Posture
N. b.: The dot separating z from x and y is the mathematical way of telling the reader that z is the variable to be partialled out
4.5 Comprehensive Schematic Overview of Steps Involved in Data Processing
The following three tables sum up the steps involved in data processing described in the sections above. This comprehensive schematic overview contrasts the different steps taken with respect to the examination of focal groups and focal animals. For the latter it further distinguishes between the ‘examination level’ of behavioural elements (accompanied by posture and heart rate) and behavioural topography (again, in conjunction with posture and heart rate). Information pertaining to focal groups (chapter 5.1) is presented in tab. 4-2380, the respective details on focal-animal
‘elementary’ evaluations (chapter 5.2) are shown in tab. 4-21. The second table (tab. 4-22) provides a summary with respect to focal-animal ‘topographical’ evaluations (chapter 5.3).
80 for reader-friendly arrangement of two-page tables
Table 4-21: Overview of Steps involved in Data Processing – Focal-Animal Behaviour Elements, Posture, and Heart Rate (bpm). CR: Continuous Recording, ad lib.: Ad-Libitum Sampling; FA: focal animal; a, b, c: distance measure for conspecific disturbance, concentric circles around and in increasing distance from FA, with a = no nest in-between conspecific intruder and FA (directly at FA-nest), b = 1 nest in-between, and c = 2 nests in-between; IPIV-H: Interval-Performance Indicator Value for Human Visitation, IPIV-C: Interval-Interval-Performance Indicator Value for Conspecific Disturbance; ECG: electrocardiogram; appr.: approach, compl.: completely; s.a.: see above; correlations: Spearman’s rho.
Primary Transcriptions Parameter Categorisation
Sampling Differentiation
31 behaviour elements CR (s-by-s)
within element categories:
intensity (e.g., defensive/
offensive; small/ large head turns/ scans; compl. expressed/
intentional movements) Penguin
Behaviour s.l.
(= behaviour s.s. and
posture) 2 postures CR (s-by-s) none
Penguin
Heart Rate ECG: heartbeats beats per 20s
(as counted) none
Human Disturbance
4 visiting regimes
information on number of visitors (1 vs. 3); informa-tion on visitor conduct (loud and fast vs. silent and slow)
CR; s-by-s record of human visitation (written protocol, denoting start- and end-points in seconds), watch time aligned with video and logger
by visiting stage: initial
approach to 15m distance from colony edge, time spent at 15m, approach to 5m, time spent at 5m, appr. to 3m, time spent at 3m, retreat
walking (moving at normal speed) moving at
3 distances from FA nest
(a, b, c) running
just standing/ lying (a, b, c)
by nest distances (a, b, c) Conspecific
Disturbance stationary at 3 distances from FA nest (a, b, c)
manipulating FA nest, e.g., nest stone theft; inter-acting with FA (a)
CR (s-by-s)
by type of interaction
Predator/
Aircraft Disturbance
skua high, medium, low overflight;
skua on ground; skua nest attack;
bird shadow; aircraft noise
ad lib.
skua by height of overflight/
presence on ground;
bird shadow: none aircraft: if possible, by type (helicopter, plane)
Secondary Transcriptions
Sampling Differentiations Analyses Visualisation
20s-intervals (rate and/or duration per interval)
same as during primary transcriptions
correlation of selected behaviour parameters with - conspecific disturbance - human visitation - heart rate
table
20s-intervals (rate and/or
duration per interval) none not presented not presented
20s-intervals (beats per minute, extrapolated)
none
correlation of heart rate with - conspecific disturbance - human visitation - selected behaviour parameters
table (s.a.)
20s-intervals (weighted sum of seconds of human presence )
Interval-Performance Indicator Value for Human Visitation (IPIV-H): weighted by distance from colony edge, visitor number and visitor conduct
s.a. (behaviour, heart rate) table (s.a.)
20s-intervals (weighted sum of seconds of conspecifics present)
Interval-Performance Indicator Value for Conspecific
Disturbance (IPIV-C): weighted by distance from FA, number of conspecifics, velocity of movement, type of interaction
s.a. (behaviour, heart rate) table (s.a.)
ad lib.
skua by height of overflight/
presence on ground;
bird shadow: none aircraft: if possible, by type (helicopter, plane)
not presented not presented
Table 4-22: Overview of Steps involved in Data Processing – Focal-Animal Behavioural, Postural and Heart Rate Topopgraphy. CR: Continuous Recording, ad lib.: Ad-Libitum Sampling; FA: focal animal; a, b, c: distance measure for conspecific disturbance, concentric circles around and in increasing distance from FA, with a = no nest in-between conspecific intruder and FA (directly at FA-nest), b = 1 nest in-between, and c = 2 nests in-between; VS-PIV: Visiting-Stage Performance Indicator Value for Human Visitation, CMM: Conspecific Movement Measure; ECG: electrocardiogram;
(R)HR: (resting) heart rate, SD: standard deviation; pre-dur-post: prior to, during, and after human visitation.
Primary Transcriptions Secondary Transcriptions
Para-meter Categorisation
Sampling Differentiation Sampling Differentiations by contents (pure, impure, transitionary, types of interruption) by phase duration class
behaviour systems (composed of behaviour elements)
5 behaviour
systems CR (s-by-s)
within system categories: intensity (e.g., defensive/
offensive; moderate/
intense vigilance)
phases (time spent in a given behaviour system)
none
by state duration class
Penguin Behaviour s.l. (= behaviour s.s. and posture)
posture 2 postures CR (s-by-s) none
states (time spent in a given
posture) none classified as
undulating regularly/
increasing/
decreasing ECG:
heartbeats none
beats per 20s (as counted)
none
by phase duration class
Penguin Heart Rate deviations
from resting heart rate (RHR ± 2SD)
below, within, above RHR
± 2SD
beats per 20s
(as counted) none
phases (time stretches of HR below, within, above RHR ± 2SD)
none
Human Disturbance 4 visiting
regimes
information on number of visitors (1 vs. 3);
information on visitor conduct (loud and fast vs.
silent and slow)
CR; s-by-s record of human visitation (written protocol, denoting start- and end-points in seconds), watch time aligned with video and logger
by visiting stage:
initial approach to 15m distance from colony edge, time spent at 15m, approach to 5m, time spent at 5m, appr. to 3m, time spent at 3m, retreat
nominally by visiting stage
Visiting-Stage-Performance Indicator Value for Human Visitation (VS-PIV):
N.b.: differentiation by visiting stage only, no integration of number and conduct Conspecific Movement Measure (CMM, per 2min-interval prior to disturbance) moving at three distances
from FA nest (a, b, c) by nest distances
for each distance:
sum per 10s total conspecific movement (a, b, c);
conspecific movement at the focal nest (a)
Conspecific Disturbance
stationary at closest distance from FA nest (a)
CR (s-by-s)
none sum per 10s
conspecifc stationary presence at the focal nest
Predators/ Aircraft Disturbance
skua high, medium, low overflight; skua on ground; skua nest attack;
bird shadow (skua, Southern giant petrel);
aircraft noise
ad lib. skua disturbance;
aircraft noise ad lib. skua disturbance;
aircraft noise
Analyses Visualisation
differences between periods = pre-dur-post differences between visiting stages
changes during increases/ decreases in total conspecific movement and conspecific movement at the focal nest changes during increases/ decreases in conspecific stationary presence at the focal nest
Visual Appraisal
changes during predator/ aircraft disturbance
topography charts (individual sessions);
tables
(all groups; each group)
Quantitative Comparison
total time spent in each behaviour system pre-dur-post (all groups, each group, individual sessions); Friedman-test pre-dur-post (all groups)
boxplots;
tables Phase Number &
Phase Time
differences between periods = pre-dur-post (all groups)
pie charts (total phase number &
time); log diagrams (category phase number & time) Visiting Regimes
for selected systems, ranked proportions calculated between periods = pre-dur-post; ranked magnitudes of difference between periods (each group)
tables depicting ranks Visual Appraisal
Quantitative Comparison
State Number & State Time
Visiting Regimes
see behaviour systems see behaviour systems
differences between periods = pre-dur-post differences between visiting stages)
changes during increases/ decreases in total conspecific movement and conspecific movement at the focal nest changes during increases/ decreases in conspecific stationary presence at the focal nest
Visual Appraisal
changes during predator/ aircraft disturbance
topography charts (individual sessions);
tables
(all groups; each group)
Quant. Comparison:
‘visited’ vs. ‘baseline’
HR
changes between periods (‘visited’: pre-dur-post) and 10min-intervals ('baseline') with respect to 8 statistical parameters (all groups); Friedman-tests (all groups)
scatterplots (magnitude of difference from pre-visit/
1st interval values); tables Phase Number &
Phase Time
differences between periods = pre-dur-post (all groups)
pie charts (total phase number &
time); log diagrams (category phase number & time) Visiting Regimes
ranked proportions calculated between periods
= pre-dur-post; ranked magnitudes of difference between periods (each group)
tables depicting ranks Visual Appraisal;
Quant. Comparison;
Phase Number &
Time; Visiting Regimes
see behaviour/ heart rate see behaviour/ heart rate
change in CMM in successive 2min-intervals pre-visitation (all groups; each group)
topography charts (individual sessions); tables
Visual Appraisal
see behaviour/ heart rate see behaviour/ heart rate
Visual Appraisal see behaviour/ heart rate see behaviour/ heart rate
Table 4-23: Overview of Steps involved in Data Processing – Focal Groups. AOS: All-Occurrences Sampling, CR: Continuous Recording, ISS: Instantaneous-Scan Sampling, OZS: One-Zero Sampling, ad lib.: Ad-Libitum Sampling; FG: focal group; PPIV-H: Point-Performance Indicator Value for Human Visitation, PPIV-C: Point-Performance Indicator Value for Conspecific Presence; row: a ‘string’ of focal-group nests in line with colony edge; 1st row: at colony edge, 2nd to 4th rows: in line with colony edge but separated from it by other rows of nests; 1st to nth per row: first to last (focal-group nests in a row were denoted from left to right); PUI-G: ‘Penguin Unit’-Index per focal group, PUI-R: ‘Penguin Unit’-Index per row; pre- dur-post: prior to, during, and after human visitation; n.a.: not applicable; (partial) correlations: Spearman’s rho. Primary Transcriptions Secondary Transcriptions Parameter Categorisation Sampling DifferentiationSamplingDifferentiations Analyses Visualisation Penguin-Unit-Index, PUI-R: per row (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th)differences between periods = pre- dur-post per row 6 behaviour states ISS (30s point sampling)by row (1st to 4th)
ISS (30s point sampling)Penguin-Unit-Index, PUI-G: total group (sum of 1st to 4th)differences between periods = pre- dur-post for all rows together (total) Penguin-Unit-Index, PUI-R: per row (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th)differences between periods = pre- dur-post per row 1 behaviour event
AOS (30s interval sampling)
by row (1st to 4th) and nest (1st to n-th per row)
OZS (yes/ no per nest and 30s interval)Penguin-Unit-Index, PUI-G: total group (sum of 1st to 4th)differences between periods = pre- dur-post for all rows together (total) Penguin-Unit-Index, PUI-R: per row (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th)differences between periods = pre- dur-post per row
Penguin Behaviour s.l. (= behaviour s.s. and posture)
3 behaviour aspects 2 posture statesISS (30s point sampling)by row (1st to 4th)
ISS (30s point sampling)Penguin-Unit-Index, PUI-G: total group (sum of 1st to 4th)differences between periods = pre- dur-post for all rows together (total)
pie charts; tables: values for each period = pre-dur-post, magnitudes of difference between periods preà dur, durà post Penguin Heart Ratenone obtained for FGn.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a. correlations: conspecific presence during visitation with human visitation (PPIV-C and PPIV-H) Human Disturbance
4 visiting regimes
information on number of visitors (1 vs. 3); information on visitor conduct (loud and fast vs. silent and slow)
CR; s-by-s record of human visitation (written protocol, denoting start- and end-points in seconds), watch time aligned with video and logger
by visiting stage: initial approach to 15m distance from colony edge, time spent at 15m, approach to 5m, time spent at 5m, appr. to 3m, time spent at 3m, retreat
ISS (30s point sampling)
Point-Performance Indicator Value for Human Visitation (PPIV-H): integration of distance, visitor number and visitor conduct
partial correlations: human visitation with selected behavioural parameters and posture (conspecific presence partialled out)
tables correlations: conspecific presence pre and post with selected behavioural parameters and posture Conspecific Disturbance
conspecific presence
no distinction between stationary and moving conspecifics
ISS (30s point sampling)
by location relative to focal group: outside colony, edge, between 1st and 2nd row, …, between 4th and 5th row
ISS (30s point sampling)
Point-Performance Indicator Value for Conspecific Presence (PPIV-C): total sum of conspecifics, as no row differences detected for focal- group behaviour
partial correlations: conspecific pre- sence during visitation with selected behavioural parameters and posture (human visitation partialled out)
tables Predator/ Aircraft Disturbance
skua high, medium, low overflight; skua on ground; skua nest attack; bird shadow (skua, Southern giant petrel); aircraft noise
ad lib.
skua by height of overflight/ pre- sence on ground; bird shadow: none aircraft: if possible (helicopter, plane)
used for elimination of data points clearly affected by predator/ aircraft disturbancen.a. n.a.