Sabine Müller and Jonathan Loeffler
1.4 EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSISMICROBIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSIS
In addition to the standards directly specified in the European Directives and previously mentioned, numerous standards are published either specifying analytical methods (generally one standard for each type of bacteria or virus or other microorganisms) or providing guidance for sampling methods and sample handling. The standards are either generalist (not restrictive to one source of water) or considering specific kinds of water systems (drinking water, bathing water, coastal water, marine water, swimming pool, etc.) and sample nature (like sludge). Most of them are published by the Technical Committee TC147 “water quality”/Subcommittee SC4“microbiological methods” as well as from the Technical Committee TC34“food products”/Subcommittee SC9“microbiology”. Relevant examples are given in the Table 1.1.
Overview of European regulation and standards on microbiological water analysis 3
Table 1.1 Overview of relevant standards for microbiological water analysis.
Standard Reference Title
Standards for microbiological water analysis
ISO 15839:2003 Water quality–On-line sensors/analysing equipment for water– Specifications and performance tests
EN ISO 17994:2004 Water quality–Criteria for establishing equivalence between microbiological methods
ENV ISO 13843:2001 Water quality–Guidance on validation of microbiological methods ENV ISO 13530:1998 Water quality–Guide to analytical quality control for water analysis EN ISO 8199:2007 Water quality–General guidance on the enumeration of
micro-organisms by culture
EN ISO 10705-1:2001 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages–Part 1:
Enumeration of F-specific RNA bacteriophages
EN ISO 10705-2:2001 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages–Part 2:
Enumeration of somatic coliphages
EN ISO 11731-2:2008 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of Legionella–Part 2:
Direct membrane filtration method for waters with low bacterial counts
EN ISO 16266:2008 Water quality–Detection and enumeration ofPseudomonas aeruginosa–Method by membrane filtration
ISO 19250:2010 Water quality–Detection ofSalmonellaspp.
EN ISO 6222:1999 Water quality–Enumeration of culturable micro-organisms–Colony count by inoculation in a nutrient agar culture medium
EN ISO 7899-1:1998/AC 2000 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci in surface and wastewater–Part 1: Miniaturized method (Most Probable Number) by inoculation in liquid medium
EN ISO 7899-2:2000 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci– Part 2: Membrane filtration method
EN ISO 9308-3:1998/AC 2000 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in surface and wastewater–Part 3: Miniaturized method (Most Probable Number) by inoculation in liquid medium prEN ISO 9308-12012-12 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and
coliform bacteria–Part 1: Membrane filtration method ISO 6461-2:1986 Water quality–Detection and enumeration of the spores of
sulfite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia)–Part 2: Method by membrane filtration
EN ISO 19458:2006 Water quality–Sampling for microbiological analysis EN ISO 5667-1:2006/AC:2007 Water quality–Sampling–Part 1: Guidance on the design of
sampling programmes and sampling techniques
EN ISO 5667-16:1998 Water quality–Sampling–Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples
EN ISO 5667-19:2004 Water quality–Sampling–Part 19: Guidance on sampling in marine sediments
(Continued)
Besides that, three standards (ISO 13843, ISO 17994, ISO 7704) dedicated to the guidance and definition of procedures to validate and/or compare several microbiological methods are published, as well as a specific standard (ISO 15839) describing the performance testing of on-line sensors/analysing equipment for water. This standard is applicable to most sensors/analysing equipment, but it is recognized that, for some sensors/analysing equipment, certain performance tests cannot be carried out. This International Standard defines an on-line sensor/analysing equipment for water quality measurements, defines terminology describing the performance characteristics of on-line sensors/analysing equipment and specifies the laboratory and field test procedures to be used to evaluate the performance characteristics of on-line sensors/analysing equipment.
Finally, laboratories qualified for analysis of drinking water should fulfil the requirements for an accreditation procedure preferably according to EN ISO 17025.
Table 1.1 Overview of relevant standards for microbiological water analysis (Continued).
Standard Reference Title
EN ISO 5667-23:2011 Water quality–Sampling–Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters
EN ISO 5667-3:2003/AC:2007 Water quality–Sampling–Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples
ISO 7704:1985 Water quality–Evaluation of membrane filters used for microbiological analyses
Specific standards for characterization & sampling of sludges
CEN/TR 15175:2006 Characterization of sludges–Protocol for organizing and conducting inter-laboratory tests of methods for chemical and microbiological analysis of sludges
CEN/TR 15214-1:2006 Characterization of sludges–Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli in sludges, soils, soil improvers, growing media and biowastes–Part 1: Membrane filtration method for quantification CEN/TR 15214-2:2006 Characterization of sludges–Detection and enumeration of
Escherichia coli in sludges, soils, soil improvers, growing media and biowastes–Part 2: Miniaturised method (Most Probable Number) by inoculation in liquid medium
CEN/TR 15214-3:2006 Characterization of sludges–Detection and enumeration
of Escherichia coli in sludges, soils, soil improvers, growing media and biowastes–Part 3: Macromethod (Most Probable Number) in liquid medium
CEN/TR 15215-2:2006 Characterization of sludges–Detection and enumeration of Salmonella spp. in sludges, soils, soil improvers, growing media and biowastes–Part 2: Liquid enrichment method in selenite-cystine medium followed by Rapport-Vassiliadis for semi-quantitative M EN ISO 5667-13:1997 Water quality–Sampling–Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges
from sewage and water treatment works
EN ISO 5667-15:2009 Water quality–Sampling–Part 15: Guidance on the preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples
Swimming pool requirements
EN 15288-2:2008 Swimming pools–Part 2 Safety requirements for operation Overview of European regulation and standards on microbiological water analysis 5
ABBREVIATIONS
CEN : European Committee for Standardization CEN TC : CEN Technical Committee
DWD : Drinking Water Directive EC : European Commission
EN/prEN: European Standard/draft European Standards ISO : International Organization for Standardization WHO : World Health Organization
REFERENCES
Europa.eu, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/index_en.htm (last accessed January 2012)
European Committee for Standardization, http://www.cen.eu/cen/Members/Pages/default.aspx (last accessed January 2012)
World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/en (last accessed January 2012)
World Health Organization (2008). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality [electronic resource]: incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol. 1, Recommendations–3rd ed. Geneva, ISBN 978 92 4 154761 1 (WEB version) (NLM classification: WA 675).
World Health Organization (2003). Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments, Volume 1, Coastal and Fresh Waters. Geneva, ISBN 92 4 154580 1 (NLM classification: WA 820).
World Health Organization (2006). Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments, Volume 2, Swimming Pools and Similar Environments. Geneva, ISBN 92 4 154680 8 (NLM classifi cation: WA 820).