The Private Sectorand HomelandSecurity Investment

The Private Sector and Homeland

Security Investment

R e f o R m i n a c t i o n a d va n c i n g t h e r e f or m a g e n d a

F r o m t h e s tor e f r o n t to t h e f r o n t l i n e s :

The Private Sector and Homeland

Security Investment

Pam Pryor Convoy of Hope Cecilia Martinez

Executive Director

fRom the StoRefRont to the fRont LineS:

THE PrivaTE SECTor & HomElaND SECuriTy iNvESTmENT PRoJect DiRectoRS

Tina Guthrie reform institute Robert W. Kelly

managing Partner CenTauri Solutions, llC Senior advisor, reform institute

Editor

CHRIS DREIBELBIS reform institute the Reform institute

300 north Washington St, Suite 600 alexandria, Va 22314

tel (703) 535-6897 fax (866) 863-5510 www.reforminstitute.org

HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY AND BUILDING A MORE RESILIENT AMERICA: A Message from

Senior Advisor Robert W. Kelly

T

he United States recently observed anniversaries regarding the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and Hurricane Katrina in late August 2005. The repercussions of these tragic events still haunt us. The indelible images of suffering and destruction and of the heroic efforts of first responders and ordinary citizens remain with us. Another leg- acy of these episodes is the lingering concern over our ability to respond to and bounce back from a catastrophic event.

In the case of both September 11 and Hurricane Katrina, first responders were hampered in their efforts by the lack of proper equipment and the inability of responders in different agencies to communicate with each other. The World Trade Center in New York City was cho- sen as a target on 9/11 because it represented America’s economic power. The major stock exchanges in New York were closed for several days after the attacks and financial markets remained anxious long after the attacks, which exacerbated a recession that was already underway. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, damaged and destroyed offshore oil plat- forms and refineries in the region caused a significant spike in gas prices across the country.

Damaged infrastructure impeded efforts to assist and evacuate victims in the Gulf Coast and affected the shipping of goods to and through the region. The Gulf Coast is still far from recovering economically from the disaster and progress in rebuilding the infrastructure there has been slow.

Much of the emphasis at the federal level remains on preventing another terrorist attack.

Although authorities deserve much credit for the absence of any terrorist attacks on U.S. soil since 9/11, we cannot afford to ignore the fact that our enemies are still actively trying to strike us again, nor can we prevent natural disasters from occurring. The U.S. must do more to strengthen the resiliency of our critical infrastructure and supply chain so that the nation can withstand a catastrophic event without severely disrupting economic and social activity.

Channeling the technological advancements being generated by our entrepreneurial economy towards developing a more resilient society will vastly improve our security prospects.

Resiliency will be the major focus of the Reform Institute’s work in homeland security. This is the first of a series of reports to advance innovation, collaboration, and leadership in build- ing a more resilient nation. This report examines a cross section of technology solutions that involve the following sectors: emergency response, port security, transportation, and interop- erability. The Institute will also study critical issues such as cargo container security, protect- ing the global supply chain, and the link between drug trafficking and terrorism in upcoming monographs.

Robert W. Kelly

Managing Partner, CenTuari Solutions, LLC Senior Advisor, Reform Institute



Tina Guthrie Robert Kelly Matthew Freedman

Suzanne Luft Cecilia Martinez Chris Dreibelbis Motorola, Inc.

Sprint Nextel

C-AT, Communications-Applied Technology Planet Associates Inc.

CSX Transportation Iridium Satellite LLC ICx Technologies, Inc.

Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, Inc.

Foster-Miller, Inc. – QinetiQ North America Google

Alcatel Lucent

General Electric Global Research

TABLE of CONTENTS

A Message from Senior Advisor Robert Kelly...

Acknowledgements...

Introduction: Embracng.Prvate.Technology.for.the.Publc.Good... 1

Chapter 1: Emergency.Response... 3

Chapter 2: Port.Securty... 8

Chapter 3: Transportaton... 11

Chapter 4:.Interoperablty... 14

About The Reform Institute... 21



I N T R O D U C T I O N



EMBRACING PRIVATE TECHNOLOGY

for the Public Good

C

uttng-edge.technologes.such.as.Global.

Postonng.System.(GPS).trackng.

devces,.geospatal.mappng,.and.wreless.

avalablty.have.become.pervasve.n.our.soc- ety...Whle.the.average.consumer.has.benefted.

mmensely.from.new.technologes.and.the.nno- vatve.uses.developed.for.them.by.enterprsng.

frms.n.a.compettve.market,.the.publc.sector.

has.yet.to.effectvely.captalze.on.these.advance- ments...In.order.to.buld.a.more.secure.and.

reslent.naton,.we.must.embrace.prvate.sector.

nnovatons.and.technology.and.develop.ways.

to.mplement.them.n.a.cost-effectve.manner...

Takng.advantage.of .the.new.technologes.comng.

to.the.forefront.every.day.must.be.a.crtcal.com- ponent.of .the.government’s.homeland.securty.

strategy.

The.Department.of .Homeland.Securty.(DHS).

and.the.ndvdual.state.homeland.departments.

must.reform.ther.practces.n.order.to.adopt.

technology.that.wll.have.a.substantal.mpact.n.

advancng.our.natonal.securty...Although.tech- nologcal.advances.offer.promsng.solutons.to.

some.of .our.greatest.natonal.securty.concerns,.

homeland.securty.authortes.must.be.dscern- ng.consumers.n.procurng.such.technology...As.

former.Homeland.Securty.Secretary.Tom.Rdge.

warned.n.an.ntervew.wth.IBIA,.the.govern- ment.needs.to.be.careful.t.sn’t.persuaded.to.buy.

technology.that.does.not.meet.msson.requre- ments...“Vendors.are.strong.n.ths.town,”.he.

sad,.referrng.to.Washngton...“The.government.

can.end.up.buyng.technology.that.mght.not.be.

the.most.approprate.for.a.task.and.have.only.a.

margnal.mpact.”..Lessons.from.the.prvate.sec- tor.offer.gudance.for.the.publc.sector..The.pr- vate.sector.nvests.n.technology.usng.a.return.

on.nvestment.model..It.s.hghly.motvated.to.

purchase.technology.that.s.not.only.approprate.

for.the.task.but.that.also.wll.yeld.the.greatest.

return..Ths.mndset.s.sorely.lackng.n.the.pub- lc.sector.

Entrepreneural.companes.are.constantly.

researchng.and.developng.new.technolo- ges.to.support.and.enhance.exstng.products...

Accordng.to.the.Wall Street Journal,.sxty-three.

percent.of .cell.phones.sold.n.2007.wll.be.

equpped.wth.a.GPS.locator...A.new.cell.phone.

program.started.by.a.company.called.Loopt.uses.

GPS.trackng.to.allow.users.wthn.the.network.

IN ORDER TO BUILD A MORE

SECURE AND RESILIENT NATION,

WE MUST EMBRACE PRIVATE SECTOR

INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

AND DEVELOP THEM IN A COST-

EFFECTIVE MANNER.

to.locate.other.partcpatng.users.utlzng.an.

onlne.map.or.a.cell.phone.that.has.access.to.

the.nternet.¹.Such.off-the-shelf .technologes.

could.have.major.mplcatons.for.homeland.

securty.and.emergency.preparedness.person- nel...Durng.a.dsaster,.these.new.GPS.lnkng.

networks.could.ad.emergency.responders.n.

search.and.rescue.efforts...Frends.and.famly.

could.go.onlne.and.fnd.the.locaton.of .loved.

ones.affected.by.a.dsaster,.whch.could.then.

be.passed.on.to.Red.Cross.and.emergency.

responders...

New.technology.companes,.such.as.Loopt,.

have.the.potental.to.become.an.nvaluable.

partner.to.DHS.and.emergency.preparedness.

personnel,.allowng.them.to.be.more.effectve.

when.conductng.search.and.rescue.opera- tons...Partnerng.wth.the.prvate.sector.n.

advance.also.ncreases.coordnaton.effectve- ness.of .frst.responders.and.the.prvate.sec- tor...These.partnershps.also.establsh.strong.

workng.relatonshps.between.the.prvate.and.

publc.sectors.that.pay.long-term.dvdends.

Innovatve.technologes.offer.benefts.

to.homeland.securty.beyond.adng.frst.

responders...Ths.report.dentfes.and.pro-

motes.technologes.and.solutons.that.present.

a.hgh.probablty.of .success.n.decreasng.our.

natonal.vulnerabltes.to.specfc.threats...

The.Reform.Insttute.s.dedcated.to.pro- motng.nnovaton,.collaboraton.and.leader- shp.n.homeland.and.natonal.securty.polcy...

Developng.and.applyng.cuttng-edge.nno- vatons.n.protectng.the.naton.wll.requre.

extensve.collaboraton.between.the.publc.and.

prvate.sectors...The.report.ncludes.examples.

of .successful.publc/prvate.partnershps.n.pro- ducng.and.deployng.new.technologes...Fnally,.

as.shown.n.these.examples,.leadershp.from.

homeland.securty.authortes.s.requred.to.adapt.

these.technologes.for.use.n.the.demandng.pub- lc.safety.and.homeland.securty.envronment.

The.goal.of .ths.report.s.to.rase.awareness.

wthn.the.Department.of .Homeland.Securty.

(DHS),.Congress,.state.and.local.government,.

and.state.homeland.securty.centers.on.ways..

n.whch.to.captalze.on.technologcal.advance- ment.n.the.prvate.sector.for.the.publc.good...

In.addton,.the.report.provdes.nsght.nto.the.

prvate.sector’s.ablty.to.reconstruct.new.or.

exstng.technologes.n.order.to.protect..

our.naton...



E

mergency.responders.ncludng.polce,.

fre.and.emergency.medcal.servce.are.

on.the.frontlnes.of .any.major.catas- trophe.and.cannot.afford.to.be.hndered.by.

lack.of .proper.tools..Emergency.responders.

are.prmarly.funded.by.the.states..The.federal.

government.also.provdes.mones.to.the.states.

through.the.Homeland.Securty.Grant.Program.². The.recently.passed.legsla-

ton.enactng.many.of .the.

recommendatons.of .the.

9/11.Commsson.ttled,.

Improving America’s Security Act of 2007,.allows.for.a.

greater.percentage.of .the.

funds.allocated.to.the.states.

to.be.dstrbuted.accordng.

to.a.rsk-based.formula,.

wth.the.fxed.fundng.to.

the.states.reduced.³.The.

fxed.pool.of .money.from.

the.federal.government.to.

the.states.has.been.shrnk- ng.over.recent.years,.and.

the.new.requests.for.grants.need.to.be.more.tar- geted.to.the.new.fundng.mechansm..Ths.chap- ter.wll.hghlght.technology.that.s.already.n.

exstence,.and.that.can.be.updated.for.homeland.

securty.use.n.the.states,.and.hghlghts.some.

new.technologes.that.are.on.the.horzon..

Alabama Googles “Help”

In.past.artcles.and.Congressonal.testmony,.the.

Reform.Insttute.has.noted.that.geospatal.map- png.programs.such.as.Google Earth.provde.

an.excellent.resource.for.empowerng.emergency.

responders.and.the.publc.to.better.plan.and.

make.decsons.n.tmes.of .dsaster..As.we.wt- nessed.n.New.Orleans.wth.Hurrcane.Katrna,.

the.mmedate.aftermath.

of .a.catastrophe.s.a.crucal.

perod.when.ndvduals.

often.must.make.decsons.

and.take.acton.before.

authortes.can.respond..

Empowerng.ndvduals.to.

create.and.share.response.

plans.wth.ther.famles.

or.co-workers.remans.

an.essental.unmet.need..

Google.Earth.s.an.off-the- shelf .technology.that.can.be.

enhanced.to.meet.the.needs.

of .emergency.responders.

and.the.publc.

Alabama.has.partnered.wth.Google.Earth.to.

create.a.new.program.called.“Vrtual.Alabama.”^4.

The.Alabama.Department.of .Homeland.Securty.

(AL.DHS).states.that.ths.program.allows.users.

to.vew.a.wde.varety.of .nformaton,.ncludng.

nfrastructure,.evacuaton.routes,.flood.zones,.

EMERgency RESponse:

Empowering First Responders and Citizens

C H A p T e R 1

school.dstrcts.and.watersheds..Agences.usng.

the.program.access.ths.nformaton.through.

a.secure,.Web-based.applcaton..The.program.

began.by.creatng.a.database.of .polce.statons,.

hosptals,.utlty.lnes,.and.other.pertnent.

nfrastructure..Ths.was.done.through.a.col- laboratve.effort.from.all.the.countes.n.the.

state..All.government.workers.have.access.to.

the.webste,.and.can.ether.send.n.ther.nfor- maton,.or.they.can.upload.ther.nformaton.

drectly.to.the.onlne.program..The.platform.

allows.them.to.create.3D.modelng.of .buld- ngs,.crtcal.nfrastructure.mappng,.and.emer- gency.evacuaton.routng..

“What.makes.Vrtual.Alabama.so.remark- able.s.the.nput.and.collaboraton.wth.coun- tes.and.other.state.agences,”.sad.Alabama.

Homeland.Securty.Drector.Jm.Walker..“We.

are.lterally.buldng.ths.program.from.the.

ground.up.and.t.s.very.encouragng.to.see.all.

levels.of .government.and.ndustry.workng.so.

well.together..It’s.really.a.grassroots.effort.that.

allows.the.people.who.wll.beneft.from.the.

program.to.help.create.t.”.

Accordng.to.AL.DHS,.future.applcatons.

of .the.ongong.project.are.to.nclude:.delver- ng.detaled.vews.of .the.nterors.of .buldngs,.

ncludng.furnture.and.lve.footage;.drectng.

responder.teams.n.emergences.through.the.

platform;.overlayng.real-tme.data.(traffc,.

etc.).wth.route.mappng.to.better.manage.

and.control.resources;.and.ntegratng.a.publc.

emergency.broadcast.system..“The.Google.

Earth.Enterprse.has.provded.a.hghly.effec- tve.framework.n.whch.to.support.publc.

sector.programs.n.Alabama..As.a.platform,.t.

has.helped.produce.the.common.operatonal.

pcture.needed.to.protect.lves.and.safeguard.

Alabama.ctzens.n.tmes.of .man-made.or.natu- ral.dsasters..Havng.a.secure,.dynamc,.com- mon.nformaton-sharng.platform.has.allowed.

Alabama.to.reach.the.next.level.n.emergency.

preparedness.and.dsaster.management,”.accord- ng.to.the.state.homeland.securty.offce..“When.

a.tornado.ht.the.state.on.March.1,.the.Federal.

Emergency.Management.Agency,.Natonal.

Guard.and.other.organzatons.helpng.n.the.

clean-up.were.able.to.connect.to.the.ste.and.

fnd.useful.data.on.gas.ppelnes,.property.owner.

names.and.other.pertnent.nformaton.”.

The.program.s.currently.operatonal.n.56.

out.of .57.countes.wth.more.than.1500.users.

representng.hundreds.of .agences..The.suc- cess.of .the.program.wll.depend.on.how.the.

Alabama.state.government.uses.the.new.web.

portal.to.nform.the.publc.durng.an.emer- gency..In.order.to.be.effcent,.the.publc.wll.

need.tmely.nformaton.on.evacuaton.routes,.

hosptal.and.shelter.avalablty.and.closures,.and.

avalablty.of .water.and.fuel.durng.evacuaton.

delays..It.s.crtcal.that.key.players.n.all.hosp- tals,.shelters,.meda.outlets,.and.the.Department.

of .Transportaton.have.access.to.update.the.

nformaton.onlne.durng.an.emergency..

Because.stuatonal.awareness.s.the.frst.prorty.

n.an.emergency,.access.to.the.system.for.these.

key.players.wll.provde.mportant.management.

tools.for.crss.managers.and.frst.responders..

The.publc.wll.also.be.better.nformed.as.a.

result.of .ths.cohesve.effort.by.the.state.

Alabama.and.Google.Earth.have.done.com- mendable.work.n.coordnatng.ths.ntal.effort..

By.manpulatng.ths.program.to.make.t.more.

robust,.the.publc.wll.be.provded.wth.the.

most.up-to-date.nformaton.possble..Ths.also.

provdes.the.opportunty.for.ndvduals.to.fnd.

the.nformaton.themselves.onlne.or.through.

the.local.meda.wthout.burdenng.the.already.

overwhelmed.emergency.responders..

electronic Mapping That is easy to Use and Distribute

Durng.a.major.catastrophe,.frst.respond- ers.need.to.have.access.to.the.most.up-to-

“THE GOOGLE EARTH ENTERPRISE HAS PROVIDED A HIGHLY EFFECTIVE FRAMEWORK IN WHICH TO SUPPORT PUBLIC SECTOR PROGRAMS IN ALABAMA.”

—ALABAMA STATE HOMELAND SECURITY OFFICE.

C H A P T E R 1

—.

Emergency.Response:.Empowering First Responders and Citizens

date.nformaton.avalable..Durng.Hurrcane.

Katrna.n.2005.ncomplete.nformaton.relayed.

between.responders.at.the.scene.and.offcals.

n.Washngton,.namely.the.Federal.Emergency.

Management.Agency.(FEMA).and.DHS,.exacer- bated.the.chaotc.stuaton..Intally,.DHS.thought.

that.there.was.only.one.locaton.where.the.surv- vors.had.been.postoned;.they.had.assumed.that.

the.Superdome.and.the.Conventon.Center.were.

the.same.locaton..If .there.was.a.more.up-to-date.

mappng.capablty,.ths.confuson.could.have.

been.negated..Both.maps.would.have.been.ds- trbuted.to.all.partes,.and.would.have.provded.

stuatonal.awareness.to.all.nvolved..In.addton,.

federal.authortes.would.have.had.a.clearer.pc- ture.of .the.amount.of .people.that.needed.food,.

water,.supples,.and.eventual.evacuaton..

Planet Associates Inc..s.lookng.to.solve.

many.of .these.dstrbuton.problems.⁵.The.com- pany.has.created.an.Intellgent.Infrastructure.

PDF.(PDF).system.targeted.to.mprove.stua- tonal.awareness.for.emergency.responders,.state.

emergency.management.personnel,.FEMA,.and.

DHS...Ths.devce.would.send.floor.plans,.maps,.

and.other.detals.needed.to.the.frst.responder,.

whch.would.be.readable.n.PDF.format..The.

newer.PDF.verson.also.ncludes.the.ablty.to.

vew.embedded.data.and.clck.through.the.docu- ments.n.a.layered.approach..Ths.wll.allow.

nformaton.to.pop-up.and.brng.documents.that.

contan.geospatal.data,.CAD.drawngs,.maps,.

and.spreadsheet.data.

Ideally.these.new.software.platforms.should.

be.easy.to.use.and.requre.lttle.tranng..Ths.

system.should.only.requre.one.to.two.days.

for.tranng.and.because.t.uses.a.PDF.format,.

whch.most.people.have.used.n.ther.day-to-day.

lfe,.t.uses.an.exstng.technology.that.would.be.

easly.adopted.

Texting Alerts on Campus

The.recent.tragedy.at.Vrgna.Tech.Unversty.

hghlghts.the.need.for.ncreased.preparedness.at.

our.schools..On.Aprl.16,.2007,.Seung-Hu.Cho,.

a.Vrgna.Tech.student,.murdered.32.people.

on.campus.and.njured.25.before.he.commtted.

sucde..The.unversty’s.response.to.the.ncdent.

has.been.crtczed.for.not.alertng.students.to.

the.shootngs.and.encouragng.them.to.stay.n.

ther.dorm.rooms..The.frst.shootng.occurred.

on.campus.at.7:15.a.m..and.the.unversty.dd.

not.nform.students.untl.9:26.a.m..that.there.

had.been.a.shootng.on.campus..The.nforma- ton.was.relayed.over.e-mal..When.the.second.

ncdent.occurred.there.was.a.second.e-mal.

sent.wthn.eght.mnutes.of .the.shootng.

warnng.students.to.stay.ndoors.and.to.lock.

the.doors..Another.alert.system.that.could.have.

been.used.to.warn.students.was.the.school’s.

sren,.but.t.was.not.consdered.because.t.was.

only.used.for.weather-related.warnngs..The.

school.dd.not.have.a.mechansm.n.place.to.

nform.all.students.of .the.shootng..E-mals.

are.not.useful.to.students.n.transt.or.those.

already.n.the.classroom..

Accordng.to.M:Metrc.researchers,.16.6.ml- lon.college.students.have.cell.phones,.whch.

represents.95.percent.of .the.17.5.mllon.full-.

and.part-tme.college.students.counted.by.the.

Census..These.statstcs.pont.to.a.remarkable.

opportunty.to.provde.emergency.nformaton.

to.students.n.a.tmely.manner.durng.a.crss..

Textng.and.nstant.messagng.over.cell.phones.

represent.contemporary.modes.of .communca- ton.that.are.wdely.used,.especally.by.members.

of .Generaton.Y.(ages.18-30)..These.technolo- ges.can.be.used.to.nform.communtes.about.

pendng.natural.dsasters.or.other.emergences.

Snce.the.school.shootngs,.Vrgna.Tech.has.

contracted.wth.the.National Notification

Network,.whch.wll.provde.cell.phone.alerts,.

phone.calls.drectly.to.dorm.rooms,.and.nstant.

message.pop-ups.workng.wth.AOL,.MSN,.and.

Yahoo.startng.at.the.begnnng.of .the.new.fall.

semester.⁶..

Roam Secure Inc.,.another.alert.notfcaton.

company,.holds.a.current.contract.wth.Vrgna.

state.agences.to.provde.ths.mportant.servce.⁷. The.company’s.most.recent.contract.s.wth.the.

Unversty.of .Mary.Washngton.n.Vrgna..The.

contract.wll.cost.$40,000.wth.annual.renewal.

fees..Ths.servce.wll.also.provde.text.alerts.to.

cell.phones.durng.an.emergency.to.all.students.

and.faculty,.nearby.graduate.and.professonal.

studes.students,.and.to.parents..“The.recent.

tragedy.at.Vrgna.Tech.emphaszed.the.mpor- tance.of .havng.such.a.system.n.place,”.Teresa.

Mannx,.drector.of .news.and.publc.nforma- ton.at.the.unversty,.sad.n.an.e-mal..“It.s.

our.goal.that.we.can.be.prepared.for.any.crss.”

Many.unverstes.across.the.country.have.

now.begun.to.assess.the.vablty.of .text.alert.

systems,.ncludng.colleges.n.Texas,.Florda,.

New.York,.and.Pennsylvana..Ths.mportant.

tool.has.also.been.recognzed.by.such.dverse.

nsttutons.as.the.U.S..Ar.Force,.Homeland.

Securty’s.Natonal.Medcal.Response.Teams,.

the.Red.Cross,.and.the.Los.Angeles.County.

Department.of .Health..Mir3,.based.n.San.

Dego,.holds.the.contracts.wth.these.enttes.⁸..

The.company.also.holds.smaller.contracts.wth.

local.grocery.stores.that.utlze.the.servce.for.

removng.recalled.food.tems.

Preparedness.plans.must.nclude.redundan- ces..There.s.no.one.plan.that.wll.notfy.every- one.across.campus,.but.nvolvng.more.people.

n.the.network.and.n.the.decson.makng.

process.wll.make.communtes.safer.and.more.

reslent.n.the.long.term..Also,.n.addton.to.

alertng.students.for.preventon,.addtonal.

steps.should.be.taken.to.prepare.for.response..

For.example,.establshng.short.range.secure.

wreless.mesh.systems.on.college.campuses.that.

frst.responders.could.use.to.access.nteror.

vdeo.securty.cameras.n.a.hostage.stuaton.

would.provde.addtonal.stuatonal.awareness.

useful.for.ncdent.response.

Using Wi-Fi to Connect Responders After.a.large-scale.dsaster,.such.as.the.brdge.

collapse.n.Mnneapols,.Mnnesota.n.August.

2007,.trage.unts.are.set.up.n.order.to.pro- vde.mmedate.care.to.the.vctms.of .the.

event..Ths.can.be.an.extremely.confusng.

tme,.tryng.to.shuffle.patents.to.hosptals.

that.may.already.be.full.or.over-capacty..

Dependng.on.the.amount.of .njures.and.

casualtes,.t.can.be.very.dffcult.for.fam- ly.and.frends.to.locate.loved.ones.because.

there.s.no.database.to.track.each.person’s.

whereabouts..New.wreless.technologes.are.

now.allowng.the.process.of .tragng.patents.

to.be.more.effcent,.and.less.of .a.logstcal.

nghtmare..

Accordng.to.Jonathan.Tech,.professor.

of .medcne.at.Harvard.Unversty.and.an.

attendng.physcan.n.emergency.medcne.at.

Brgham.and.Women’s.Hosptal.(BWH),.“It’s.

very.hard.to.keep.those.patents.n.track.and.

make.sure.we.are.handlng.all.of .the.most.

serous.cases.rght.away.”.The.Unversty.of . Calforna,.San.Dego.s.also.startng.an.nta- tve.called.the.Wreless.Internet.Informaton.

System.for.Medcal.Response.n.Dsasters.

project.(WIISARD)..The.most.recent.drll.

was.held.last.summer,.and.all.on-scene.frst.

responders.and.publc.health.personnel.

receved.Tags,.whch.are.electronc.W-F.tags.

used.to.enter.the.data..The.W-F.enabled.

personal.dgtal.assstants.(PDAs).were.able..

to.scan.a.barcode.on.the.tags.that.would..

catalog.patent.nformaton.ncludng.health.

status.and.medcnes.that.had.been.dstrb- uted;.the.scanner.was.also.used.to.upload.

patent.nformaton..

Durng.the.exercse,.supervsors.were.gven.

a.W-F.enabled.tablet.to.assess.the.scene,.and.

scan.the.vctms’.barcodes.n.order.to.track.

whch.hosptals.would.be.recevng.specfc.

patents..All.data.was.then.sent.to.the.data- base.at.the.unversty.and.then.forwarded.to.

the.ncdent.command.center.

The.company.Motion Computing Inc.,.

based.n.Austn,.Texas,.uses.the.technology.

to.help.wth.nteroperablty.ssues.to.connect.

C H A P T E R 1

—.

Emergency.Response:.Empowering First Responders and Citizens

other.wreless.systems.⁹.Ths.devce.works.to.

mprove.workflow.wth.sngle.ntegrated.data.

capture.and.allows.for.facltaton.of .real-tme.

communcatons..It.was.orgnally.used.n.con- sumer.electroncs.and.gamng.applcatons..

Now.ths.technology.has.been.renvented.to.

provde.much.needed.assstance.to.our.emer- gency.responders.

It.s.mportant.to.note.that.for.many.of .the.

technologes.mentoned.above.to.be.avalable,.

operablty.of .the.communcatons.nfrastruc- ture.must.exst..Durng.dsasters.the.very.nfra- structure.that.these.technologes.rely.on.to.be.

functonal.s.mpared.due.to.the.destructve.

nature.of .natural.or.manmade.events..In.order.

for.the.technologes.to.be.avalable.for.emer- gency.response,.plans.and.arrangements.must.

be.n.place.pror.to.a.dsaster.at.local,.state.and.

federal.levels.to.allow.for.the.necessary.restora- ton.of .the.communcatons.nfrastructure..

The.Whte.House Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned.report.ncludes.the.rec- ommendaton.for.commercal.rapdly.deploy- able.communcatons.capabltes.to.restore.

operablty.and.acheve.nteroperablty..It.s.

mportant.that.federal,.state.and.local.jursdc- tons.have.arrangements.to.deploy.communca- ton.capabltes.to.augment.exstng.nfrastruc- ture.mpared.durng.a.dsaster.and.ncrease.

capacty.n.areas.saturated.wth.emergency.

response.users..Sprint Nextel.has.Emergency.

Response.Teams.wth.scalable.capabltes.to.

rapdly.deploy.moble.nfrastructure.wth.sup- port.teams.managng.the.entre.effort.and.pro- vdng.support.to.end.users..Operable.commu- ncatons.are.essental.to.emergency.response.

S

ecurng.our.ports.s.a.crtcal.aspect.of .pro- tectng.the.supply.chan..Amerca’s.ports.

are.an.ntegral.part.of .the.U.S..economy..

Accordng.to.a.study.conducted.by.Martn.

Assocates,.Unted.States.deep-draft.seaports.and.

seaport-related.busnesses.generated.approx- mately.8.4.mllon.Amercan.jobs.and.added.near- ly.$2.trllon.to.the.economy.¹⁰.A.terrorst.attack.

at.a.U.S..port.or.a.catastrophc.event.that.causes.

ports.to.shut.down.would.severely.dsrupt.eco- nomc.actvty..Explotng.technology.to.enhance.

port.securty.wll.con- trbute.substantally.to.

strengthenng.the.resl- ency.of .the.U.S.

Port.securty.has.

been.a.major.focus.

of .recent.acton.n.

Congress..The.new.

law.mplementng.

many.of .the.9/11.

Commsson.recom- mendatons.that.had.

not.prevously.been.

addressed.wll.requre.

100.percent.scannng.of .cargo.headed.for.

Amercan.ports.by.the.year.2012.¹¹.Technology.

s.now.at.the.forefront.of .ths.mplementaton.

requrement..Currently,.DHS.pre-screens.many.

of .the.shppng.companes;.once.they.are.prov-

en.credble.all.of .ther.contaners.are.consdered.

safe.and.not.ndvdually.scanned..The.screenng.

process.s.nadequate.because.t.assumes.that.

the.contaner.s.secure.throughout.the.transport.

process..Technology.exsts.that.can.neutralze.

ths.concern.by.guaranteeng.contaner.securty.

throughout.ts.travel.

Container Security Devices

New.devces.are.helpng.to.contan.the.fears.

that.the.next.drty.bomb.can.be.brought.nto.the.

country.through.our.

shppng.lanes..A.con- taner.securty.devce.

(CSD).has.been.manu- factured.that.wll.lock.

the.cargo.doors.from.

the.nsde..The.system.

desgned.by.the.Dutch.

frm.ZOCA.locks.and.

unlocks.the.devce.

remotely.¹².Handheld.

devces.are.dstrbuted.

to.customs.offcals.

and.can.scan.and.relay.

the.barcode.nformaton.back.to.the.company.

for.verfcaton..The.company.also.verfes.the.

securty.code.and.the.coordnates.before.access.

s.granted.to.the.contaner..Many.companes.

use.GPS.and.global.precptaton.measurement.

Port securit y:

Using Innovation to Protect

Shipping

C H A P T E R 2

—.

Port.Securty: Using Innovation to Protect Shipping

of .Massachusetts,.where.LNG.tankers.and.ol.

product.tankers.dock.and.unload.fuel.near.res- dental.areas..The.exploson.that.would.result.f . a.LNG.shp.s.attacked.would.be.dsastrous.and.

could.kll.thousands.n.ts.path,.accordng.to.a.

study.on.the.vulnerablty.of .Tractabel’s.Everett.

Boston.faclty..¹⁶.Authortes.closed.Boston.to.

LNG.mports.mmedately.followng.September.

11,.2001,.and.LNG.tankers.bound.for.the.

Massachusetts.port.stll.requre.U.S..Coast.

Guard.escorts.whle.200.mles.at.sea.¹⁷

The.future.locatng.of .LNG.facltes.n.

Boston.and.other.areas.s.stll.a.concern.for.

local.resdents.and.state.and.local.poltcans..

In.a.letter.to.the.Federal.Energy.Regulatory.

Commsson.opposng.an.LNG.faclty.planned.

near.the.cty.of .Fall.Rver,.then-Governor.

Mtt.Romney.of .Massachusetts.explaned.that,.

“There.s.smply.no.way.that.(t).makes.sense.to.

ste.an.LNG.faclty.n.ths.locaton.n.the.post.

9/11.world.”¹⁸.

In.order.to.address.these.securty.ssues.

and.stop.a.small.boat.attack,.Foster-Miller, a QinetiQ.company,.has.proposed.development.

of .an.advanced.Boat.Trap.system.¹⁹.Accordng.

to.ther.webste,.Boat.Trap.s.a.non-lethal,.balls- tc.net.that.s.deployed.from.a.helcopter.at.hgh.

speed.to.ensnare.the.propellers.of .a.targeted.

speedboat,.whch.would.cause.the.craft.to.stop.

mmedately..The.system.was.tested.n.2005.at.

Camp.Lejeune,.North.Carolna.and.at.South.

Padre.Island,.Texas,.and.at.CAPEX.demonstra- tons.n.Honolulu,.Hawa.wth.100.percent.

success..In.addton.to.homeland.securty.pro- (GPM).technologes.n.order.to.track.cargo,.

but.because.these.technologes.are.not.avalable.

everywhere,.ZOCA.partnered.wth.Iridium Satellite.system.to.montor.shppng.contaners.

remotely.to.further.reduce.the.threat.¹³

General Electric Global Research.has.also.

been.nvestng.tme.and.money.nto.the.area.of . port.securty.research.¹⁴.Ther.frst.generaton.

cargo.securty.technology.ncludes.a.contaner.

securty.devce.smlar.to.the.devce.that.ZOCA.

has.created..The.CSD.s.palm-szed.and.attaches.

to.the.doorjamb.nsde.the.contaner..The.CSD.

communcates.ts.locaton.and.when.and.where.

t.has.been.opened.to.a.wreless.reader.at.the.

port..When.the.contaner.arrves.at.the.port,.the.

customs.offcals.have.access.to.ths.nformaton.

as.well..

Whle.these.technologes.are.mprovng.the.

safety.of .our.commercal.traffc,.there.s.stll.

concern.that.the.contaner.walls.can.be.breached.

and.that.the.cargo.contaner.can.be.penetrated.

by.smply.removng.the.entre.door..General.

Electrc.s.focusng.ts.research.to.nclude.secu- rty.provsons.to.address.these.concerns..Lght.

sensors.and.moton.sensors.can.be.added.to.the.

nteror.of .the.contaner,.whch.would.alert.the.

manufacturers.and.customs.offcals.f .someone.

has.entered.the.contaner.through.the.doors.or.

through.the.walls..In.addton,.General.Electrc.

VerWse.technology.uses.a.mult-sensor.network.

to.track.the.cargo.and.report.on.envronmental.

condtons.of .the.cargo,.such.as.temperature..

Ths.technology.could.be.moved.nsde.of .the.

cargo.contaner.at.the.begnnng.of .ts.delvery..

protecting Ships

Cargo.shps.are.not.mmune.from.attacks.ether..

The.USS.Cole.was.attacked.n.2000.by.a.small.

boat.carryng.explosves..In.2002,.the.Lmburg.

ol.tanker.was.attacked.by.a.small.boat.flled.wth.

explosves,.whch.klled.one.crew.member.and.

sent.more.than.90,000.barrels.of .ol.nto.the.

Gulf .of .Aden.¹⁵.Concerns.over.attacks.on.the.

shppng.ndustry.were.understandably.elevated.

after.September.11,.2001..

Small.boat.attacks.on.Lqud.Natural.Gas.

(LNG).shps.are.a.partcular.concern.for.the.state.

ACCORDING TO A STUDY CONDUCTED BY

MARTIN ASSOCIATES, UNITED STATES DEEP-

DRAFT SEAPORTS AND SEAPORT-RELATED

BUSINESSES GENERATED APPROXIMATELY

8.4 MILLION AMERICAN JOBS AND ADDED

NEARLY $2 TRILLION TO THE ECONOMY.

tecton.for.ports,.the.new.system.could.also.be.

used.by.the.Coast.Guard.for.drug.nterdctons.

Shps.can.also.be.targeted.underwater.by.

ndvduals.or.wth.explosve.devces..The.

Underwater.Port.Securty.System.(UPSS).s.

a.combnaton.of .an.Underwater.Inspecton.

System.and.an.Integrated.Ant-Swmmer.

System..The.UPSS.s.a.portable.devce.that.

can.be.used.wth.any.shp..The.Underwater.

Inspecton.system.uses.dvers.or.a.remote.

devce.that.can.be.used.when.condtons.are.

dangerous.to.look.for.any.evdence.of .tamper- ng.wth.the.hull.of .the.shp.or.devces.under.

the.pers..

The.Integrated.Ant-Swmmer.system.uses.

hgh-frequency.sonar.mages.to.detect.that.t.s.

ndeed.a.swmmer.and.not.some.sort.of .marne.

mammal.or.another.object..The.Coast.Guard.

has.also.tested.ths.system.wth.swmmers.to.

try.to.fool.t..Accordng.to.Petty.Offcer.2nd.

Class.Jachob.Smth,.“We’ve.had.the.dvers.go.at.

the.system.at.all.speeds.and.from.all.angles,.and.

t.detects.them.every.tme.”

This Fido Needs No Bone

The.Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002.(SAFETY).was.enacted.

by.Congress.to.encourage.the.development.and.

deployment.of .new.and.nnovatve.ant-terror- sm.products.and.servces.by.provdng.lablty.

protectons..The.law.affords.sgnfcant.legal.

lablty.protectons.for.provders.of .Qualfed.

Ant-Terrorsm.Technologes,.whch.covers.

both.products.and.servces..Ths.desgnaton.

has.encouraged.the.development.and.operaton.

of .ant-terrorsm.technologes.that.otherwse.

mght.be.delayed.or.abandoned.because.of . lablty.concerns.

The.Fdo.unt,.created.by.a.Washngton.D.C..

based.company, ICx,.s.one.of .the.products.

wth.the.SAFETY.Act.preferred.status.desg- naton..Fdo.s.a.bomb.snffng.devce.that.s.

handheld.or.can.be.mounted.on.a.vehcle.or.

robot..The.applcatons.are.wdespread..The.

Transportaton.Securty.Admnstraton.(TSA).

began.plot-testng.the.unts.to.screen.sealed.

lqud.bottles,.and.the.Dstrct.of .Columba.

Department.of .Park.and.Recreaton.used.them.

to.scan.the.Natonal.Mall.for.explosves.

Accordng.to.ICx’s.webste,.“Fdo.explosves.

detectors.utlze.propretary.amplfyng.fluores- cence.polymers.(AFP).to.detect.trace.levels.of . explosve.materals.n.parts.per.quadrllon.(ppq)..

Ths.level.of .detecton.s.comparable.to.that.of . hghly.traned.explosves.detecton.cannes,.the.

gold.standard.n.explosves.detecton.technolo- gy..Unlke.the.alternatve,.the.exquste.senstvty.

of .the.Fdo.supports.detecton.of .both.explo- sve.vapor.and.partculates.wthout.the.need.

to.modfy.the.system.n.any.way..Ths.unque.

desgn.enables.prevously.unheard.of .functonal- ty.for.explosves.detecton.equpment.”

The.portablty.of .the.equpment.s.deal.n.

a.port.where.t.s.not.feasble.to.have.a.sngle.

checkpont..There.s.also.very.lttle.tranng.

nvolved.wth.the.equpment;.ths.contrasts.

wth.that.of .a.K-9.unt.where.the.Explosve.

Detecton.K-9.course.s.a.ten.week.program.

for.the.handlers.and.the.dogs.receve.sx.weeks.

of .tranng.on.explosve.odors.pror.to.meetng.

ther.handlers,.accordng.to.the.North.Amercan.

Polce.Work.Dog.Assocaton...ICx.s.also.work- ng.on.long-term.solutons.to.provde.new.low- cost,.easy-to-use.capabltes.for.the.detecton.

of .explosves.on.fshng.boats,.contaner.vessels,.

pleasure.boats.and.other.watercraft..



T

he.Unted.States.ground.transportaton.

system,.whch.ncludes.ral,.mass.tran- st.and.truckng,.affects.all.Amercans.

and.s.a.vtal.part.of .our.economy..Accordng.

to.the.Amercan.Truckng.Assocaton,.n.2005.

truckers.hauled.10.7.bllon.tons.of .freght..Ths.

accounted.for.68.9.percent.of .the.freght.moved.

n.the.country..The.ralroads.carred.more.than.

30.mllon.ral.cars.loaded.wth.coal,.chemcals,.

lumber,.food.and.automobles..Protectng.crt- cal.nfrastructure.s.essental.to.our.economy..

Only.recently.has.ral.and.ground.transportaton.

receved.suffcent.attenton.from.federal.pol- cymakers..Improving America’s Security Act of 2007.

wll.approprate.more.than.$4.bllon.over.four.

years.for.ral,.transt,.and.bus.securty.grants..

Addtonally,.the.brdge.collapse.n.Mnnesota.

has.precptated.heghtened.nterest.n.Congress.

n.strengthenng.our.agng.nfrastructure..

Increased.federal.nvestment.should.complement.

efforts.already.beng.undertaken.by.the.states.

and.prvate.companes..

Smugglng.of .weapons.of .mass.destructon.

nto.the.U.S..va.trucks.has.always.been.a.major.

concern,.but.border.securty.must.be.balanced.

wth.sustanng.the.commercal.actvty.that.

ths.naton.reles.upon..Many.of .the.trucks.that.

pass.through.our.borders.from.Mexco.and.

Canada.are.gven.specal.status.under.the.North.

Amercan.Free.Trade.Agreement.(NAFTA).

and.now.under.the.Customs-Trade.Partnershp.

Aganst.Terrorsm.(C-TPAT).program..If .the.

companes.are.certfed.under.NAFTA.or.C- TPAT,.they.are.allowed.to.move.through.the.

“Green.Lane”.at.the.border.wth.an.expedted.

nspecton.process..

electronic Manifests

In.October.2006,.U.S..Customs.and.Border.

Protecton.(CBP).mandated.that.foregn.trucks.

transmt.advance.manfest.nformaton.before.

enterng.the.Unted.States.through.land.ports.of . entry.²⁰.Mane.and.Mnnesota.are.the.latest.states.

to.begn.usng.the.system;.they.have.90.days.to.

use.and.test.the.system.and.wll.be.fully.opera- tonal.begnnng.October.16,.2007.

Truckng.companes.are.adaptng.to.the.new.

securty.demands.and.complyng.wth.the.add- tonal.requrements..“CTA.and.the.provncal.

truckng.assocatons.have.been.workng.drectly.

wth.carrers,.CBP.and.U.S..customs.brokers.

to.resolve.techncal.ssues.n.order.to.make.e- manfest.functonal..Ths.has.been.a.dffcult.and.

long.process,.but.much.has.been.accomplshed,”.

sad.Canadan.Transportaton.Authorty.Chef . Executve.Offcer.Davd.Bradley.n.a.press.

release.

Electronc.manfests.are.an.mportant.tool.n.

dentfyng.potental.smugglng.attempts.by.work- ers.and.terrorsts.alke..Companes.lke.Maddocks Systems Inc.,.headquartered.n.Beachwood.Oho,.

are.provdng.a.valuable.asset.n.the.fght.aganst.

C H A p T e R 3

Transportation:

Practical Solutions to Protecting

the Supply Chain

smugglng.and.terrorsm..These.electronc.man- fests.also.provde.addtonal.benefts.to.the.car- rers,.ncludng.reducton.of .processng.tmes.at.

ports.and.the.ablty.to.track.the.status.of .crew,.

conveyances,.equpment,.and.shpments,.such.

as.notces.that.shpments.have.arrved,.are.beng.

held,.or.have.been.released.

emergency Shut-Off Valves

The.transport.of .chemcals.across.the.country.

also.represents.a.serous.publc.safety.concern..

Respondng.to.the.threat,.the.U.S..Chemcal.

Safety.and.Hazard.Investgaton.Board.(CSB).

ssued.a.safety.bulletn.n.June.2007.to.empha- sze.the.mportance.of .nstallng,.testng,.and.

mantanng.chlorne.detecton.and.emergency.

shutdown.devces.on.chlorne.ral.car.transfer.

systems.²¹.The.chlorne.threat.s.not.hypothet- cal..In.Mssour,.a.2002.chlorne.release.caused.

by.a.faulty.emergency.shutdown.system.ds- charged.48,000.pounds.of .chemcals.nto.the.

ar..Hundreds.of .resdents.were.evacuated.or.

sheltered-n-place.

Accordng.to.the.Occupatonal.Safety.and.

Health.Admnstraton.(OSHA),.severe.acute.

effects.of .chlorne.exposure.n.humans.have.

been.well.documented.snce.World.War.I,.when.

chlorne.gas.was.used.as.a.chemcal.warfare.

agent..Other.severe.exposures.have.resulted.

from.the.accdental.rupture.of .chlorne.tanks..

These.exposures.have.caused.death,.lung.con- geston,.pulmonary.edema,.pneumona,.pleu- rsy,.and.bronchts.²².Chlorne.s.an.mportant.

chemcal.used.n.the.manufacture.of .bleach,.

pharmaceutcals.and.for.water.purfcaton.

The.CSB.has.found.that.approxmately.30.

percent.of .ral.cars.do.not.have.emergency.shut- down.devces.nstalled..Prvate.manufacturers.

are.producng.emergency.shut.off .valves.that.fll.

ths.need..

Powell Fabrication and Manufacturing Inc.’s.Emergency.Gas.Shut.Off .Valve.Closure.

Systems.are.desgned.to.prevent.sgnfcant.

releases.of .hazardous.gases.lke.chlorne.²³.In.

the.case.of .an.accdental.release,.the.emergency.

valve.closure.system.wll.close.the.valves.n.ten.

seconds.or.less,.effectvely.preventng.further.

release.from.the.contaner.

Insttutng.the.CSB’s.recommendatons.

throughout.the.ral.system.s.essental.to.pro- tectng.our.communtes..“Chlorne.s.a.very.

useful,.but.hghly.toxc.substance.that.needs.

approprate.safeguards.to.prevent.releases.and.

protect.the.publc,”.sad.safety.board.member.

John.Bresland..Technologcal.advances.avalable.

on.the.market.wll.facltate.the.safe.and.orderly.

transport.of .ths.key.commodty....

protecting the Rails Through public/

private partnerships

Hazardous.materals.travel.through.major.met- ropoltan.areas.n.the.U.S.on.a.daly.bass..The.

naton’s.economy.s.dependent.on.the.move- ment.of .these.materals.across.the.country;.

were.an.attack.to.be.carred.out,.the.homeland.

securty.mplcatons.of .such.an.attack.would.

be.enormous..An.accdent.or.terrorst.attack.

aganst.a.tran.carryng.hazardous.materals.

whle.travelng.through.a.heavly.populated.area.

could.endanger.mllons.of .people.and.severely.

dsrupt.an.ndspensable.part.of .our.transporta- ton.system..Close.collaboraton.between.the.

publc.and.prvate.sectors.s.requred.to.deal.

wth.ths.challenge.

Authortes.n.New.Jersey,.New.York.and.

Kentucky.have.formed.partnershps.wth.CSX Transportation (CSXT).to.address.ths.ssue.²⁴.

“Ensurng.that.our.freght.ral.system.s.secure.s.

a.top.prorty.for.my.admnstraton,”.sad.New.

Jersey.Governor.Jon.Corzne..“CSXT.deserves.

credt.for.steppng.up.and.servng.as.a.model.for.

a.collaboratve.publc/prvate.securty.ntatve.”²⁵

C H A P T E R 3

—.

Transportaton: Practical Solutions to Protecting the Supply Chain

The.partnershp.between.the.three.states.and.

the.ral.ndustry.enhances.securty.by.facltat- ng.communcaton.and.nformaton.sharng.

between.relevant.government.authortes.and.

CSXT.regardng.resources.and.the.ralroad’s.

nfrastructure..CSXT.has.also.allowed.access.

to.ts.Network.Operatons.Workstaton.(NOW.

System).to.state.securty.and.law.enforcement.

offcals..Accordng.to.CSXT,.the.system.s.

an.onlne.tool.that.enables.state.offcals.to.

ndependently.track.the.locaton.of .the.trans.

and.provdes.contents.of .ral.cars.beng.hauled.

to.each.state..All.states.wll.analyze.the.data.

through.ther.local.ntellgence.fuson.centers...

Access.to.the.system.allows.states.to.pro-

vde.an.enhanced.stuatonal.awareness.to.frst.

responders.durng.an.emergency..The.lst.of . chemcals.would.be.provded.as.well.as.loca- ton.of .the.tran..Because.the.events.are.beng.

montored.on.a.daly.bass,.any.emergency.that.

arses.wll.be.responded.to.mmedately..Ths.

mproves.the.effectveness.of .the.clean-up.and.

the.response.tme.of .the.frst.responders..In.

addton,.New.Jersey,.New.York,.Kentucky.and.

CSXT.are.takng.further.steps.by.conductng.

jont.law.enforcement.and.emergency.responder.

tranng,.provdng.the.state.and.ther.commun- tes.a.lst.of .hazardous.materals,.and.undertak- ng.jont.ntatves.to.reduce.vulnerabltes.at.

crtcal.ponts..

T

he.9/11.Commsson.cted.that.the.

nablty.to.communcate.was.a.crt- cal.element.at.the.World.Trade.Center,.

Pentagon,.and.Somerset.County,.Pennsylvana.

crash.stes,.where.multple.agences.and.multple.

jursdctons.responded..The.commsson.found.

that.compatble.and.adequate.communcatons.

among.publc.safety.organzatons.at.the.local,.

state,.and.federal.levels.remans.a.problem.and.

must.be.addressed..States.have.begun.to.recog- nze.how.vtal.t.s.for.all.emergency.responders.

to.be.able.to.communcate.quckly.and.effec- tvely.n.tmes.of .emergency..

In.general,.nteroperablty.refers.to.the.abl- ty.of .emergency.responders.to.work.seamlessly.

wth.other.systems.or.products.wthout.any.

specal.effort..Wreless.communcatons.nterop- erablty.specfcally.refers.to.the.ablty.of .emer- gency.response.offcals.to.share.nformaton.va.

voce.and.data.sgnals.on.demand,.n.real.tme,.

when.needed,.and.as.authorzed..For.example,.

when.communcatons.systems.are.nteroperable,.

polce.and.frefghters.respondng.to.a.routne.

ncdent.can.talk.to.each.other.to.coordnate.

efforts..Communcatons.nteroperablty.also.

makes.t.possble.for.emergency.response.agen- ces.respondng.to.catastrophc.accdents.or.

dsasters.to.work.effectvely.together..Fnally,.t.

allows.emergency.response.personnel.to.max- mze.resources.n.plannng.for.major.predctable.

events.such.as.the.Super.Bowl.or.an.naugura- ton,.or.for.dsaster.relef .and.recovery.efforts.

There.are.a.varety.of .challenges.to.nteroper- ablty:.some.are.techncal,.some.fnancal,.and.

some.stem.from.human.factors.such.as.nad- equate.plannng.and.lack.of .awareness.of .the.

real.mportance.of .nteroperablty..Accordng.

to.a.report.publshed.n.February.2003.by.the.

Natonal.Task.Force.on.Interoperablty,.the.

emergency.response.communty.vews.the.fol- lowng.as.the.key.ssues.hamperng.emergency.

response.wreless.communcatons:

•. Incompatble.and.agng.communcatons..

equpment;.

•. Lmted.and.fragmented.budget.cycles.and..

fundng;.

Interoperabilit y:

The Missing Link in Emergency Response

“COMMUNICATIONS IN

NEBRASKA IS NOT GEE-WHIZ.

WHAT WE’VE DONE IS NOT FLASHY, BUT IT WORKS.”

—AL BERNDT, NEBRASKA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

C H A P T E R 4

—.

Interoperablty:.The Missing Link in Emergency Response

•. Lmted.and.fragmented.plannng.and.coord- naton;.

•. Lmted.and.fragmented.rado.spectrum;.and

•. Lmted.equpment.standards.

Linking Responders

Law.enforcement,.fre.servce,.emergency.

medcal.servce,.and.other.emergency.response.

personnel.are.makng.progress.towards.effec- tve.and.modern.msson.crtcal.communca- ton.systems..Spendng.habts.n.the.states.are.

also.reflectng.ths.focus..Federal.grant.funds.

have.shfted.from.spendng.28.percent.on.

communcatons.equpment.n.2003,.to.over.70.

percent.n.2006..Much.of .the.communcatons.

equpment.used.by.emergency.responders.s.

beng.upgraded.to.the.Project.25.(P25).sute.

of .standards-based.dgtal.equpment,.whch.

mproves.communcaton.between.state.and.

local.governments.and.between.neghborng.

local.jursdctons..A.partnershp.among.user.

representatves.from.federal.agences,.state.and.

local.governments,.plus.ndustry.manufacturers.

s.drvng.a.standards.process.that.enables.the.

by identifying the blackout area through its alarm and control capabilities. Recently, MPSCS has pro- vided interoperable communications for multiple agencies for large-scale events like the 2005 All- Star Game and the 2006 Super Bowl.

STARCOM21 is a statewide digital Project 25 (P25) trunked mobile radio system built, owned and operated by Motorola in partnership with the State of Illinois. STARCOM21 provides public safety agencies with the sophisticated tools they need to do their jobs more effectively plus the interoperability to allow communications with federal, state and local agencies. Participating public safety agencies pay Motorola a monthly fee, based on a contract-specified service level to utilize the network.

Another essential quality of the STARCOM21 solution is the incorporation of 700 MHz spec- trum into the design. STARCOM21 users have the opportunity to immediately take advantage of this additional spectrum since most of the State of Illinois is clear of the incumbent TV broadcasters in the band. The STARCOM21 architecture will accommodate the new spectrum and allow for continued growth of the network.

New spectrum provides the needed capacity for the expansion and continued build-out of mis- sion critical systems. The DTV bill which Congress recently passed will clear 24 MHz of new spec- trum for critically important public safety interop- erable communications and provide $1 billion for new public safety radios. The new 700MHz spectrum can provide a graceful migration path to P25 standards-based solutions and will bring added features.

“Wireless communica- tions is a critical tool for our nation’s public safety agencies, especially given today’s heightened homeland security concerns. It is the mechanism for providing our first responders with the right information at the right time and in the right place, whether that information is transferred via voice, data, or images. Spectrum designated for exclusive use by public safety is the lifeline to their emergency response, detection and prevention capabilities.

Simply put, without access to adequate spec- trum, wireless communications cannot take place, effectively and ubiquitously.” Gregory Brown, President and Chief Operating Officer of Motorola, in prepared testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, June 11, 2003

The State of Michigan “Michigan Public Safety Communications System” (MPSCS) pro- vides a perfect example of statewide shared networks that serve the communications needs for multiple levels of government. The August 2003 blackout, which was the largest in United States history, proved the value of MPSCS.

While commercial wireless carriers were failing due to overuse and lack of emergency power systems at their tower sites, MPSCS continued to provide dependable uninterrupted communi- cations to its users. MPSCS also played a role to State of Michigan Emergency Management through its Network Communications Center,

Motorola in the States

offerng,.compettve.procurement,.and.opera- ton.of .nteroperable.dgtal.two-way.wreless.

communcatons.products.and.systems.that.

meet.msson.crtcal.needs.of .publc.safety.

practtoners..

A.key.enabler.for.nteroperablty.s.the.exs- tence.or.planned.deployment.of .statewde.or.

regonal.publc.safety.networks..Many.states.

and.regons.have.sgnfcant.nvestments.n.

large-scale.shared.networks..These.networks.

offer.a.hgh.degree.of .nteroperablty.wthn.

ther.geographc.coverage.areas.and.can.be.

lnked.to.other.networks.through.gateways..

To.date,.thrty-one.states.have.or.are.n.the.

process.of .deployng.statewde.networks.(three.

more.are.currently.n.procurement)..Recent.

trends.towards.regonal,.mult-jursdctonal.

and.mult-dscplnary.approaches.can.meet.

the.needs.of .cty,.county.and.local.users.whle.

mprovng.day-to-day.msson.effectveness.

and.ncdent.response.nteroperablty.when.

needed...

In.Nebraska,.studes.conducted.as.early.as.

1992.found.gaps.n.rado.coverage,.outdated.

equpment,.and.ncompatble.communcatons.

systems..Accordng.to.the.assstant.drector.of . the.Nebraska.Emergency.Management.Agency,.

Al.Berndt,.“Communcatons.n.Nebraska.s.

not.gee-whz..What.we’ve.done.s.not.flashy,.

but.t.works.”.Wth.federal.dollars,.Nebraska.

has.acqured.hand-held.rados.and.car-mounted.

moble.rados.and.pagers,.bult.new.towers,.and.

replaced.old.dspatcher.consoles...

Whle.standards.for.compatblty.and.

nteroperablty.may.address.communcatons.

between.dsparate.technologes,.they.do.not.

address.the.need.to.communcate.across.sys- tems.and.rados.operatng.n.dfferent.frequency.

bands..Mult-band.and.software.defned.rado.

technology.wll.allow.frst.responders.to.roam.

and.operate.drectly.on.systems.that.employ.df- ferent.spectrum..To.facltate.communcatons.

between.urban.frst.responders.usng.an.800.

MHz.trunked.rado.system.and.a.rural.sherff . wth.a.hgh.band.rado.system,.companes.lke.

Communications-Applied Technology, C-AT,.a.Vrgna.based,.veteran-owned,.small.

busness.telecommuncatons.company,.are.

lookng.to.support.state.agences.and.ncorpo- rate.rapdly.deployable.solutons.that.wll.allow.

for.quck.set-up.durng.a.natural.dsaster.or.

man-made.ncdent.²⁷.

Accordng.to.the.company’s.webste,.the.

Incdent.Commanders’.Rado.Interface.(ICRI).

provdes.for.tactcal.rado.nteroperablty.for.

emergency.response.personnel,.and.ntercon- nects.muncpal.publc.safety.rados,.state.and.

federal.rados.and.telephone.n.just.a.couple.

of .mnutes.through.the.unmanned.ICRI..It.

also.helps.to.enhance.the.rado.lnk.between.

an.emergency.response.team.operatng.n.areas.

of .poor.rado.frequency.transmsson,.such.as.

n.tunnels.or.buldngs..DHS.has.also.seen.the.

value.n.provdng.small.communtes.wth.tac- tcal.nteroperable.communcatons.equpment..

Under.the.Commercal.Equpment.Drect.

Assstance.Program.(CEDAP).program,.FEMA.

dstrbuted.71.of .the.ICRI.devces.to.select.

smaller.communtes.wth.populatons.of .less.

than.100,000.people.

In.New.Jersey,.the.Mount.Laurel.polce.

department.has.been.a.recpent.of .the.CEDAP.

program..The.nterface.has.been.extremely.suc- cessful.n.solvng.the.nteroperablty.ssues.they.

have.been.havng..The.New.Jersey.State.Polce.

operate.on.800.MHz.and.wll.be.movng.to.the.

dgtal.700.MHz.frequency.n.the.near.future..

Other.agences.n.the.area.can.be.found.on.

VHF.and.UHF..Accordng.to.MLPD.Leutenant.

Joseph.Lehmann.Jr.,.“Havng.an.ICRI.wll.really.

“HAVING AN ICRI WILL REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE BECAUSE WE RESPOND TO A LOT OF MUTUAL-AID SITUATIONS, AND IT WILL HELP US BRING EVERYONE TOGETHER AND HELP US DO OUR JOBS BETTER.”

—MOUNT LAUREL (NJ) POLICE DEPARTMENT LIEUTENANT JOSEPH LEHMANN JR.

C H A P T E R 4

—.

Interoperablty:.The Missing Link in Emergency Response

make.a.dfference.because.we.respond.to.a.

lot.of .mutual-ad.stuatons,.and.t.wll.help.us.

brng.everyone.together.and.help.us.do.our.jobs.

better.”..In.the.future.ctes.may.opt.for.other.

solutons.ncludng.wreless.nfrastructure.and.

Internet.Protocol.(IP)solutons,.but.because.

these.alternatves.are.years.away.from.functon- alty,.an.nterface.system.wll.be.extremely.help- ful.for.fre,.EMS.and.law.enforcement.n.the.

short.term.

The.challenge.for.the.federal.government.n.

the.area.of .nteroperablty.does.not.end.wth.

fundng.for.equpment..Equpment.for.our.

frst.responders.s.a.prorty,.but.along.wth.that.

should.come.dedcated.fundng.for.mante- nance,.updatng.software,.and.on-gong.tranng.

for.new.software..If .there.s.not.an.nvestment.

n.the.long.term.vablty.of .the.equpment,.t.

wll.st.statonary.and.the.federal.mones.wll.

be.wasted.n.the.long.run..Ether.the.federal.

government.needs.to.dedcate.fundng.for.long- term.strateges.or.the.states.need.to.show.that.

they.can.support.ths.technology.for.long-term.

pror.to.recevng.fundng..

In.addton.to.C-AT,.Motorola.s.workng.to.

develop.mult-band.rado.capablty.and.soft- ware.based.waveforms.to.overcome.frequency.

lmtatons.to.land.moble.rado.(LMR).based.

communcatons.technology.²⁸.Motorola.also.

recognzes.that.prvate.IP.networks.and.the.

Internet.offer.great.potental.for.addressng.

nteroperablty.barrers.wth.the.vast.number.of . dsparate.systems.n.operaton.today..Accordng.

to.Bll.Anaya,.Motorola’s.vce.presdent.of . government.relatons,.“as.opposed.to.the.new.

dgtal.systems.gong.n.today.that.are.based.

on.the.open.P25.standard,.many.legacy.LMR.

communcatons.systems.n.use.today.are.wdely.

ncompatble,.they.do.not.facltate.communca- ton.wth.users.on.other.systems.under.normal.

operatng.condtons..Gettng.these.dsparate.

systems.to.support.nteroperablty.s.a.chal- lenge.due.to.dfferent.operatng.frequences.and.

types.of .technologes..Motorola.s.delverng.IP- based.nteroperablty.solutons.that.can.connect.

users.on.any.network,.any.technology.and.any.

frequency.band.for.voce.nteroperablty.”.

In.2005,.the.State.of .Georga.used.fund- ng.from.the.Law.Enforcement.Terrorst.

Preventon.Program.to.procure.a.statewde.

IP-based.nteroperablty.soluton.ntended.to.

address.the.communcatons.challenges.faced.

n.metro.Atlanta.and.other.parts.of .the.state..

The.state.awarded.a.phased.mplementaton.

contract.to.Motorola.for.a.MOTOBRIDGE.

IP.soluton..Today,.ths.phased.approach.to.a.

regonal.system.n.metropoltan.Atlanta.s.con- nectng.dsparate.systems.n.leu.of .a.statewde.

system..Gradual.deployment.mnmzes.the.

budget.mpact.whle.makng.steady.progress.

toward.the.nteroperablty.results.needed.by.

frst.responders.n.the.regon..

Aiding emergency personnel

Hurrcane.Katrna.brought.many.challenges.for.

emergency.responders..Frst.responders.had.to.

contend.wth.power.outages,.fres,.floodng,.and.

communcatons.ssues..Long.dstance.commu- ncaton.was.affected.because.the.swtch.con- trollng.the.phone.lnes.was.located.below.sea.

level;.wth.reports.of .floodng.n.the.area,.the.

swtch.had.to.be.powered.down..The.floodng.

made.t.extremely.dffcult.to.get.the.personnel.

on.ste.to.gauge.the.extent.of .repars.

Sprint Nextel.partnered.wth.the.Amercan.

Red.Cross.durng.Hurrcane.Katrna.to.provde.

wreless.phones.and.servce.to.enable.crt- cal.communcaton.n.order.to.ensure.speedy.

recovery.of .vctms.and.dstrbuton.of .sup- ples.²⁹.The.company.was.preparng.days.before.

the.storm.ht.by.pre-postonng.resources.for.

the.recovery.efforts..The.busness.contnuty.

offce.referenced.ther.Lvng.Dsaster.Recovery.

Plannng.and.ensured.that.all.personnel.were.

avalable.and.on-ste.to.assst.durng.the.dsas- ter..Wthn.three.days,.the.command.post.was.

up.and.runnng..The.Sprnt.Nextel.command.

post.ncluded.a.mess.tent,.showers,.approx- mately.40.RVs.and.a.helcopter.that.was.used.

for.ntal.damage.assessments.

The.company.estmated.that.damages.to.ts.

network.nfrastructure.were.between.$150-200.

mllon..The.nfrastructure.had.been.dam- aged.over.a.90,000.square.mle,.three-state.

regon..Retal.stores.were.damaged.and.all.the.

relef .for.mpacted.customers.was.very.costly..

Accordng.to.Greg.Fenell,.drector,.busness.

contnuaton,.Sprnt.Nextel,.“It’s.pretty.close.to.

a.worst.case.scenaro;.t.s.the.largest.escalaton.

we’ve.had.n.a.long.tme..Our.wreless.and.long.

dstance.networks.were.really.mpacted..The.

only.thng.worse.would.be.a.major.earthquake.

n.Los.Angeles.or.San.Francsco.”³⁰

Through.all.ths.damage.to.ther.own.opera- tons,.ther.Sprnt.Nextel.Emergency.Response.

Teams.were.drectly.nvolved.n.the.dstrbu- ton.of .Drect.TalkSM-enabled.moble.phones.

to.emergency.responders..“Drect.Talk.s.an.

off-network.walke-talke.servce.that.allows.

enabled.phones.to.communcate.handset-to- handset.wthn.a.range.of .up.to.6.mles.(terran,.

structures,.and.other.envronmental.factors.

permttng),.completely.ndependently.of .any.

wreless.network.”.They.delvered.over.20,000.

phones.to.110.state,.local.and.federal.emer- gency.personnel.n.the.affected.areas.enablng.

operable.and.nteroperable.communcatons..

They.also.deployed.fve.Satellte.Cell.Stes.On- Lght.Trucks.n.the.affected.areas.to.provde.

enhanced.servce.and.augment.exstng.nfra- structure.damaged.by.the.hurrcane.

The.assstance.they.provded.to.the.states.

also.enabled.them.to.speed.recovery.to.ther.

own.operatons..Sprnt.Nextel.personnel.were.

placed.n.the.Emergency.Operatons.Centers.

(EOC’s).at.the.state.and.local.levels..Through.

ths.partnershp.they.could.learn.frst.hand.

whch.areas.power.was.beng.restored.to.and.

could.rapdly.deploy.personnel.to.those.areas.

to.restore.phone.servce..Because.the.Sprnt.

Nextel.personnel.were.based.n.the.EOC’s,.ths.

access.also.authorzed.them.to.move.quckly.

through.checkponts.to.provde.servce.to.cus- tomers.and.to.provde.communcaton.stua- tonal.awareness.to.local.and.state.offcals..The.

partnershp.wth.the.state,.the.Amercan.Red.

Cross.and.prvate.busness.served.an.essental.

role.n.the.response.to.ths.dsaster..It.not.only.

facltated.returned.servce.to.the.people.n.New.

Orleans,.but.also.to.the.emergency.responders.

and.state.authortes.

A Capital Idea

Alcatel-Lucent.has.partnered.wth.the.Natonal.

Captal.Regon.n.order.to.buld.a.wreless.

broadband.network.needed.to.manage.the.many.

dfferent.muncpaltes.n.the.regon..Ths.s.

the.frst.wreless.network.establshed.n.the.

states.for.emergency.response..Ths.Regonal.

Wreless.Broadband.Network.wll.be.based.

on.off-the-shelf .technology.and.wll.gve.the.

polce.and.fre.fghters.access.to.send.mages.

through.the.network.whch.could.nclude.blue.

prnts,.maps,.and.photos.of .suspected.targets..

Motorola.also.played.a.role.n.ths.broadband.

network.by.developng.the.moble.vdeo.applca- ton.software.used.by.the.plot.system.to.enable.

and.manage.group.vdeo.calls.among.multple.

frst.responders.n.a.user-frendly.manner..These.

programs.wll.provde.enhanced.capabltes.for.

emergency.responders.and.gve.them.the.tools.

necessary.to.protect.our.ctzens.

The.Natonal.Captal.Regon.conssts.of . the.Dstrct.of .Columba.and.18.other.jurs- dctons.n.Vrgna.and.Maryland..The.coor- dnaton.of .all.these.jursdctons.requres.a.

cohesve.nfrastructure.plan.for.an.effectve.

nteroperable.communcaton.network..“If .we.

dd.ths.separately,.we.would.end.up.wth.the.

nteroperablty.problems.lke.we.have.had.n.

land.moble.(rado).today,”.Robert.LeGrande,.

former.nterm.chef .technology.offcer.for.the.

Dstrct.of .Columba.sad..“We.all.agreed.to.do.

the.same.technology.and.same.frequency.at.the.

same.tme.n.a.network-of-networks.desgn..It.

gves.us.seamless.roamng,.seamless.operabl- ty.”.Ths.network-of-networks.wll.also.provde.

for.a.layout.for.a.potental.natonwde.plan.for.

nteroperablty.

Accordng.to.the.Natonal.Governors.

Assocaton,.prncples.for.a.natonwde.plan.

nclude:

•. An.ntegrated.system-of-systems.n.regular.use,.

whch.would.allow.all.emergency.responders.to.

use.and.communcate.through.data,.voce,.and.

vdeo.wth.anyone.that.has.access.to.the.system.

n.real.tme;

•. The.burden.of.federal.nteroperablty.should.

reman.n.federal.hands;

C H A P T E R 4

—.

Interoperablty:.The Missing Link in Emergency Response

•. The.burden.of.nteroperablty.wthn.the.local,.

regonal.and.trbal.agences.should.reman.n.

the.state.government;

•. Collaboraton.wth.neghborng.agences.n.the.

plannng.and.acquston.of.communcatons.

system;.and

•. Grant.fundng.should.be.a.prorty.for.states.

and.the.federal.government.³¹

Fundng.for.the.program.s.comng.from.the.

Department.of .Homeland.Securty’s.Urban.

Area.Securty.Intatve.grants..The.network.wll.

cost.$110.mllon.under.a.fve-year.Indefnte.

Delvery.Indefnte.Quantty.contract.(IDIQ)..

The.beneft.of .ths.contract.allows.for.more.

jursdctons.to.buy.n.at.a.later.date..“The.

IDIQ.allows.for.other.ctes.to.procure.systems.

off .ths.contract,.ganng.speed.and.effcency.n.

the.process,”.sad.Andy.Smth,.drector.of .pub- lc.safety.for.LGS,.an.Alcatel-Lucent.subsdary.

The.challenge.for.the.captal.regon.ntatve.

was.coordnatng.the.many.muncpaltes.to.

agree.to.work.together.on.the.same.system.and.

the.same.frequency..Ths.hurdle.was.overcome..

Once.the.system.s.up.and.runnng,.the.next.

challenges.wll.nclude.prortzng.access.to.the.

system,.and.communcatng.wth.other.agences.

on.a.regonal.bass..Inter-agency.coordnaton.

s.often.hampered.by.the.dfferent.lngo.and.

nomenclature.used.by.varous.agences..Many.

tmes.the.language.and.acronyms.that.are.used.

n.one.agency.are.dfferent.from.another..The.

federal.government.s.seekng.solutons.to.ths.

problem..

The.Natonal.Informaton.Exchange.Model.

(NIEM),.a.partnershp.of .the.U.S..Department.

of .Justce.and.the.U.S..Department.of .

Homeland.Securty,.“s.desgned.to.develop,.ds- semnate,.and.support.enterprse-wde.nforma- ton.exchange.standards.and.processes.that.can.

enable.jursdctons.to.effectvely.share.crtcal.

nformaton.n.emergency.stuatons,”.accord- ng.to.ther.webste.³²..“NIEM.supports.the.

day-to-day.operatons.of .agences.throughout.

the.naton,.and.seeks.to.break.down.barrers.to.

nformaton.sharng.by.developng.standards.for.

nformaton.sharng.between.communtes.of . nterest.at.all.levels.of .government.”

Conclusion

Local,.state,.and.federal.government.emergency.

response.employees.deserve.to.have.access.to.

technology.that.wll.enable.them.to.prepare,.pre- vent.and.recover.from.all.hazards.ncludng.nat- ural.dsasters,.commercal.accdents,.and.terror- st.acton.aganst.the.Unted.States..Technology.

that.n.many.cases.s.already.avalable.should.

be.used.to.prevent.these.catastrophes..Where.

such.an.event.cannot.be.prevented,.we.must.be.

reslent.enough.to.mtgate.ts.cascadng.effects..

Our.securty.and.our.future.depend.on.our.abl- ty.to.learn.from.the.examples.above....