Executa the Indicated shell command. then retUl"!l to the message.
Add the liven names to the list of carboD. copy reciptent.3.
Read the me "deaci.letter" from yotJr home directory into t.!:.e mes-lAie.
Invoke the text editor on the messqe collected 10 far. After the edit.in& sessiCt1 I..s ~hed... you may continue appending text to the messAie.
EcUt
the messqe header aeIds by typi.ng each one in tur:1 andalloW'-ina
the user to append taxt. to the end or' mocilly the aeld by IlSlngthe currant. t.erminal erue and kill charact.en.
-m messAies
Read the named messqes into the message being sent. siillled ~..g.b.t one~. If no messages an specified. read the cun-ent messqe.
-p
Print out the messqe colle clad sotar.
prefaced by the meslAie header tlelcis."'""I Abort the message beini sent. copyin& the messa,e to 'Odead.letter"
In
your
home directQry l! sa~ is set.-rmename
Read the named me into the message.
-11 st.rin& Cause the named
st.rin&
to become the current. subject aeld.- t name .••
Add the liven names
to
the direct reCipient l1st.~ Invoke an alternate eci1tor (de~ed by the VISUAL option) on the
mes-I q e collected 10
tar.
Usually. the alternate editor Will be a screen editor. Atter you quit the editor. you may resume appending text to the end ot yotJr message ...."mename
Writ. the mess&.le onto the named dle.
-tcommana
P1.pe t.ba messAie through the command
as
a alter. If the eemmand&ins
%).0 output Or" t..!"!21inatesabnormally. ret.a.m
the or-",mal text o!3-50
lWl.(1) UNIX Procrammer', Manual
mail- ,end a.nd receive mail
SYNOPSIS
mail [ -l [ Ilame ] ] [ people ... ] I!f'l'RODUCTION
~.
1!a.'iJ.
is a I.nlelll,e:t mail processin& system. which has a command synLaxremin-~ iacent of It:! With lines replaced by massqes.
Se'ftding m4il. To .end a messqe to one or more other people. m4'iJ. can be
1nvo~ed with ar&wnenu which are the names
ot
peopleto
send to. You are then expect.ed to t.ype in your message. followed by an EQT (control-D) at thebegm-D.ini
of a line. The lection below, labeled R,plying la or origin.a.t1:n.g mm:L.describes some feat.ures of mczil aVailable t.o help you compose your let.ter.
Rea.ding
m.=:z.
In Ilormal U3qe. m.cil is civen no ar&uments and check3 your mail out. of the post ot!ice. then print.inC out a one line header of eac!l message there. The curnnt. meslace 13 initially the ant. meslAle (numbered. 1) and C~be printed us1n& the print command (which can be abbreViat.ed
pl.
You can move among the messa,es muchas
you move between Unes inIt:!.
With the com-mand3 '.' and '-' moVini backwards and fonrarUa. and simple Ilumbers typilli the addressed meslAce.Dispa&'i:n.g
at m.=:z.
After exami.n.inC a mess Ale you can delete (d) the messace or reply (r) toit.
Deletion causes the m4il proiram to toriet. about. the mess~e.This is not irreversible. t.h8 messace can be undelet.acl (u) by &iVinc its number.
or the
m.=z
lession can be aborted by liVini the ent (%) command. Deleted messa,es will. hew • .,.r. usually di5appear neverto
be seen &&s.ill.Sp.cij'ym.g
menag.s.
Commands Nchas
print. and delete often can be liven a listot
messace numbersas
arlument t.o apply t.o a Ilumber of messages at. once.Thus "delet.. 1 2" deletes messAIes 1 and 2. while "delete 1-~'" d.eletes me,-'Ales 1 t.brouah 5. The special rlame ... addresses all messages. and
"s"
addresses the lut. messAle; thus the command
t.op
which prints the ~rst !ew Unes of a messa,e could be used in "t.op ." to print. thearst
tew lines of all mes-8&&es.R'1'lyiAg
ta
Of" or\gVt.i:tiftg m4iZ. You can U3e the reply commane! to set up a respol1leto
a messAie. ,endJ.ni it back to the person who it. was from. Text you then type in. up to an e~d.-ol-me (or a line consisUn.c only ot a ... ) de~es the conterlU of the messqe. 'While youare
composinC a message. mlZil treats lines becinni::li With the charact.er "_" Ipecially. For instance. typinC "-mil (alone on a line) will place a copy of the current. message into the response right shi!tin& it by a t.abstop. Other escapes W'ill .et up subject. ~elc:1s. add and delete recipienuto
the me.l&&e and allow you to escapeto an
editor to rmse the message or toa
Ihellto run
lome commands. (These OpUOr1S Will be liven in thesummary
below.)Bndi:n.g
a.
me'Ll ~c.ui.ng sasrim.. You can end a mczil session with the quit. (q) command. lless&&es which have been examined 10 to your mba: ale unless they have been deleted in which case they are discarded. Ullexammed messages go back to the post. ot!ice. The ~ option CI!1U3es m.aiZ to read in the contents of your mba= (or the lpec1.ded dle) for processinC: when you quit. m.cil wntes undeleted messAies back to this dle.3-'11
1lUn.(1)
Itmp/R#
/usr
IUb/Yail.ilelp·/U3%' IUb IMail.~
Ibm/mail
I etc / delivermail
SEZALSO .
tJNlX
rrogracmer's
Mar.u.altempora.ry for editor escape help ~es
system initialization ~e
to do actual mail.in.g postman
ptiunail( 1). fmt(l). lle'Waliases(l). aliases(S). delivermail(B)
"I'he
ldailRefennee MAnual'
AC"I"BOR
Kurt. Shoens BOGS
3-Sc.l
MAll(:)
u1t
(I) Takes a list of messages A%ld prints lheir messaae headers.
(h) List.s the current. ra.o.e of beaders. "hich is an 18 messllIe group.
Does not. override the clelete command..
(m) Takes as Argument login names and distribution Iroup names and sends mail t.o these people.
(D. Uke
+
or CR) Goes to the next messqe in sequence and. types it.With an Argument liat.. types the next matchin& messqe.
A synonym for holcL
I
(p) Takes a messaa.
l1st
and types out each message on the user's terminal.(q) Terminates the session. laVing all undeleted. unsaved messages in the user's NO: Ole in his login ci1rectory, preserTing all messages marked. with hold. or prese"e Clr never reterenced. in his system mAlI-box. and removing all other messages from bis .ystem mailbox. If 11ke the mail command. The default message must not. be deleted.
A synonym for
repl,..
(.) Takes a message list and a mename and appends each message in turn to t.he end of the me. The dleneme m quot.es. followed. by the line count and character count is echoed. on the user'l t.erminal.
(_>
Ylth no Arguments. prints aU variable values. Otherwise. setsoption. Arauments arw of the form "option=v'alue" or "option."
(m) Invokes an interactive .ersion of the shall
Take. a message Ust aDd prina out. the lize in characters ot eaC!l
)
,
?S(1)
PS(l)
ps - prt)cess status SYNOPSIS
t- ( ac&kInt.uTY%# ( core~e ] ( S'Wap~e ] [ Iystem ] ] DESCRIP'l'ICH <
-is"'print.3 certain indicia about active processes. To get a complete print:)ut on the console or Ipr. use "ps
axliT'
For a q,uick snapshot of system aCUvtty.'~s au" is recommended. A minus may precede options lfit!l no el!eet. The tol-lowin, options may be spee~ed.
• asks for information about all processes lfith lermil:l4ls (ordinarily otlly one'. own prt)cesse. are displayed.).
c causes only the com.m. aeld to be displayed instead of the arguments.
(The comm aeld is the tail of the path name ot the me the prt)cess last exec'ed..) Th1s option speeds up ps lomewhat aJld. reduces the amoWlt ot output.
It
iI also more "liable linee the process can't scribble on top of1t.
I Asks tor all prt)cesses. Without t.h1s option. ps only prinb "interesting"
processes. Processes are deemed to be Wllnt.erestini 1.f they U'1I prt)cess ,rt)up lladers. or if their u.uments belm w1th a '-'. This normally elim-inal's !bells and ,etty procas.es.
k causes the &e A£.I'r /S"!/S /eon 11 used in place of /dJI'V.ll:mAm. and
/!U1i;"'t7um.. ThiJ 11 used (or postmortem Iystem debUii~.
1
asks tora
10111 Ust1ni. The short list.1ng eonwns the user name. process ID. tty. the cumulative Ixecution time ot t.he process and ILIl approx:u:na-tion lD the command Une.asb for "raw output". A non-human readable sequence of structures is output on the Itandard output. There is one structure (or each prt)cess.
the tormat 11 de~ld by <psout.h>
• Print the lize of the kernel ltack ot each process. This may ocly be used wtth the short