Behaviour States

For this passage, the reader is referred to figures 5.1-5 – 5.1-10 and table 5,1-6. To facilitate between-row comparisons, table 5.1-6 provides the statistical overview only with respect to the categories presented in more detail in the text; the complete overview is found in appendix 5.1-2.

Predominant index-values in all rows, all periods (and all datasets) were calculated for the categories ‘alert’ (range of median index-values: 0.48 to 0.77; see tab. 5.1-6) and/or ‘rest&Co’

(range of median index-values: 0.11 to 42).

The category ‘manip’ (comprising nest/ egg manipulation) attained greater index-values than the category ‘rest&Co’ three times (B₂, 1 P, S&S pre-visit: R3 = 0.16; C₂, 1 P, L&F during visit: R3 = 0.15 and R4 = 0.12), but did not come close to those calculated for the category ‘alert’. The remaining categories were more or less negligible in each row (range of median index-values:

0.00 to 0.05), again reflecting results obtained for pooled rows (R_tot, see previous section).

For the categories ‘alert’ and ‘rest&Co’, between-period differences (i.e., increases/ decreases from one period to the next) were generally greater for R1 and/or R2, and smaller for R3 and/or R4 (as compared to those calculated for all rows together, see tab. 5.1-6).

Before human visitation, between-row differences were frequent for the categories ‘alert’ and

‘rest&Co’, but did not exhibit a clear pattern in any of the datasets.

During human visitation, the highest index-values for the category ‘alert’ were calculated for the first row (R1) in five out of the six datasets (excepting dataset C₂); in each case, this was complemented by the lowest index-values for the category ‘rest&Co’ (again excepting dataset C₂).

Moreover, with respect to groups X (3 P, S&S) and Y (3 P, L&F), there was a gradual decrease (‘alert’: R1 > R2 > R3 > R4) resp. increase (‘rest&Co’: R1 < R2 < R3 < R4) in index-values, although for group Y, index-values in R3 and R4 were reversed (i.e. R4 exhibited slightly higher values for ‘alert’ and lower values for ‘rest&Co’ than R3).

After the visits, R1 index-values for ‘alert’ were the highest among all rows in five datasets out of six (excepting dataset B₂), but the pattern was not as distinct as during visitation. As for the category

‘rest&Co’, there was no clear pattern discernable.

After the switch in visiting regime, index-values for ‘alert’ calculated for dataset B₂ (1 P, S&S) were distinctly higher (as compared to dataset B₁) before and after the visits for R2-R4 but only slightly higher before and after the visits for R1. During visits, they remained approximately the same for all rows. This way, between-period differences were all but wiped out in R2-R4, but remained distinct in R1 (see tab. 5.1-6: alert-B₂ vs. alert-B₁). Index-values for ‘rest&Co’ were (considerably) lower (again, as compared to dataset B₁), both before and after the visits for all rows. They remained (approximately) the same during visits, resulting in much lower between-period differences than had been calculated prior to the switch in visiting regime.

As for dataset C₂ (1 P, L&F), index-values for ‘alert’ calculated after the switch in visiting regime were higher, and index-values for ‘rest&Co’ were lower than before the switch (i.e., as compared to dataset C₁) in all rows and all periods.

No consistent differences were found with respect to the remaining categories (appendix 5.1-2).

Table 5.1-6: Overview – Descriptive Statistics Concerning Distribution of Four Parameters of Focal-Group Behaviour Examined for Each of Four Rows. Mean values (all sessions) are shown for each dataset; these are complemented by minimum (min.), median (med.), and maximum (max.) values calculated across all datasets. R1: first row, R2: second row, R3: third row, R4: fourth row; alert: vigilance behaviour; rest&Co: resting/ sleeping and small comfort behaviours (yawning, ‘non-committal’ movements), headshakes_yes: headshakes occurred, up: sitting/ standing posture; B₁, C₁: datasets prior to switch in visiting regime, B₂, C₂: datasets after switch in visiting regime; L&F: loud and fast, S&S: silent and slow; 1 P: one visitor, 3 P: three visitors; pre: prior to visitation, dur: during visitation, post: after visitation, dur-pre: difference between pre- and during-visitation, post-dur: difference between during- and post-visitation.

N.b.: Only values for parameters presented in detail in the text are provided in this table, the complete table is found in appendix 5.1-2.

R1 R2

group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post B1 L&F 0.44 0.37 0.81 -0.36 0.45 0.33 0.33 0.66 -0.32 0.34 B2 S&S 0.55 0.26 0.81 -0.31 0.50 0.60 0.09 0.69 -0.17 0.52 C1 S&S 0.57 0.08 0.65 -0.04 0.61 0.51 0.09 0.60 -0.12 0.48 C2 L&F 0.75 -0.02 0.73 -0.03 0.70 0.56 0.12 0.68 -0.06 0.62 X S&S 0.50 0.20 0.70 -0.20 0.50 0.34 0.30 0.64 -0.27 0.37 Y L&F 0.53 0.30 0.83 -0.26 0.57 0.47 0.23 0.70 -0.16 0.54 min 0.44 -0.02 0.65 -0.36 0.45 0.33 0.09 0.60 -0.32 0.34 med 0.54 0.23 0.77 -0.23 0.54 0.49 0.18 0.67 -0.17 0.50

Alert

max 0.75 0.37 0.83 -0.03 0.70 0.60 0.33 0.70 -0.06 0.62 group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post B1 L&F 0.49 -0.39 0.10 0.37 0.47 0.57 -0.29 0.28 0.28 0.56 B2 S&S 0.21 -0.11 0.10 0.28 0.38 0.24 -0.04 0.20 0.17 0.37 C1 S&S 0.30 -0.06 0.24 0.07 0.31 0.43 -0.18 0.25 0.17 0.42 C2 L&F 0.19 -0.08 0.11 0.09 0.20 0.25 -0.09 0.16 0.11 0.27 X S&S 0.42 -0.25 0.17 0.25 0.42 0.50 -0.23 0.27 0.17 0.44 Y L&F 0.36 -0.29 0.07 0.22 0.29 0.39 -0.20 0.19 0.14 0.33 min 0.19 -0.39 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.24 -0.29 0.16 0.11 0.27 med 0.33 -0.18 0.11 0.24 0.35 0.41 -0.19 0.23 0.17 0.40

Rest&Co

max 0.49 -0.06 0.24 0.37 0.47 0.57 -0.04 0.28 0.28 0.56 group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post B1 L&F 0.05 0.06 0.11 -0.04 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.09 -0.05 0.04 B2 S&S 0.10 0.02 0.12 -0.05 0.07 0.20 -0.06 0.14 -0.09 0.05 C1 S&S 0.11 0.04 0.15 -0.04 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.11 -0.04 0.07 C2 L&F 0.12 0.19 0.31 -0.15 0.16 0.16 -0.04 0.12 -0.02 0.10 X S&S 0.07 0.08 0.15 -0.09 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.13 -0.04 0.09 Y L&F 0.06 0.04 0.10 -0.02 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.10 -0.03 0.07 min 0.05 0.02 0.10 -0.15 0.06 0.04 -0.06 0.09 -0.09 0.04 med 0.09 0.05 0.14 -0.05 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.12 -0.04 0.07

Headshakes_yes

max 0.12 0.19 0.31 -0.02 0.16 0.20 0.06 0.14 -0.02 0.10 group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post B1 L&F 0.07 0.06 0.13 -0.05 0.08 0.06 -0.01 0.05 -0.01 0.04 B2 S&S 0.05 0.04 0.09 -0.01 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.07 -0.04 0.03 C1 S&S 0.08 0.04 0.12 -0.06 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.11 -0.05 0.06 C2 L&F 0.02 0.12 0.14 -0.10 0.04 0.14 -0.08 0.06 0.02 0.08 X S&S 0.08 0.07 0.15 -0.06 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.13 Y L&F 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.11 -0.03 0.08 min 0.02 0.02 0.09 -0.10 0.04 0.04 -0.08 0.05 -0.05 0.03 med 0.07 0.05 0.13 -0.06 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.09 -0.02 0.07

Up

max 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.13

R3 R4 group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post

B1 L&F 0.37 0.28 0.65 -0.25 0.40 0.42 0.17 0.59 -0.21 0.38 B2 S&S 0.67 -0.04 0.63 -0.13 0.50 0.65 0.02 0.67 0.01 0.68 C1 S&S 0.56 0.07 0.63 -0.06 0.57 0.54 -0.01 0.53 -0.06 0.47 C2 L&F 0.74 0.04 0.78 -0.13 0.65 0.70 0.07 0.77 -0.12 0.65 X S&S 0.48 0.12 0.60 -0.15 0.45 0.37 0.16 0.53 -0.11 0.42 Y L&F 0.40 0.11 0.51 -0.11 0.40 0.49 0.08 0.57 -0.09 0.48 min 0.37 -0.04 0.51 -0.25 0.40 0.37 -0.01 0.53 -0.21 0.38 med 0.52 0.09 0.63 -0.13 0.48 0.52 0.08 0.58 -0.10 0.48

Alert

max 0.74 0.28 0.78 -0.06 0.65 0.70 0.17 0.77 0.01 0.68 group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post B1 L&F 0.48 -0.24 0.24 0.24 0.48 0.49 -0.18 0.31 0.18 0.49 B2 S&S 0.14 0.08 0.22 0.13 0.35 0.25 -0.09 0.16 0.05 0.21 C1 S&S 0.28 0.00 0.28 0.06 0.34 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.07 0.42 C2 L&F 0.13 -0.08 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.18 -0.09 0.09 0.14 0.23 X S&S 0.43 -0.15 0.28 0.16 0.44 0.58 -0.20 0.38 0.04 0.42 Y L&F 0.48 -0.09 0.39 0.11 0.50 0.40 -0.06 0.34 0.10 0.44 min 0.13 -0.24 0.05 0.06 0.16 0.18 -0.20 0.09 0.04 0.21 med 0.36 -0.09 0.26 0.12 0.40 0.38 -0.09 0.33 0.09 0.42

Rest&Co

max 0.48 0.08 0.39 0.24 0.50 0.58 0.00 0.38 0.18 0.49 group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post B1 L&F 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.09 B2 S&S 0.19 -0.04 0.15 -0.02 0.13 0.14 0.02 0.16 -0.08 0.08 C1 S&S 0.08 0.00 0.08 -0.02 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.06 -0.01 0.05 C2 L&F 0.14 0.00 0.14 0.05 0.19 0.12 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.16 X S&S 0.06 0.02 0.08 -0.01 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.12 -0.05 0.07 Y L&F 0.07 0.00 0.07 -0.01 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.06 -0.01 0.05 min 0.06 -0.04 0.07 -0.02 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.06 -0.08 0.05 med 0.08 0.00 0.08 -0.01 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.10 -0.01 0.08

Headshakes_yes

max 0.19 0.02 0.15 0.05 0.19 0.14 0.06 0.16 0.01 0.16 group pre dur-pre dur post-dur post pre dur-pre dur post-dur post B1 L&F 0.07 0.00 0.07 -0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.07 B2 S&S 0.14 -0.02 0.12 0.01 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.21 -0.08 0.13 C1 S&S 0.10 -0.04 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.09 C2 L&F 0.12 0.05 0.17 -0.01 0.16 0.18 0.04 0.22 -0.08 0.14 X S&S 0.12 0.00 0.12 -0.02 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.10 -0.01 0.09 Y L&F 0.09 -0.02 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.10 -0.05 0.05 min 0.07 -0.04 0.06 -0.02 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.06 -0.08 0.05 med 0.11 -0.01 0.10 -0.01 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.10 -0.03 0.09

Up

max 0.14 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.16 0.18 0.09 0.22 0.01 0.14

Figure 5.1-5: Dataset B₁ (1 P, L&F): Mean Distribution of Six Behaviour States before, during, and after Human Visitation for All Rows Together, and Separately for Each Row. allS: all sessions per dataset; L&F: loud and fast;

1 P: one visitor; B₁: dataset prior to switch in visiting regime; Rtot: sum across all four rows; R1: first row, R2: second row, R3: third row, R4: fourth row; alert: vigilance behaviour, agon: agonistics, fl-up: flippers up, manip: manipulate (egg and nest manipulation), preen: preening, rest&Co: resting/ sleeping and small comfort behaviours (yawning, ‘non-committal’

movements).

Figure 5.1-6: Dataset B₂ (1 P, S&S): Mean Distribution of Six Behaviour States before, during, and after Human Visitation for All Rows Together, and Separately for Each Row. allS: all sessions per dataset; S&S: silent and slow;

1 P: one visitor; B₂: dataset after switch in visiting regime; Rtot: sum across all four rows; R1: first row, R2: second row, R3: third row, R4: fourth row; alert: vigilance behaviour, agon: agonistics, fl-up: flippers up, manip: manipulate (egg and nest manipulation), preen: preening, rest&Co: resting/ sleeping and small comfort behaviours (yawning, ‘non-committal’

movements).

Figure 5.1-7: Dataset C₁ (1 P, S&S): Mean Distribution of Six Behaviour States before, during, and after Human Visitation for All Rows Together, and Separately for Each Row. allS: all sessions per dataset; S&S: silent and slow;

1 P: one visitor; C₁: dataset prior to switch in visiting regime; Rtot: sum across all four rows; R1: first row, R2: second row, R3: third row, R4: fourth row; alert: vigilance behaviour, agon: agonistics, fl-up: flippers up, manip: manipulate (egg and nest manipulation), preen: preening, rest&Co: resting/ sleeping and small comfort behaviours (yawning, ‘non-committal’

movements).

Figure 5.1-8: Dataset C₂ (1 P, L&F): Mean Distribution of Six Behaviour States before, during, and after Human Visitation for All Rows Together, and Separately for Each Row. allS: all sessions per dataset; L&F: loud and fast;

1 P: one visitor; C₂: dataset after switch in visiting regime; Rtot: sum across all four rows; R1: first row, R2: second row, R3: third row, R4: fourth row; alert: vigilance behaviour, agon: agonistics, fl-up: flippers up, manip: manipulate (egg and nest manipulation), preen: preening, rest&Co: resting/ sleeping and small comfort behaviours (yawning, ‘non-committal’

movements).