V. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SURFACE WATERS OF
5.4. Conclusion
The Siak River, its estuary and the coastal waters of Riau Province are highly contaminated by PAHs. Enrichment of PAHs was centred at waters around residential and industrial areas. Two- to four-ring PAHs were dominant in the both dissolved and particulate phases. Source apportionment indicated petroleum and biomass burning sources in all studied areas. This reflects the decisive effects of biomass burnings and swamp/forest fires, as well as oil discharges from vessel, port activities, urban and industry.
Acknowledgments
This study is part of the German-Indonesian SPICE Project Cluster 3.1., funded by the Federal German Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology (BMBF, Bonn), and supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). We would like to show our gratitude to scientists and students from University of Riau, Indonesia, the crew of RSV Senangin, and to SPICE German colleagues for their contribution during sampling campaigns and discussion. Last but not least, we thank all reviewers for their constructive critics and comments.
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104 VI. A COMPARISON OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS