AMENHOTEP III. UND DIE LEVANTE:

DIE AMARNABRIEFE, WEITERE HEIRATEN UND EIN KRANKHEITSFALL

3KDUDR$PHQKRWHS ,,, ± Y &KU KHUUVFKWH EHU HLQ SROLWLVFK XQG ZLUWVFKDIWOLFK JHIHVWLJWHV bJ\SWHQ ,Q VHLQHU ODQJHQ 5HJLHUXQJV]HLW VLQG ELVODQJ NHLQH PLOLWlULVFKHQ )HOG]JH LQ GLH 5HJLRQHQ GHU /HYDQWH EHNDQQW YLHOPHKUIHVWLJWHGHU+HUUVFKHUVHLQHQ0DFKWDQVSUXFKGRUWHLQHUVHLWVGXUFK*HVFKHQNDXVWDXVFKXQGHLQHJH]LHOWH +HLUDWVSROLWLNPLWGHQ*UR‰PlFKWHQ9RUGHUDVLHQV±GLHHURIIHQEDUYRQVHLQHP9DWHUVREHUQRPPHQKDWWH±

DQGHUHUVHLWVGXUFKGLH$QELQGXQJbJ\SWHQVDQGLHÀRULHUHQGHQ+DQGHOVQHW]ZHUNHLP0LWWHOPHHUUDXP'LHVHYHU-VRUJWHQQLFKWQXUbJ\SWHQPLW*WHUQDXVGHU/HYDQWHXQGGHUbJlLVVRQGHUQEUDFKWHQDXFKlJ\SWLVFKH*WHU±YRU DOOHP*ROG±LQGLH/HYDQWH

,Q GHU DXVJHKHQGHQ 5HJLHUXQJV]HLW $PHQKRWHSV ,,, EHJLQQW DXFK GLH hEHUOLHIHUXQJ GHU EHUHLWV HUZlKQWHQ ª$PDUQDEULHIH©GHUHQ/DXI]HLWLQVJHVDPWYRQGHUVSlWHQ5HJLHUXQJV]HLW$PHQKRWHSV,,,FD5HJLHUXQJV-MDKUELVLQGLHIUKHQ-DKUH7XWDQFKDPXQV($FD-DKU"GDWLHUHQGHPQDFKHLQH=HLWVSDQQHYRQXQJHIlKU -DKUHQXPIDVVHQ 'LHDQ$PHQKRWHS,,,JHULFKWHWHQ%ULHIHDXVGHP&RUSXVEHVFKUHLEHQGDEHLHUVWPDOVHLQ-dringlich die starke lJ\SWLVFKHEinbindung in die politische Kommunikation zwischen den Herrschern der damaligen

*UR‰PlFKWHbJ\SWHQ0LWWDQL%DE\ORQLHQ.DVVLWHQXQG+DWWLXQWHUHLQDQGHUGHPVRJª*UHDW3RZHUV¶&OXE©

VRZLH]XDQGHUHQ5HJLRQHQGHV|VWOLFKHQ0LWWHOPHHUUDXPHVVRXD=\SHUQª$ODVLMD©), der westkleinasiatischen .VWHªArzawa©$VV\ULHQXQGGHQVRJªOHYDQWLQLVFKHQ9DVDOOHQVWDDWHQ©$PHQKRWHS,,,VHOEVWVFKHLQWVLFK]X- PLQGHVWLP=XJHGHU9HUIROJXQJޏ$EGL$ãLUWDYRQ$PXUUXDXFKHLQPDOLQGHU/HYDQWH6LGRQDXIJHKDOWHQ]XKD-EHQ(UVWPDOLJ¿QGHQVLFKLQbJ\SWHQLQVEHVRQGHUH.{PHO+HWƗQQXQDXFK$XÀLVWXQJHQYRQ7RSRQ\PHQGLH RIIHQEDULQGHUbJlLV]XORNDOLVLHUHQVLQGXQGGLHVRPLWHEHQIDOOVDXIEHJLQQHQGH.RQWDNWH]ZLVFKHQGLHVHQ5HJL-onen schließen lassen,]XGHP¿QGHQVLFK]DKOUHLFKHlJ\SWLVFKH2EMHNWHPLWGHQ.DUWXVFKHQ$PHQKRWHSV,,,LP ägäischen Raum

,P 5DKPHQ GHU )HVWLJXQJ GLHVHU GLSORPDWLVFKHQ .RQWDNWH KHLUDWHWH$PHQKRWHS ,,, LP 9HUODXI VHLQHU 5HJLH-UXQJV]HLW ]ZHL PLWWDQLVFKH 3ULQ]HVVLQQHQ LQ VHLQHP 5HJLHUXQJVMDKU ]XQlFKVW HLQH7RFKWHU âXWWDUQDV ,, XQG 6FKZHVWHU7XãUDWWDVGHVVSlWHUHQ.|QLJVYRQ0LWWDQLQDPHQV*LOXKHEDDXFK.HOXKHEDlJ\SWLVFKDOVªKirgipa©

K-j-r-g-j-p-A) wiedergegeben,XQGLQVHLQHUVSlWHQ5HJLHUXQJV]HLW7DGXKHED5HJLHUXQJVMDKUGLHVHQXQ HLQH7RFKWHU7XãUDWWDV($$X‰HUGHPKDWWHHUZRKODXFKMHZHLOVHLQH7RFKWHUGHUNDVVLWLVFKHQ.|QLJH

.LWFKHQ=XP6WHLQJHIl‰PLW.DUWXVFKH7XWKPRVLV¶,9E]Z7XWKPRVLV¶,,,"LQ4DOޏDWâHUTDW$VVXUYJOYRQ%LVVLQJ

±$EE2QDVFK±$EE

:HLQVWHLQ±]XPVSlWEURQ]H]HLWOLFKHQ+DQGHOLQGHU/HYDQWH]XOHW]WDXFK6DXYDJH

9JO:LQFNOHU.QXGW]RQ.KQH,]UHޏHO±6LQJHUEHV±0RUDQ&RKHQ±:HVWEURRN3RGD-Q\±&RFKDYL5DLQH\]XU=HLWVSDQQHGLHGLH$PDUQDEULHIHDEGHFNHQYJODXFK0LOOHUD±GRUWDXFKPLW ZHLWHUHU/LWHUDWXUGHUDQQLPPWGDVV7XWDQFKDPXQVHOEVWNHLQH%ULHIHHUKLHOW

=XU(UZlKQXQJXQGGHU3UlVHQ]lJ\SWLVFKHU%RWHQE]Z*HVDQGWHQLQHLQHUNHLOVFKULIWOLFKHQ/LVWHGHV-DKUKXQGHUWVY&KUDXVGHP PLWWDQLVFKHQ7HOOHO+DPLGL\HK7DގLGX7DLWHYJO1RYiN

6RGLH%ULHIH($XQGGHV+HUUVFKHUV5LE$GGLYRQ%\EORVYJO]XOHW]W:LOKHOP

=XGHQ/LVWHQXQG7RSRQ\PHQYJO&OLQH(GHO±*|UJ$GURPet al.'XKRX[%UH\HU&OLQH±6WDQQLVK YJO]XGHP]XOHW]W0D]DUet al.7RQWDIHOIXQG-HUXVDOHP

=XGHQlJ\SWLVFKHQ,PSRUWHQLQGHUbJlLVYJO&OLQHEHV±±+HOFN±/LO\TXLVW ]XOHW]WGD]XDXFKYDQ'RQJHQ.HOGHU

=XGHQVRJª*HGHQNVNDUDElHQ©DXVGHU5HJLHUXQJV]HLW$PHQKRWHSV,,,GLHXDDXFKGLH+RFK]HLWPLWGHU3ULQ]HVVLQWKHPDWLVLHUHQ YJO%ODQNHQEHUJYDQ'HOGHQ6NDUDElHQ±]XOHW]W'HPDUpH]XU9HUWHLOXQJGLHVHUVSH]L¿VFKHQ6NDUDElHQLQGHU /HYDQWHYJO:HLQVWHLQ±]XGHPDXFK*ROGZDVVHUXD%HWKâHDQ-DIID<RQ±56>@5ƗV âDPUD8JDULW]XPHQLJPDWLVFKHQ5ROOVLHJHODXVHLQHP*UDELQ0HWVDPRU$UPHQLHQGDVLQHLQHUKLHURJO\SKLVFKHQ.ROXPQHQLQVFKULIW HLQHQNDVVLWLVFKHQ.|QLJGHQª*UR‰HQYRQ6LQJDU.XULJDO]X©QHQQWYJO%UHQWMHV]XOHW]W&ROORQ

.XULJDO]X,XQG.DGDãPDQ(QOLO,LQVHLQHP+DUHP:HLWHUHG\QDVWLVFKH+HLUDWHQ±VRXDPLWHLQHU7RFKWHUGHV .|QLJV7DUDKXQGDUDGXYRQ$U]DZD($±±VLQGQDFK$XVNXQIWGHU$PDUQDEULHIHP|JOLFKMHGRFKDXIJUXQG GHU8QYROOVWlQGLJNHLWGHV$UFKLYVQLFKWHLQGHXWLJ]XEHOHJHQ'LHHQJHQG\QDVWLVFKHQ9HUELQGXQJHQbJ\SWHQV insbesondere mit dem ReicKYRQ0LWWDQLODVVHQVLFK]XGHPDXFKH[HPSODULVFKGXUFKGLHLQ%ULHI($HUZlKQWH 9HUVHQGXQJHLQHU6WDWXHGHU*|WWLQ,ãWDUâDZXãNDYRQ1LQLYHGXUFK7XãUDWWDYRQ0LWWDQLGLHGHQNUDQNHQ3KDUDR JHQHVHQODVVHQVROOWHEH]HXJHQEH]HXJWIUGDV5HJLHUXQJVMDKU$PHQKRWHSV,,,

=DKOUHLFKH lJ\SWLVFKH 2EMHNWH GLH .DUWXVFKHQ $PHQKRWHSV ,,, WUDJHQ VLQG DXFK LQ GHU /HYDQWH JHIXQ - GHQZRUGHQMHGRFKNDQQDXFKEHLGLHVHQ2EMHNWHQGHU=HLWSXQNWGHU9HUEULQJXQJQLFKWJHVLFKHUWEHVWLPPWZHU-GHQ Möglicherweise YHUKDQGHOWH$PHQKRWHS,,,DXFKPLWGHPKHWKLWLVFKHQ*UR‰N|QLJ6XSSLOXOLXPD,EHUGLH 1HXIDVVXQJHLQHVZHLWHUHQ9HUWUDJHV]ZLVFKHQGHQEHLGHQ*UR‰UHLFKHQE]ZGHU)RUWIKUXQJoder Erweiterung des .XUXVWDPD9HUWUDJHVVHLQHU9RUJlQJHUVR4.6.4

'LH /HYDQWH VHOEVW ZDU GDEHL ± ZRP|JOLFK LQ GLHVHU RGHU HLQHU lKQOLFKHQ )RUP EHUHLWV VHLW GHU =HLW7XWKPR -VLV¶,,,±LQPHKUHUH9HUZDOWXQJVSURYLQ]HQHLQJHWHLOW'LHVHZXUGHQYRQHLQHPlJ\SWLVFKHQ*RXYHUQHXUDNNDGLVFK ªRabisu©RGHUª5DEX©JHQDQQWYRU2UWYHUZDOWHW$OV6LW]HHLQHVVROFKHQ*RXYHUQHXUVVLQGGLH3URYLQ]HQ.DQDDQ LQGHUVGOLFKHQ/HYDQWHPLW6LW]LQ*D]D>7HOOHOޏ$MMXO@VRZLH8SH8SLKHWK$ELQDGDVPLWWHOEURQ]H]HLWOLFKH ª$SXP©RIIHQEDUPLW6LW]LQ.XPLGLLQGHU%HTDޏD(EHQH>.ƗPLGHO/ǀ]@GD]XVI.B.1.4–6XQG$PXUUXPLW6LW]

LQৡXPXUZDKUVFKHLQOLFKPLW7HOO.D]HOLQGHUޏ$NNDU(EHQH]XLGHQWL¿]LHUHQVI.G.1LQGHUQ|UGOLFKHQ/HYDQWH EHOHJW'LHVH*RXYHUQHXUHXQGLKUHª*DUQLVRQHQ©YHUZDOWHWHQGLHMHZHLOLJHQ3URYLQ]HQYRU2UWLQGHPVLHIUGLH UHJLRQDOHQ+HUUVFKHUHLQHUVHLWVHLQHQPHKURGHUZHQLJHUGLUHNWHQ.RQWDNW]XUlJ\SWLVFKHQ.URQHHUP|JOLFKWHQDQ- GHUHUVHLWVDEHUDXFK6WHXHUQXQG$EJDEHQHUKREHQXQGNRQWUROOLHUWHQ±ZRKOSULPlUEHVWHKHQGDXV1DWXUDOLHQ5RK-VWRIIH*HWUHLGH9LHKHWFDEHUDXFKGLYHUVHQLQGHU/HYDQWHJHIHUWLJWHQ/X[XVJHJHQVWlQGHQ±XQGQDFKbJ\SWHQ ZHLWHUOHLWHWHQ

,QLQWHUQHSROLWLVFKH$QJHOHJHQKHLWHQGHUQRUGOHYDQWLQLVFKHQ+HUUVFKHUKlXVHULQWHUYHQLHUWHQGLH6WDWWKDOWHUZRKO RIIHQEDUQLFKW]XPLQGHVWVRODQJHlJ\SWLVFKH,QWHUHVVHQGDEHLJHZDKUWEOLHEHQ'LHäJ\SWLVFKHQ*RXYHUQHXUHXQG GLHIUVLHLQGHU5HJLRQGHU/HYDQWHWlWLJHQ%RWHQVLQGREZRKOGLHVHLQGHQ$PDUQDEULHIHQDXFKQDPHQWOLFKJHQDQQW werden, LQbJ\SWHQMHGRFKNDXPDUFKlRORJLVFKRGHULQVFKULIWOLFKEHOHJW9HUPXWOLFKWUXJHQVLHXDGLH7LWHOjmj-rA xAswt mHtwt ª9RUVWHKHUGHUQ|UGOLFKHQ)UHPGOlQGHU©±HLQ$PWGDVVHLW7XWKPRVLV,,,HUVWPDOVEHOHJWLVWXQG ZRKOZlKUHQGVHLQHU5HJLHUXQJV]HLWJHVFKDIIHQZXUGH±RGHUHrj pDt n njswt (ª7UXSSHQYRUVWHKHUGHV.|QLJV©$NN LېULSLWi/8*$/

:lKUHQGGLH5HJLHUXQJV]HLW$PHQKRWHSV,,,VRPLWLQVJHVDPWDOVIULHGOLFKH(SRFKHXQGVSULFKZ|UWOLFKHVª*RO- GHQHV=HLWDOWHU©IUGLH%H]LHKXQJHQbJ\SWHQVPLWGHU/HYDQWHXQGGHQZHLWHUHQ*UR‰PlFKWHQ9RUGHUDVLHQVDQ]XVH-hen ist, die primär den politiscGHQHV=HLWDOWHU©IUGLH%H]LHKXQJHQbJ\SWHQVPLWGHU/HYDQWHXQGGHQZHLWHUHQ*UR‰PlFKWHQ9RUGHUDVLHQVDQ]XVH-hen status quoLQGHU/HYDQWHIUGLHbJ\SWHUXQGLKUHQGRUWLJHQ+HUUVFKDIWVDQVSUXFK ]XZDKUHQYHUVXFKWHlQGHUWHQVLFKLQ9RUGHUDVLHQMHGRFKDOOPlKOLFKGLHEHVWHKHQGHQ0DFKWYHUKlOWQLVVH'HUSROL-WLVFKH8PVFKZXQJIKUWHHLQHUVHLWV]XP1LHGHUJDQJGHU0DFKW0LWWDQLVJOHLFK]HLWLJHUVWDUNWHQGLH+HWKLWHUGLH ODQJH=HLWPLWLQQHQSROLWLVFKHQ3UREOHPHQ]XNlPSIHQKDWWHQHUQHXW8QWHU*UR‰N|QLJ6XSSLOXOLXPD,XQGVHLQHU VWDUNH[SDQVLRQLVWLVFKJHSUlJWHQ$X‰HQSROLWLNVFKOLH‰OLFKVROOWHQVLHDXFKHLQHHUQVWKDIWH*HIDKUIUGHQlJ\SWLVFKHQ 0DFKWDQVSUXFKLQGHU/HYDQWHZHUGHQ

4.6.7 AMENHOTEP IV./ECHNATON UND DIE SPÄTE 18. DYNASTIE:

DIE LEVANTE IN DER AMARNAZEIT

8QJHDFKWHWGHUJUDYLHUHQGHQLQQHUSROLWLVFKHQ8PZlO]XQJHQXQGNXOWLVFKHQbQGHUXQJHQLP%HUHLFKGHURI¿]LHOOHQ 6WDDWVUHOLJLRQXQWHUGHP1DFKIROJHU3KDUDR$PHQKRWHSV,,,±$PHQKRWHS,9DEVHLQHP5HJLHUXQJVMDKU(FKQDWRQ

±Y&KU±lQGHUWHQVLFKGLH%H]LHKXQJHQbJ\SWHQV]XU/HYDQWH]XQlFKVWQLFKWPHUNOLFK:HLWHUKLQEH-VWDQGGLHlJ\SWLVFKH3URYLQ]YHUZDOWXQJLQGHU/HYDQWHZHLWHUKLQZXUGHDXFKLQWHQVLY+DQGHOE]Z*WHUDXVWDXVFK

6FKXOPDQE&UVHPDQQet al.:HLQVWHLQ±.LWFKHQ±

:HLSSHUWE)Q

=XGHQ%H]LHKXQJHQ$PHQKRWHSV,,,PLWGHP5HLFKYRQ0LWWDQLYJOXD/XQGVWU|P]XOHW]WDXFK.DKQD/LRQ±

9JOGLH=XVDPPHQVWHOOXQJGLHVHU2EMHNWHEHL:HLQVWHLQ±GD]XDXFK.LWFKHQ±

6RDQJHGHXWHWLQ($±0RUDQ±'HU%ULHIN|QQWHMHGRFKDXFKDQGHQQRFKMXQJHQ3KDUDR7XWDQFKDPXQDGUHVVLHUW VHLQXQGGDPLWDXI9RUJlQJHXQWHU$PHQKRWHS,9(FKQDWRQYHUZHLVHQGD]X&OLQH±FRQWUD0LOOHUD]XOHW]WGD]XDXFK 'HYHFFKL±0LOOHU

+LUVFKGD]XDXFKEHUHLWV+DFKPDQQF

$OW+HOFN:HLQVWHLQ±+DFKPDQQDEF]XOHW]WDXFK 6RXDGLHlJ\SWLVFKHQ%RWHQ0DQHXQG঩DUUDPDããDYJO0RUDQ+HVV+LUVFK9RJHO +DFKPDQQF:HLQVWHLQ±+LUVFK

EHWULHEHQ1LFKW]XOHW]WGDVZRKOJHJHQ(QGHGHV-DKUKXQGHUWVY&KUJHVXQNHQH6FKLIIVZUDFNEHL8OXEXUXQ YHUDQVFKDXOLFKWHLQGULQJOLFKGLHVSH]L¿VFKH$UWGHV:DUHQYHUNHKUVGHUVSlWEURQ]H]HLWOLFKHQ/HYDQWH

'LH$PDUQDEULHIHGLHDQ$PHQKRWHS,9(FKQDWRQJHULFKWHWVLQGEHOHJHQ]XQlFKVWGDVVGLH+HUUVFKHUGHUYRU-GHUDVLDWLVFKHQ *UR‰PlFKWH ZHLWHUKLQ LQ .RQWDNW PLW bJ\SWHQ VWDQGHQ XQG LKUH %RWHQ XQG *WHU DOV *HVFKHQNH GHNODULHUWDXFKGRUWKLQHQWVDQGWHQ2EDXFK$PHQKRWHS,9(FKQDWRQYRUGHUDVLDWLVFKH3ULQ]HVVLQQHQKHLUDWHWHLVW ]ZDUP|JOLFKMHGRFKQLFKWDEVFKOLH‰HQGJHVLFKHUWLQVHLQHP+DUHPEHIDQGVLFKMHGRFKQDFKZHLVOLFKQRFKGLHPLW-WDQLVFKH3ULQ]HVVLQ7DGXKHSDGLHDEHUZRKODXVGHP+DUHPVHLQHV9DWHUV$PHQKRWHS,,,ªEHUQRPPHQ©ZXUGH

*OHLFK]HLWLJZXUGHQXQYHUlQGHUWDXFKZHLWHUKLQJUR‰H0HQJHQlJ\SWLVFKHU*WHULQGLH/HYDQWHXQGGLHDQJUHQ]HQ-GH*HELHWHYHUVFKLFNW

9RQGHQOHYDQWLQLVFKHQ+HUUVFKHUQGHQVRJª9DVDOOHQ©LP%HUHLFKGHU/HYDQWHVLQGHEHQIDOOV]DKOUHLFKH6FKUHL- EHQHUKDOWHQGLHHLQHQVHOWHQHQ(LQEOLFNLQGDVSROLWLVFKH*HÀHFKWGLHVHU6WDGWVWDDWHQHUP|JOLFKHQREJOHLFKVLHDOO-JHPHLQHLQHQXUVXEMHNWLYHXQGHEHQIDOOVJU|‰WHQWHLOVSURSDJDQGLVWLVFKH'DUVWHOOXQJVZHLVH]XPHLJHQHQ9RUWHLOGHU MHZHLOLJHQ+HUUVFKHUWKHPDWLVLHUHQ*OHLFK]HLWLJVSLHJHOQVLHDEHUDXFKGLHSUHNlUH6WHOOXQJGHUQRUGOHYDQWLQLVFKHQ +HUUVFKHUXQG6WDDWHQª]ZLVFKHQGHQ)URQWHQ©ZLGHUGHQQGLH%HGURKXQJGHU5HJLRQGXUFKGLH)HOG]JHGHUVRJ ª6\ULVFKHQ.ULHJH©GHVKHWKLWLVFKHQ*UR‰N|QLJV6XSSLOXOLXPD,LQGHUQ|UGOLFKHQ/HYDQWHJHIlKUGHWHQLFKWQXULKUH 6WHOOXQJVRQGHUQDXFKGLH%HVLW]XQJHQGHUbJ\SWHULQGHU/HYDQWH'HU(LQIDOOGHU+HWKLWHU]HUVW|UWHVFKOLH‰OLFK DXFKMHQHQXQWHU$PHQKRWHS,,,HWDEOLHUWHQstatus quoLQGHU/HYDQWH:lKUHQGXQVGXUFKGLHYRUKDQGHQHQKHWKL -WLVFKHQXQGYRUGHUDVLDWLVFKHQ4XHOOHQGLHVEH]JOLFK]ZDUDOOJHPHLQHLQHUHODWLYJXWH±ZHQQDXFKHLQVHLWLJHXQG OFNHQKDIWH±KLVWRULVFKH5HNRQVWUXNWLRQGHUSROLWLVFKHQ*HVFKHKQLVVHZlKUHQGGHVDXVJHKHQGHQ-DKUKXQGHUWV Y&KUGHUVSlWHQ'\QDVWLHLQGHUQ|UGOLFKHQ/HYDQWHP|JOLFKLVWVRVLQGGLHKLVWRULVFKDXVVDJHNUlIWLJHQ lJ\SWLVFKHQ4XHOOHQGLHVEH]JOLFKMHGRFKäußerst spärlichXQGJHEHQNDXPDXVVDJHNUlIWLJH,QIRUPDWLRQHQ]XGHQ JHVFKLFKWOLFKHQ$EOlXIHQGHUVSlWHQ$PDUQD]HLW:lKUHQGGLH5HJLRQHQGHUQ|UGOLFKH/HYDQWHVXN]HVVLYHLQGLH +lQGHGHU+HWKLWHUIDOOHQGLH±lKQOLFKGHQ+HUUVFKHUQYRQ0LWWDQL]XYRU±GLHORNDOHQQRUGOHYDQWLQLVFKHQ.|QLJH LQLKUHQbPWHUQEHODVVHQXQGGLHVHDOOHLQYHUWUDJOLFKDQ+DWWLELQGHQHQWEUHQQWVFKOLH‰OLFKHLQ.DPSIXPGHQ*UHQ]-YHUODXI]ZLVFKHQGHQKHWKLWLVFKHQXQGlJ\SWLVFKHQ(LQÀXVVJHELHWHQ'LH*UHQ]H]ZLVFKHQGLHVHQ(LQÀXVVEHUHLFKHQ GUIWHGDEHL±YRQ:HVWHQQDFK2VWHQ±XQJHIlKULP*HELHWYRQ$PXUUXGHP*HELHWGHUKHXWLJHQޏ$NNDU(EHQHLP .VWHQEHUHLFK4DGHãDP2URQWHV7HOO1HEL0HQGXQG4D৬QD7HOO0LãULIHYHUODXIHQVHLQ$OVVSULFKZ|UWOLFKH ª)URQWVWDGW©EHLGHQ$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJHQ]ZLVFKHQGHQEHLGHQ*UR‰PlFKWHQPXVVGDEHL4DGHãJHQDQQWZHUGHQ GDVLPVSlWHQXQGIUKHQ-DKUXQGHUWY&KUPHKUPDOVVRZRKOYRQbJ\SWHUQDOVDXFK+HWKLWHUQDQJHJULIIHQ ZLUG XQG JHZLVVHUPD‰HQ ª]ZLVFKHQ GHQ )URQWHQ© VWHKW 8UVSUQJOLFK ZRKO IHVW ]XP lJ\SWLVFKHQ (LQÀXVVJHELHW JHK|UHQGJULIIGLH6WDGWGLHDQUFNHQGHQ+HWKLWHUDQGLHVHOEVWUHGHQG]XUFNVFKOXJHQGLH6WDGWHUREHUWHQXQGGHQ +HUUVFKHUGHU6WDGWâXWDWDUUDVDPWGHVLJQLHUWHQ7KURQIROJHUGK.URQSULQ]$LWXNNDPDQDFK঩DWWXVDGHSRUWLHUWHQ 6SlWHUZXUGH$LWXNNDPDDOV.|QLJXQGKHWKLWLVFKHU9DVDOOLQ4DGHãHLQJHVHW]W2EGDUDXIKLQEHUHLWVVSlWXQWHU

$PHQKRWHS,9(FKQDWRQ]XVDPPHQPLW.|QLJLQ0HULWDWRQ"RGHUDXFKHUVWXQWHUVHLQHP1DFKIROJHU6HPHQFKNDUH FD±Y&KURGHU7XWDQFKDPXQFD±Y&KUHLQ)HOG]XJJHJHQ4DGHã±XQGGDPLW DXFKJHJHQ+DWWL±DOV9HUJHOWXQJVVFKODJJHIKUWZXUGHLVWQLFKWJHVLFKHUWEHOHJWHYHQWXHOOZXUGHGLHVHU)HOG]XJ EHUHLWV YRP VSlWHUHQ 3KDUDR +RUHPKDE DQJHIKUW ]X GLHVHP =HLWSXQNW QRFK 2EHUEHIHKOVKDEHU GHV lJ\SWLVFKHQ +HHUHVGHUGDQQVSlWHUP|JOLFKHUZHLVHVRJDUHLQHQZHLWHUHQ9HUWUDJPLWGHQ+HWKLWHUQDXVKDQGHOQVROOWHGD]XDXFK VI.C.1.4 (LQIUDJPHQWLHUWHU7RQYHUVFKOXVVPLWGHU.DUWXVFKH+RUHPKDEVLVWLQ7HOO0LãULIH4D৬QDJHERUJHQZRU-GHQGHUVHLQH3UlVHQ]LQGHU5HJLRQVRPLWDXFKDUFKlRORJLVFKEHOHJHQN|QQWHVI.C.2

'LHPLOLWlULVFKHQ$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJHQXPGHQ*UHQ]YHUODXIGHUEHLGHQ5HLFKHXQGGLHSROLWLVFKH9RUKHUUVFKDIW

EHUGHQZLFKWLJHQ%UFNHQNRSI4DGHãVROOWHQMHGRFKELVZHLWLQGLHIUKH'\QDVWLHKLQHLQYHUODXIHQXQGHUVWLQ

3XODN%DVVet al.<DOoÕQet al.%DFKKXEHU&OLQH±<DVXU/DQGDX.DW]GD]XDXFKVI.J.1=XGHQ YHUKDQGHOWHQ*WHUQXQG*HVFKHQNHQYJODXFK&RFKDYL5DLQH\)HOGPDQ

6RDXFKH[HPSODULVFKGXUFKGDVVRJªJUR‰H(UHLJQLVGHV-DKUHV©GHU5HJLHUXQJV]HLW$PHQKRWHSV,9(FKQDWRQVGHU9HUVDPPOXQJ YRUGHUDVLDWLVFKHUXQGQXELVFKHU%RWHQLQ$PDUQDGDUJHVWHOOWGD]X]XOHW]W)LW]HQUHLWHU

9JOGD]XGLH%ULHIH($XQGGHU.|QLJH%XUQDEXULDã,,XQG7XãUDWWDYJO0RUDQ±±

6RXDGLH$XÀLVWXQJHQLQ($XQGYJOGD]XDXFK&RFKDYL5DLQH\)RUVWQHU0OOHUet al.GLHVNDQQDUFKlRORJLVFK]XGHP DXFKHLQ6NDUDElHQDEGUXFNPLWGHP7KURQQDPHQ$PHQKRWHSV,9(FKQDWRQVDXV7HOO0LãULIH4D৬QDEHOHJHQYJOGD]X$KUHQVet al.

VI.C.2.5.1.11

=XUQRFKLQJUR‰HQ7HLOHQXQNODUHQ&KURQRORJLHGLHVHU)HOG]JHYJO5LFKWHU]XOHW]W&RUGDQLF*URPRYD =XOHW]WGD]XXD0LOODUG4DGHã+DFKPDQQ.XPLGL.ƗPLGHO/ǀ]5LFKWHU4D৬QD

=XGHQKLVWRULVFKHQ$EOlXIHQYJO.OHQJHO±±]XOHW]W0LOODUG

'HU .|QLJ anx-xpr.w-Ra) LVW DXI GHP )UDJPHQW HLQHU (OIHQEHLQLQWDUVLH LP 3DODVW YRQ 5ƗV âDPUD8JDULW JHQDQQW YJO *DFKHW%L]RO -ORQSOV*DEROGHGD]XDXFKVI.H.6.6.3.3

*DEROGH±0LOOHUD%UH\HUD±±'HYHFFKL±0LOOHU $KUHQVD

GHUEHNDQQWHQª6FKODFKWYRQ4DGHã©]ZLVFKHQ5DPVHV,,XQGGHPKHWKLWLVFKHQ*UR‰N|QLJ0XZDWWDOOL,,NXOPLQLH-UHQVXDXFKVI.C.1.4

,QGLHDXVJHKHQGH$PDUQD]HLWIlOOWVFKOLH‰OLFKDXFKGLHVRJª'DKDPXQ]X©E]Zª=DQQDQ]D$IIDLUH©, deren WUDJLVFKHU$XVJDQJODQJH=HLWIUVFKZHUHSROLWLVFKH9HUVWLPPXQJHQ]ZLVFKHQGHQ/DJHUQGHUbJ\SWHUXQG+HWKLWHU IKUHQVROOWH$XFKGLHVHKLVWRULVFKH(SLVRGHLVWELVODQJDXVVFKOLH‰OLFKLQKHWKLWLVFKHQ4XHOOHQLHGHQVRJª0DQ-QHVWDWHQ6XSSLOXOLXPDV©XQGGHQª3HVWJHEHWHQ©0XUVLOLV,,3HVWJHEHWEH]HXJW eine absolut gesicherte Verbin-GXQJPLWGHUlJ\SWLVFKHQ&KURQRORJLHXQG+LVWRULRJUD¿HGDKHUELVODQJQLFKWJHVLFKHUWP|JOLFK

$XVJDQJVSXQNWGHUª'DKDPXQ]X$IIDLUH©LVWGLH%HODJHUXQJYRQ.DUNHPLãGXUFK6XSSLOXOLXPD,9RUGHQ7R-UHQGHU6WDGWHUUHLFKWGHQKHWKLWLVFKHQ*UR‰N|QLJGXUFKHLQHQlJ\SWLVFKHQ%RWHQGDV%LWWJHVXFKHLQHUXQEHNDQQWHQ lJ\SWLVFKHQ.|QLJLQ±GHU'DKDPXQ]X±GLHQDFKGHP7RGLKUHV*HPDKOV1LEKXUXULMD^I1LLEېXUXULLDDã) den KHWKLWLVFKHQ*UR‰N|QLJXPHLQHQVHLQHU6|KQHDOV*HPDKO]XU(KHELWWHW'DPLWZUGHHLQ+HWKLWHU]XP.|QLJ

EHUbJ\SWHQZHUGHQ'LHVHV*HVXFKHUVFKHLQWDXFKGHP*UR‰Nönig so unglaublich, dass zunächst ein hethitischer

%RWHQDPHQV঩DWWXVD=LGLQDFKbJ\SWHQJHVDQGWZLUGXPGDV$QJHERW]XSUIHQ 9RQGRUWEULQJWGLHVHUGHQlJ\S-WLVFKHQ*HVDQGWHQ+DQLLQGLH+DXSWVWDGW঩DWWXVDGHUHLQ]ZHLWHV6FKUHLEHQGHU.|QLJLQEHUEULQJWXQG]XGHPGLH

*ODXEZUGLJNHLWGHV$QJHERWVZLHGHUKROW6XSSLOXOLXPD,HQWVFKOLH‰WVLFKGDUDXIKLQHLQ]XZLOOLJHQXQGZlKOWHLQHQ VHLQHU6|KQHGHQZRKOQRFKMXQJHQ3ULQ]HQ=DQQDQ]DIUGLH+RFK]HLWPLWGHUlJ\SWLVFKHQ.|QLJLQDXV'LHVHU EHJLEWVLFKVFKOLH‰OLFKDXIGHQ:HJQDFKbJ\SWHQVROOGRUWMHGRFKQLHDQNRPPHQ2EJOHLFKGLHJHQDXHQ8PVWlQ -GHGHU2UWXQGGLH7lWHUQLFKWEHNDQQWVLQGZLUGGRFKYLHOIDFKDQJHQRPPHQGDVVGHU3ULQ]VHLWHQVGHUbJ\SWHU möglicherweise durch die wohl eher sprichwörtlich ªlJ\SWLVFKQDWLRQDOLVWLVFKHQ©7KURQDVSLUDQWHQ(MHGL(MH,, FD±Y&KURGHU+RUHPKDEFD^"±Y&KUGLHHLQHQ1LFKWbJ\SWHUDOV.|QLJEHU bJ\SWHQQLFKWGXOGHQZROOWHQHUPRUGHWZXUGH'LH]XHUZDUWHQGHKHWKLWLVFKH5HDNWLRQDXIGLHVHQ9RUIDOO±HLQ PLOLWlULVFKHU$QJULIIGHU+HWKLWHUDXIGLHlJ\SWLVFKHQ%HVLW]XQJHQLQGHU/HYDQWHXQGOHW]WOLFKDXFKDXIbJ\SWHQ VHOEVW±ZLUGGXUFKGHQ$XVEUXFKGHU3HVWE]ZHLQHU6HXFKHLQ$QDWROLHQJHVWRSSWGHURIIHQEDUDXFK*UR‰N|QLJ 6XSSLOXOLXPD,NXU]GDUDXIVHOEVW]XP2SIHUIlOOW0öglicherweise LVWGHU$XVEUXFKGHU6HXFKHDOVHLQHGLUHNWH)RO-JHGHU9HUVFKOHSSXQJYRQ.ULHJVJHIDQJHQHQDXVGHPlJ\SWLVFKHQ(LQÀXVVEHUHLFKLQGHU/HYDQWHQDFK$QDWROLHQ]X GHXWHQGRFKIHKOHQDXFKGDIUOHW]WHQGOLFKJHVLFKHUWH%HOHJH

$XFK GLH XQPLWWHOEDU DXI GLH ª'DKDPXQ]X$IIDLUH© IROJHQGHQ *HVFKHKQLVVH XQG +HUUVFKHUDEIROJHQ VLQG DXI - JUXQGGHUVFKOHFKWHQE]ZDPELYDOHQWHQ4XHOOHQODJHELVODQJQLFKWJHVLFKHUW]XUHNRQVWUXLHUHQLQVEHVRQGHUHGDDEVR-lut-chronologische ª$QNHU©IHKOHQGLHGLHIUDJPHQWDULVFKHQ%HOHJHGHU%HOHJTXHOOHQ]XVDPPHQIKUHQN|QQWHQ

'LH IRUWGDXHUQGHQ 6WUHLWLJNHLWHQ XP GHQ9HUODXI GHU lJ\SWLVFKKHWKLWLVFKHQ *UHQ]H LQ GHU Q|UGOLFKHQ /HYDQWH VROOWHQVFKOLH‰OLFKDXFKQRFKYRQGHQ3KDUDRQHQGHU'\QDVWLHXQYHUlQGHUWIRUWJHIKUWZHUGHQ,QGHU'\QDV-WLHHUUHLFKWGHUVFKZHOHQGH.RQÀLNW]XGHPVHLQHQ+|KHSXQNW

+HOFN±5HGIRUG±%UH\HUD±]XOHW]WDXFK3IlO]QHU

$XFKª7DKDPXQ]X©+LHUEHLKDQGHOWHVVLFKQLFKWXPHLQHQNRQNUHWHQ1DPHQVRQGHUQXPHLQHKHWKLWLVFKH:LHGHUJDEHE]Z9HUEDOOKRU -QXQJGHUlJ\SWLVFKHQ%H]HLFKQXQJtA Hmt njswtª'LH*HPDKOLQGHV.|QLJV©

=DQQDQ]DLVWGDEHLGHU1DPHGHVHUPRUGHWHQ6RKQHV6XSSLOXOLXPDV, %UH\HUD±

'LHJHVLFKHUWH,GHQWL¿NDWLRQGLHVHV3KDUDRVDQKDQGGHU6FKUHLEXQJEHUHLWHWELVODQJQRFK6FKZLHULJNHLWHQHVKDQGHOWVLFKGDEHLDEHUDP ZDKUVFKHLQOLFKVWHQHQWZHGHUXP$PHQKRWHS,9(FKQDWRQRGHUVHLQHQ6RKQ7XWDQFKDPXQ'LHP|JOLFKH$EVHQGHULQGHV6FKUHLEHQVDQ GHQ*UR‰N|QLJ6XSSLOXOLXPD,GLHª'DKDPXQ]X©ZlUHGDQQDOV1HIHUWLWL0HULWDWRQRGHU$QFKHVHQDPXP]XLGHQWL¿]LHUHQDXVIKUOLFKH

=XVDPPHQIDVVXQJHQGHUKLVWRULVFKHQ5HNRQVWUXNWLRQHQ¿QGHQVLFKGDEHLPLWZHLWHUHU/LWHUDWXUXDEHL.OHQJHO±*DERO-GH±+DFKPDQQ%UH\HUD±'HYHFFKL±0LOOHUYJO]XOHW]WYDQGHU3HUUHGLHHLQ-DKUIU 1HIHUWLWL'D\U$EX+LQQLVDQIKUW

=XVDPPHQIDVVHQGGD]X%UH\HUD±7KHLV]XOHW]WYDQGHU3HUUH,QVFKULIWPLWGHU1HQQXQJHLQHVVHFK]HKQ -WHQV5HJLHUXQJVMDKUHV1HIHUWLWLV

)UHX±%UH\HUD±

=XU&KURQRORJLH]XVDPPHQIDVVHQGYDQ'LMNGHUVHOEVWYRQPLQGHVWHQV5HJLHUXQJVMDKUHQIU3KDUDR+RUHPKDEDXVJHKW *DQ]DEJHVHKHQGDYRQGDVVGLHVHULKQHQVRPLWGLH0|JOLFKNHLWGHUHLJHQHQ7KURQEHVWHLJXQJDXIDEVHKEDUH=HLWJHQRPPHQKlWWHDXIGLH

EHLGH]XGLHVHP=HLWSXQNWQRFKKRIIHQNRQQWHQXQGGLHVFKOLH‰OLFKDXFKEHLGHDXIHLQDQGHUIROJHQGHUIROJUHLFKUHDOLVLHUWHQYJO6SD-OLQJHUD]X+RUHPKDEXQG(MHYJO.DZDL,P3DODVWYRQ5ƗVâDPUD8JDULWXQGGHPª+DXVGHV5DãDEDSX©IDQGVLFKMHZHLOV HLQ6WHLQJHIl‰DXV.DO]LW$ODEDVWHUGDV.DUWXVFKHQ+RUHPKDEVWUDJHQYJOGD]X/DJDUFH±)LJ8QNODULVWDXIJUXQGGHU XQNODUHQ)XQGNRQWH[WHMHGRFKZDQQGLH*HIl‰HQDFK8JDULWJHODQJWHQ,PDVV\ULVFKHQ4DOޏDWâHUTDW$VVXUZXUGHGDV)UDJPHQWHLQHV 6WHLQJHIl‰HVDXV.DO]LW$ODEDVWHUJHIXQGHQGDVGLH.DUWXVFKH(MHV,,WUlJWYJOYRQ%LVVLQJ$EE2QDVFK

$EEGHU)XQGNRQWH[WLVWKLHUHEHQIDOOVQLFKWJHVLFKHUW

'D]X6LPRQ:LOKHOP0LOOHUDE%UH\HUD±'HYHFFKL±0LOOHU

Im Dokument Aegyptiaca in der nördlichen Levante (Seite 65-69)