾ÀL¾=>16¾Àj^67*¾M3: FgUŒ˜¾=>/+¾=*Á2:À@&.<?:À,/1*2,¼À¾À<B:57>//¾ÀjU67*8¾\H$*V/k6¾ÂÀe@¼¾=H¿¾=../¾ÂÀ¾À

Œ˜¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@&.<?:À^/*2,À¾ÀPB:7G<¾=>$¾=*8À./*0H$H/+¾Àn$#¾=6,45¤¾=>@^8;G<¾À[67*8¾AG0¾3*26¾ÂÀ[W"G7.145Á2:7..1G<¾[U

67*À7@&:À7@¾À¯À:7>SG0¾3*/Á¾=*À¾À Œ,¼Á0:7H»¾ÂÀG7> :745¾ÀB †

Îy :G0¾3>/¾=*À7./1*2H[H»¾ÂÀ76¾µ‰-8;>8`UB

H¿¾3/+¾3> ˆh*0/e6¾=>Sd"ªn#J,©BªU!WqG.145Á0:7.1.G0¾367*8À7@;:À7@ ¾=>@^8;G„.1*045o<:7>m8ÁÁ8¾QŒ,¼Á2:;UB

H¿¾ÀG7>

B

:45¾>¾=*À p¾=>/Xh&,ÀFK

’

;nK

B:>"6¾ÂÀ…RQ,¼À^/8^/#L¾=>/!Fc:7>6¾>¾=*À¾`H[,¼À7,U/,¼À¾

(:À8U57H»¾hH$*V/96¾3H Œ,Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>:745mh&,¼À%

— ³ %

G<¾=*‰†

— ³ Î 8U:<&

’ ¥ ¤

G<¾=*

† — * ³ Î @¼¾3<?:À6¾À

pH¾3* ÃÀ7./1*2H[H$*0@-¾3*0//¾À .//¾Á8Á¾ÀD67*8¾ SgUSˆ¾R/57,6¾S*8ÀTK>8;@¾ G<½)>1.//¾À7."67*8¾À,Á28;>VU

5¾3*0/wB:7G<¾=>t67*8¾ =: h¼¾=>VH¾ÂÀ76¾ÂÀ76¾dWqG.145Á0:7.1.G0¾367*8À7@;:À7@+:À6 \L¾=*V/+¾ÂÀ7.k67*¾\./8;>¾g(:À8;5;U

H¿¾$6¾3.RQ,¼À^/8:/#L¾=>/.\u&¾=.58Á0G c:7>6¾ÀiG<¾=*6¾ÂÀi¾=>H$*V/1//¾Á0//¾À ‰k8U>8;H¿¾3//¾=>/Àeˆh,¼À^/+¾ U

'

8;>$Á2,:U=5*2H_:Áf8U/1*2,¼À¾ÂÀm*2H uIŒ&„MU\"ª x(¿¨a67:7>457@¼¾3<B:57>/ u_B8;5¾3>/¾3.I3: 67*8¾3./¾=>I5*2H_:Á28U/*U

,¼À7./+¾345À7* z@À6¾3/`.1*245Y*8À!Á2:.1*ch¾mWÈÁ2@;,&>1*V/57H¿¾ÀT*8À‡ŽË¾3<%¾=>$¾À

9

¤*³

<tuw:7>`G7*0. † —) Î

./1*2H[H`/+¾ÂÀe67*8¾c8U:7.6¾À[.1*0H_:Á2*¾=>/+¾ÀRS,À,z@&:7>18U/*0,¼À¾ÂÀ¿¾3>1H[*0//+¾ÁV/+¾ÂÀ Mn

š

[}].)H$*V/)6¾À¿¾À^/VU

.1b>/¾=45¾À76¾ÂÀ SgU Mn

š

[}].B:7G<¾=>$¾=*8Àn

Q8¾3.`.1,;H$*V/¡À*245^/`HB,&@¼Á0*245s*2./]jX67*¾ SgUSˆw¾3/5,6¾y=:>OH¾3./*0H$H`:À7@D6¾=> ¹¾345;U

./¾ÂÁcc*0>J:À7@v3: h¼¾3>L¾À76¾ÂÀjAc:7>16¾À G<¾=*+8'Á8Á8¾ÂÀ‹@¾=H¿¾=.1.$¾À¾ÂÀmŒ,¼Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7> B:745¾ÂÀ®ˆ ' U

5*0H_:Áf8x/*2,À¾À"*2H*bU K;U‰-8;>8UH»¾R/+¾=>>8;:Hˆ67:7>457@¼¾R<:757>/t:À68U:7.E6¾À 5*0H_:Áf8x/*2,À7.168x/+¾ÀB

>8U67*f8Á¾Œ˜¾=>/+¾=*Á2:À@&.<?:À,/1*2,¼À¾ÀsG0¾3>/¾=45À¾3/uQ8 M

š

qG*Š$¾^/1*chs8;:<!O

œQP š

Q8;G7@¼¾3G7*8Á06¾3/

L¾=>16¾À x8ÀÀj Áf8U.1./¾ÂÀ‹.*245NK :À76+ 67:7>45‹67*¾wˆh*8À*2H[*8¾=>:À7@h6¾=.[H$*V/1//Á8¾=>$¾Àv3:8`U

67>18U/*0.145¾ÂÀTK@¾35Á8¾3>1.|¶ 9K ’,4 — s

-/.*0

9

M132)DK ’y’

š 0 ™ Mn

š 0

#<œ [c*2.145¾À~5*2H_:Áf8U/1*2,¼À

:À76~ˆ¾3.1.1:À7@ZG<¾=./*2H[H¿¾À

WÀmWqG7G7*Á267:À7@&¥³ .1*À76m8Á8Á¾L¾ Zb0¾3>1*2H¿¾À^//¾Á8Á¾Àe:À6Š$¾\L¾=*8Á0.G<¾=.//¾À[.1*0H_:Á2*¾=>/+¾ÀbŒ˜¾=>=U

/+¾3*8Á0:À7@&.<?:À^/*0,¼À¾ÀF@¼¾\¾=*0@;/]!57>$¾

B

wG0¾3>/¾3*8À7./*2H[H_:À@"*0./E<CB:7>-8Á8Á¾uŒ,¼Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>UB:745¾\@&:/]

+*8¾A@&>ŽB,¼°U/+¾ÀmW"GL¾=*045:À7@¼¾ÂÀ9.1*À76e<CB:7>)WqG7./ŒB8À6¾c:7H 6¾ÂÀ»„¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ767:7>457H¿¾=.1.$¾=>D=:¤¾=>=U

¾ÂÀÀ¾ÂÀˆh8À pB,¼ÀÀ//¾À:ÀZ8ÀÀ¾357H¿¾Àj^68U.1.a6¾=>*2H Œ˜¾=>@¼Á8¾3*245y=:7HrŠaR5$XU!@dl>k5XB,&5¾=>$¾

Œ˜¾=>$Áf8;:<Ⱦ3*8À¾3>$./ŒB8;>¾=>$¾À}Wg//>18^/*2,Àn6¾=>»‰k8;>/*'¾Á{=:,=:7.457>/¾3*2G<¾À}*0./]˜½)*À¾ @¼¾À8U:¾

À^//¾=>1.:745:À7@i6¾3>²ˆD*>1,&.;,&bG7*8Á06¾=>¿¾=>@^8;GƊ$¾=67,45j68;..Z67*¾=./¾3>y½ Í0¾^/$./¾=*À¾À ">=U

.1b>1:À7@68;>*8Àm58U//+¾j^678;.1.a67*8¾Ã‰t,&.1*V/*2,À¾À¿¾=*À7*2@¼¾3> „¬¾=*8Á045¾À$.145Á¾=45^/+¾3>AG<¾=./*2H[H`/uL¾=>=U

5 10 15 20 25

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

φ

κd B fuer κd=7.5 B

4

"!#%$&#"'"()$&*,+(.-,/0"*1()!

$2 "3245 6-7 "89(.*1(.-;:=<>!>+@?

9BA

0%8

"

0%32<>89()!

-7<5C

D

$&(

32 "<(E<>!>+F-G0"*1(

<>-A

(IH1*1()323&()!J+>$&(E/ 7 "89(.*1(.-K:L<>!>+M?M+>

()$N+()!()!M+(.-9O(

3&(.-P ? 95Q

:

.R

$2HGC

()!TSU$V8W<>3V 6*G$&0%!

.R0 30.X'

(.*

0U+(B<5!>+ ()HGHG<>!>#Y8@$2!5$28@ "3$2HG*

D

<>!(

<-A (

()HGC

-G()$

*Z+5$&(

[5

"!#%$&#"'"()$2*,+()HN/ 6-7 "89(.*1(.-7H;:

A

0%8

"

0%32<>89()!

-7<5C

\R

()!>!K]

<>-N?

9

+(.-_^`(.-7*[?

9#50/U%ba

"!>#"()!0%8@89()!

R

$&-7+

6¾ÂÀ6;,¼ÀÀ//¾Àv,6¾=>"67*8¾Kc¬¾=*8Á045¾ÀhH$*V/"8À76¾3>/¾ÀWq@&@¼Á0,&H¿¾=>8x/+¾SG7*8Á06¾3//¾Àvl.1*¾=5¾ RS8;b7*0//¾Á

*' n+:7>45pˆ ' UV5*0H_:Á28U/*0,¼À¾ÀDH[*0/"bp,¼Á$Y67*2.b0¾3>1./¾ÂÀMcľ3*8Á045¾À ¾3>1@^8;Gv.*245jp68;..‰=:7.B8U/t U

Á2*045v683:s6*8¾µ‰t,¼ÁcY67*0.1b<¾=>1.*0/ŽB8U/Q6¾3>9cľ3*8Á245¾À h&,¼À

’ ¤ Îed— ¤ ÀH 3: ¾3*8À¾3H 5EB,;5¾=>$¾À

Œ˜¾=>$Áf8;:<h&,¼À M

š

)*2H OL¾=>/¾3*245

š —

<CB:757>/]WÀ9WqG7G*8Á26:À7@¥,

%

.1*8À6Z<CB:7>g8'Á8Á8¾AŒ,¼Á0:7H¿¾À;U

G7>UB:745¾F67*8¾‰k8U>8;H¿¾3//¾=>bDK gf l>,;/+¾b+>$¾=*8¾34¾]d:À76"Ef lGÁf8;:¾7+>$¾=*¾=4¾]c678;>1@¼¾3.//¾Á8ÁV/]j

67*¾67*8¾€K@¾=5Á8¾=>µ¶ H[*8À7*0H$*¾=>/+¾Àn§½).¤¾=>@^8;G„.1*045j)68;..~9K 7f[H[*0/ =:À¾=57H¿¾À76¾À Œ,:U

Á2:H»¾ÂÀG>1:745vh;,¼À I ³ ­ 8U:<

¤

8;GÀ7*0H$H/]‹Q8P8À@¼¾À7,;H$H¿¾ÀL¾=>6¾Àx8ÀÀnjk68;.._67*¾

A8;57>/¾F6¾3GY¾=.45¾mWqG7.457*2>H»ÁrB8À7@¼¾1Kp„

s

*À8'Á8Á8¾ÂÀw‰>,&G<¾À@Á8¾=*045h*0./j*2./"8;:.w6¾=>{Œ,¼Á2:;U

H¿¾ÀG7>1:458;G75 B8'À7@&*2@¾=*V/ h&,¼À~DK f =:m<?,¼Á0@¼¾=>$Àj;68U.1.Lˆ¾=5>J B,&>1b<¾=>> B8U<y//¾a[c*2.145¾ÀZ6¾À

;,Á8Á2*068Á¾ÀTc¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀ c*0>J¾ÂÀ

"H 6*8¾…5*0@¼À7*$zdx8ÀP67*¾=.$¾=.w½)>1@¼¾3GÀ7*2.€3: b>;B:<%¾ÂÀj2c:7>16¾s@¾3/+¾3.//¾3/]jd,;G .*245 67*¾

>8U67*f8Á¾‰Œ˜¾=>/+¾=*Á2:À@&.<?:À,/1*2,¼À¾À~À*245^/ah¾=>@¼Á8¾3*245G8;>"@&:/"67:7>145~¾=*8À h&,¼Á0:7H¿¾ÀG7>1:45:À;U

8;G75 B8À7@&*0@¼¾=.¡‰k8&8U>1b‰,;/+¾ÂÀ=*28ÁG0¾3.1457>$¾=*2G<¾ÀeÁ28;.1.$¾À OH¾3*2† — ³

ÎWjt6¾=>>‰)>,&G0¾$H$*V/S6¾=H

!Á8¾3*8À7./+¾À Œ,¼Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>:745jU*2./k68;.ľ=>1./+¾Ëˆh8!Z*2H_:7H h;,¼ÀAMn

š

“À:7>.$¾=57>k.145'g8U45Z8;:.1@¼¾ U

b7> B8;@;/]WÀ67*8¾3./¾=> K§Á:.1.1*0@-¾3*0/t*2./¬¾=.8'Á2.1,"b7>8:/1*2.45_8;:7.@¼¾=.45Á2,;.1./¾ÂÀj&68U.1.k.*245_@Á8¾=*045¾3*$UB

/*0@Z67>$¾=*Zcľ3*8Á045¾ÀÆÀ78;5¾ U,&H[H»¾ÂÀgQ8$.1,;H$*V/q67*¾bŒ,;>8;:7../¾R/t=:À7@6¾=>XQ~Œ aU1cd5¾3,&>1*¾

¾=><CB:Á8ÁV/t*2./jU6n5!\L¾=**2.1,Á2*8¾3>//¾c¬¾=*Á245¾ÂÀjxG0¾3.1457>$¾=*2G/)68;.k8;:7.k6¾=>>18;67*f8'Á8¾À7Œ˜¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@&.VU

<?:À^/1*2,¼ÀDG0¾3./1*2H[H`/+¾bŠXR5$aU‰k8;8;>1b‰,;/+¾ÂÀ=*28ÁXH[*0/ — ³ % :À76 K — ;

¤

6*8¾S/8U/1.ŽB8;45Á0*$U

45¾ÂÀ ‰k8&8U>L¾=457.$¾Ácc*0>J:À7@¾À)+*¾¡ˆh*8À7*0H$*¾=>:À7@h&,À~¶ 9K ’cG<¾=*X<%¾=./+¾3H K — ;¤

<CB:757>/+¾˜À7*045/‹3:*0H Œ˜¾3>1@¼Á¾=*045b3:j¶ J9K 7f`’Ef(.*2@¼À7*$zdx8À^/X@&>B,¼°¼¾=>$¾ÀbK@¾=5Á¾=>$À`WÀFWqG7G7*Á$U

67:À@¥

%

.1*8À667*¾.1,c<CB:7>E67*8¾/h¼¾3>1.457*8¾36¾À¾ÂÀŒ,¼Á2:H»¾ÂÀG>;B:745¾a@¼¾R<?:À76¾ÂÀ¾À p¾=>/+¾<CB:7>

67:7>45_@&>UB:À¾jŒ>:À76¾M5YH_G‰,¼Á8¾68;>@¼¾=./+¾ÂÁ8Á0/`OH¾=*8ÁÁ8¾ÂÀ7Œ,Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>UB:745¾À`*2./ ’ ³ *ih %

½). ¾=>@&*2G/.1*045e8Á0.1,&¾3*8À>À8U5¾3:4;,¼À7./8À^//¾=.v‰k8&8U>1b‰,;/+¾ÂÀ=*28ÁH[*0/ K —*;¤ :À76 — ³ *,

+*8¾ OH¾3.1457>$¾=*2GG8;>J'¾=*V/m6¾=>_>18;67*28Á8¾ÂÀ‡Œ˜¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@&.<?:À^/*2,À¾Ào6:7>145„:À^/+¾3>1.457*8¾36Á2*045¾

‰-,U/+¾À,=*f8'Á8¾Wc*2>6‹,';ÂÀ7.1*045//Á2*045n678;67:7>45 h¼¾3>1:7>.8;45^/jA68;..m.1*245n.1*045 Mn

š

`G<¾=*†¾3*8À¾3>

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

1 2 3 4 5 6

g

r/d

B=15, κd=4 B=13, κd=5

B=12, κ d=6

B=11, κ d=8

B=10, κd=9

B=10, κ d=10 B=12, κ d=7

"+>$V "3&(

"

(.-G*1()$232<>!>#%H1]<5!'\*G$20%! ()$2!(.-@/Z-G0

(8K$&* ()$2!()8

"

0%32<>89()!

-7<5C

A

0%!

) 5 & 1-,

HGC R

6-3

<>!>+

"

(.-G*1()$23V<>!#%H1]<>!'*G$&0%!()!EHG$28B<>32$2(.-G*1(.- O3

<>HGHG$&#"'"()$2*1()!

-G0"*

5

323&(

<-A

()!K "<

(.-;+(.-Z]

<-N:

5 1)a

<>!>+?

9#5 R

<-7+()!

()HGH1(.-G()!

D

6-7H1*1()3232<5!#

A

(.-7HGC 0

()!

D

6-G#"()H1*1()3232*@HG$2!>+F]

<>-,

()+()! ^`(.-G*

A

0%! ? 9

+>$&( SU$28B<>32

6*G$20%!>H1'U<-A

()!

()HG*1()!

8

(.-X

()$2!>HG*G$28@8B<>!#YSU$28B<>32 6*G$20%!

X'

()H7HG<>!#

^

-G()!5+ ]

<-$89 +7

SU$28B<>32 6*G$&0%! <>!>+ ()HGHG<5!#

()$

"323&()! / 6-7 "89(.*1(.-7! #%<*

<

(.-G()$2!>H1*G$V8@89()!

HG$V!>+

0

(E<5!>+F/0%HG$2*G$&0%!J+()H

1 $X

8B<>8@HW'3&()$V!(

8 ! *1(.-7H7C

$&()+>(

<JH1(

()!

+>$&(

8

(.-G()$V!>H1*G$28@8B<>!# $VH1*W "8

()H1*1()!F]

<- ?

9:5 a

<>!>+I:

5 1&

Œa8;>*f8U/1*2,¼Àh6¾=.‰-,U/+¾À,=*f8'Á2.À7*045/S./8;>@¼¾ÂÀ:7@oB8'À76¾=>/]j:H 67*¾> ¹¾3457./¾ÂÁcc*2>:À7@Db7>/¾ U

=*0./¾8U:7.µ¾[Zb<¾=>1*0H»¾ÂÀ^/+¾ÁÁ8¾ÂÀi>8;67*28Á8¾ÂÀ‡Œ˜¾3>/+¾3*8Á0:À7@&.<?:À^/*0,¼À¾ÀiG<¾=./*0H$H¿¾Àv3:(B,ÀÀ¾Àn

WÀiWqGG7*8Á067:À7@Æ¥,**0./`67*8¾3./¾=.¤‰)>,&GÁ8¾3H h¼¾=>18À7.458;:Á0*245^/]˜½)._.*8À76i67,;>/_6*8¾9>18;67*f8'Á8¾À

Œ˜¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@&.<?:À^/*2,À¾À ¾=*À¾=>j‰)>1,;G0¾[H$*V/¾=*À¾=H Œ,¼Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>:745…h&,¼Àv† — * ³ Î :À76

Œ˜¾=>/+¾3*8Á2:À7@&.<?:À^/*2,À¾À„.1*0H_:Á0*8¾=>/+¾3>4RQ,¼À,z@&:78U/*0,¼À¾Àn68;>@¼¾=./+¾ÂÁ8Á0/uOH¾3*c67*8¾3./¾=H Œ,¼Á2:;U

H¿¾ÀG7>1:45 c:7>6¾À5*0H_:Áf8x/*2,À¾ÀhH$*V/>K E 9

¥’ ³ ­ <-:À76 E

9³ ­ ’ %­ <k67:7>457@¼¾3< B:57>/

J¾¾3*2@;/w.*8À76h67*8¾F8;H G<¾=./+¾À :7G0¾3>/¾3*8À7./*2H[H¿¾À76¾ÂÀ65*2H_:Á28U/*0,¼À7.:>h¼¾ÂÀh*Àh6¾ÀP67:>145B

67*¾h:À^//¾=>1.457*8¾36Á2*045¾À K,U ¹¾3>//¾@¼¾3G7*8Á06¾3//¾À À^/+¾3>1H¿¾À7@¼¾ÂÀDK B:7>

š L % ./1*2H[H»¾ÂÀ

5*0H_:Áf8x/*2,Ào:À76¾=..1:À@YG<¾=*c8ÁÁ8¾À{‰-8;>8UH»¾R/+¾=>$À‹@;:/TB:7G0¾3>j)68U@¼¾=@¼¾ÂÀ‹.*8À76nG<¾=*d6¾3>

Š_B,;5¾S:À76w‰-,&.*0/1*2,¼À 6¾3.

³

8!Z*2H`:7H$.A!Á¾=*8À¾À^/+¾3>1.457*8¾36¾ 3:w¾3>J'¾ÀÀ¾ÂÀE  B8;57>/¾ÂÀ76

G<¾=*.K — = :À76K — ³ ­ Š$¾[H¾3*8Á0."68U. ³ 8`Z*0H_:7H .45Á8¾345/qH$*V/w6¾=H ³ 8`Z*0H_:7H

6¾3>w¾=.1.:7>h¾ZB:7G<¾=>$¾=*8À./*0H$H/]j;*0./:À^//¾=>6¾À$8À76¾=>/¾ÂÀ»À*245^/˜¾=*À76¾=:/*2@73:»¾3>J¾ÂÀÀ¾ÂÀj

L¾Á245¾67*¾QG0¾3.//¾*0./]

+*8¾hWq:7.VH¾3>/:À7@„58U/²¾3>1@¼¾3G0¾ÂÀjg68U.1.²¾3.W¾3*8À¾v.*2@¼À7*$zdx8À^/+¾ÂÀ}WÈÀ¾=*045¾À <CB:7>»¾=*$U

À¾

B

WÈÀ6¾=>:À7@[6¾=.˾ÂÍ0¾^/1*ch¼¾ÂÀ~‰-8&8;>bp,;//¾À3*f8Á0.g*8À K:À^/1*2,¼À6¾3.AŒ,¼Á2:7H¿¾ÀG7>:7457.c@&*0G/]

Wq:<?@&>1:À676¾=../¾ÂÀTc*2>6D8À7@¼¾ÂÀ7,&H[H»¾ÂÀj68U.1.d68;.Ét,;/+¾ÂÀ=*28Á\B:7G<¾=>d6¾ÂÀ @¼¾=.18;H`/+¾ÂÀlŒ,¼Á2:;U

H¿¾ÀG7>1:45G<¾=>$¾=*045W;,¼À./8'À/A:À76$67:7>145$67*8¾Ã‰-8;>8;H¿¾3//¾=> — ³

*,h6*:À6 K — 

¤ h ³

<%¾=./@¼¾ÂÁ8¾3@;/m*2./]/+*¾8À7@¼¾3@¼¾=G<¾À¾À KE¾35Á8¾3>>¾=>@^8;G<¾Àn.1*045‹8U:7.¤¾=*8À¾=>eWqG.145 B8U/J=:À@Y6¾3>

<%¾=./@¼¾ÂÁ8¾3@;/m*2./]/+*¾8À7@¼¾3@¼¾=G<¾À¾À KE¾35Á8¾3>>¾=>@^8;G<¾Àn.1*045‹8U:7.¤¾=*8À¾=>eWqG.145 B8U/J=:À@Y6¾3>