distribution of air flow rates

(1)

welcome bienvenu

Willkommen

Study of energy efficiency in air handling units

Heat recovery and electric power efficiencies in AHU ´ s Dr.-Ing. Christoph Kaup

c.kaup@umwelt-campus.de

(2)

distribution of air flow rates

Air flow distribution

0,00%

1,00%

2,00%

3,00%

4,00%

5,00%

6,00%

7,00%

8,00%

9,00%

10,00%

130.000 110.000 90.000 70.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 1.000 500

Air flow in m³/h

Air flow as %

Study 1 Study 2

(3)

heating and cooling devices of 13.893 units

supply units 13,3 %

exhaust units 5,8 %

combined units 80,9 %

heating devices installed (11.083 units) 79,8 % cooling devices installed (5.630 units) 40,5 %

average heating capacity 96,3 KW

average cooling capacity 88,9 KW

energy devices

(4)

pressure losses

average external pressure loss supply air 587 Pa

External pressure - flow rate distribution

y = 74,9Ln(x) - 90,517

0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

Flow rate in m³/h

Pressure in Pa

External pressure to supply air flow rate

Logarithmic (External pressure to supply air flow rate)

(5)

pressure losses

average external pressure loss exhaust air 544 Pa

External pressure - flow rate distribution

y = 49,564Ln(x) + 74,601

0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

Pressure in Pa

External pressure to exhaust air flow rate

Logarithmic (External pressure to exhaust air flow rate)

(6)

pressure losses

average supply air total pressure 1.115 Pa

Total pressure - flow rate distribution

y = 149,26Ln(x) - 235,56

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

Pressure in Pa

Total pressure to supply air flow rate

Logarithmic (Total pressure to supply air flow rate)

(7)

pressure losses

average exhaust air total pressure 902 Pa

Total pressure - flow rate distribution

y = 130,94Ln(x) - 35,585

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

Pressure in Pa

Total pressure to exhaust air flow rate

Logarithmic (Total pressure to exhaust air low rate)

(8)

efficiencies

average fan efficiency supply air 0,692 with Ps = 6,18 KW

Fan efficiency - flow rate distribution

y = 0,9723Ln(x) + 60,515

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

η as %

Fan efficiency to supply air flow rate

Logarithmic (Fan efficiency to supply air flow rate)

(9)

efficiencies

average fan efficiency exhaust air 0,693 with Ps = 4,84 KW

Fan efficiency - flow rate distribution

y = 1,4537Ln(x) + 56,114

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

η as %

Fan efficiency to exhaust air flow rate

Logarithmic (Fan efficiency to exhaust air flow rate)

(10)

efficiencies

average system efficiency supply air 0,545 with Pm = 7,30 KW

System efficiency - flow rate distribution

y = 4,2626Ln(x) + 15,774

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

η as %

System efficiency to supply air flow rate

Logarithmic (System efficiency to supply air flow rate)

(11)

efficiencies

average system efficiency exhaust air 0,538 mit Pm = 5,75 KW

System efficiency - flow rate distribution

y = 4,6099Ln(x) + 12,736

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

η as %

System efficiency to exhaust air flow rate

Logarithmic (System efficiency to exhaust air flow rate)

(12)

specific fan power

average supply air SFP 1.916 W/(m³/s)

SFP - flow rate distribution

y = 2042,8e^-5E-06x

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

SFP in W/(m³/s)

SFP-values to supply air flow rate

Exponential (SFP-values to supply air flow rate)

(13)

specific fan power

average supply air SFP 1.799 W/(m³/s) (without add. SFP-values)

y = 1819,1e^-6E-06x

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

SFP in W/(m³/s)

SFP-values to supply air flow rate

Exponetial (SFP-values to supply air flow rate)

(14)

specific fan power

average exhaust air SFP 1.571 W/(m³/s)

y = 1517,5e^7E-08x

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

SFP in W/(m³/s)

SFP-values to exhaust air flow rate

Exponential (SFP-values to exhaust air flow rate)

(15)

specific fan power

average ehaust air SFP 1.512 W/(m³/s) (without add. SFP-values)

y = 1454e^-4E-07x

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

SFP in W/(m³/s)

SFP-values to exhaust air flow rate

Exponetial (SFP-values to exhaust air flow rate)

(16)

specific fan power

Average SFP-values

1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

SFP in W/(m³/s)

Supply Exhaust

(17)

heatrecovery

average transfer efficiency 0,624 at a 52,4 % use of HR

Transfer efficiency - Flow rate distribution

y = 1,2874Ln(x) + 48,249

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

Transfer efficiency as %

Transfer efficiency to air flow rate

Logarithmic (Transfer efficiency to air flow rate) h

(18)

heatrecovery

average HR pressure loss 168 Pa (supply) and 177 Pa (exhaust)

HR dP - Flow rate distribution

y = 22,602Ln(x) - 42,783

0 100 200 300 400

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000

dP in Pa

HR pressure loss to air flow rate

Logarithmic (HR pressure loss to air low rate)

(19)

heatrecovery development

average transfer efficiency 0,624 (UCB) and 0,628 (Hoval 2009) Distribution of heat recovery transfer efficiency

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 > 80,0

HR transfer efficiency

Transfer efficiency as a %

Environmental Campus study Hoval AG Survey

(20)

heatrecovery development

Average HR transfer efficiency

50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70

2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

Years

Transfer efficiency as %

Average HR transfer efficiency 50,0

55,0 60,0 65,0 70,0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

(21)

20,0%

25,0%

30,0%

35,0%

40,0%

45,0%

50,0%

55,0%

60,0%

65,0%

70,0%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

heatrecovery development

The use of heatrecovery

(22)

heatrecovery development

Average HR pressure loss

100 120 140 160 180 200

2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

Years

Pressure loss in Pa

Average pressure loss 100

120 140 160 180 200

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

(23)

heatrecovery

Transfer efficiency - pressure drop distribution

y = 0,0012x³ - 0,1586x² + 7,8077x

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Transfer level in %

Pressure drop in Pa

Transfer efficiency to air flow rate

Polynomic (Transfer efficiency to air flow rate)

(24)

market datas RLT (survey RLT)

31,1 11.108

43.759 27,2

88,1 323,8

2006

36,7 12.873

43.217 27,4

101,9 373,6

∅

45,5 15.569

42.236 25,8

111,3 431,4

2008

33,4 11.941

43.656 29,1

106,2 365,5

2007

HR

% with

HR Units

Export

% Export

Mio.€

Turn- over Mio.€

Year

general market values

(25)

market datas RLT (survey RLT)

45,5 15.569

42.236 25,8

111,3 431,4

2008

55,3 16.836

37.396 25,9

101,9 400,4

∅

67,0 19.791

36.476 26,4

103,2 390,4

2010

55,1 15.148

33.476 25,5

96,6 379,4

2009

HR

% with

HR Units

Export

% Export

Mio.€

Turn- over Mio.€

Year

general market values

(26)

market datas RLT (survey RLT)

turnover of association 400,4 Mio. €

additional turnovers 167,6 Mio. €

total 568,0 Mio. €

ratio RLT 70,5 %

(acc. Dissertation Dr. Beck 2000 University Kassel 70 %)

general market values

(27)

market datas RLT

possible Units (AHU) with heatrecovery 80,5 %

(Study Dr. Kaup 2009 UCB university of applied science Trier)

average overall ratio HR (RLT ∅ 08 bis 10) 44,5 %

Possible ratio HR 55,3 %

strong positiv development

2010 ratio 55,1 % in total or (possible units) 67,0 %

heatrecovery

(28)

Statistik Wärmerückgewinnung air flow rate distribution

Distribution of air flow rates AHU

0,00%

2,00%

4,00%

6,00%

8,00%

10,00%

12,00%

130.000 110.000 90.000 70.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 1.000 500

air flow rates in m³/h

Air flow rates as %

Manufacturer A Amnufacturer B

(29)

Statistik Wärmerückgewinnung air flow rate distribution

Average distribution of air flow rates AHU

0,00%

1,00%

2,00%

3,00%

4,00%

5,00%

6,00%

7,00%

8,00%

9,00%

10,00%

130.000 110.000 90.000 70.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 1.000 500

Air flow rates in m³/h

Air flow rates as %

(30)

Distribution of air flow rates AHU

y = 2E-06x⁴ - 0,0001x³ + 0,0028x² - 0,0151x + 0,0201

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

90,00%

100,00%

150.000 130.000 110.000 90.000 70.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 1.000

Distribution as %

Air flow rates (Distribution summ) Polynomic air flow distribution EnEV

= 7.500 m³/h

∅

Statistik Wärmerückgewinnung air flow rate distribution

(31)

heat energies

specific energy for heating (24 h/d) 31,33

kWh/(m³/h)/a

(Disseration Dr. Beck 2000 University Kassel)

operating time (average) 2.350 h

(Disseration Dr. Beck 2000 University Kassel)

specific energy for heating at 2.350 h 8,4

kWh/(m³/h)/a

lifetime of the units 20,0 years

rated lifetime (base interest 2 %) 13,4 years

(1 % new units [38.000 in ´97 to 43.200 in ´09] + 1 % waste rate)

energy consumption of heating

(32)

energy consumption of heating

Distribution of energy for heating

y = 4E-09x⁶ - 5E-07x⁵ + 2E-05x⁴ - 0,0004x³ + 0,0031x² - 0,002x + 0,0045

0,00%

1,00%

2,00%

3,00%

4,00%

5,00%

6,00%

7,00%

135.000 115.000 95.000 75.000 55.000 42.500 32.500 26.750 21.250 18.500 16.500 14.500 12.500 10.500 8.500 6.500 4.500 2.500 875

Distribution as %

Distribution of energy for heating Polynomic (Distribution of enery for heating)

(33)

Summ of energy for heating

y = 3E-07x⁵ - 3E-05x⁴ + 0,0009x³ - 0,0108x² + 0,0061x + 0,9451

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

90,0%

100,0%

105.000 85.000 65.000 47.500 37.500 28.750 23.750 19.500 17.500 15.500 13.500 11.500 9.500 7.500 5.500 3.500 1.500

air flow rates in m³/h

Distribution as %

Distribution of energy for heating Polynomic (Distribution of energy for heating) EnEV

= 28.750 m³/h

∅

energy consumption of heating

(34)

energy saving potential in Germany 2010

AHU´s 53.043 units

airflow 2010 (without export) 562,5 Mio. m³/h

heat energy demand 4.724.806 MWh/a

HR-ratio 54,3 %

efficiency 67,2 %

HR potential 1.722.716 MWh/a

CO

₂

Saving 566.774 to/a

installed electric power 492.633 KW/a

AHU general market values

(35)

energy linked to the Gross domestic product

electroenergy demand in germany 492.633 kW/a

GDP Germany 3.667,5 Bil. $

value = 492.633 / 3.667,5 • GDP

AHU general market values

(36)

AHU electric power demand EU

7.384 0,3%

54,97 0,1%

493.300 Luxembourg

6.354 0,3%

47,30 0,7%

3.354.700 Lithuania

4.574 0,2%

34,05 0,5%

2.261.294 Latvia

310.810 12,6%

2.313,89 12,1%

60.245.846 Italy

36.715 1,5%

273,33 0,9%

4.239.848 Irland

359.193 14,5%

2.674,09 12,3%

61.113.205 Great Britain

48.027 1,9%

357,55 2,2%

11.141.740 Greece

384.935 15,6%

2.865,73 12,6%

62.793.432 France

36.802 1,5%

273,98 1,1%

5.326.314 Finland

3.120 0,1%

23,23 0,3%

1.342.000 Estonia

492.633 19,9%

3.667,51 16,4%

81.882.342 Germany

46.064 1,9%

342,93 1,1%

5.475.791 Denmark

6.983 0,3%

51,99 1,5%

7.606.551 Bulgaria

68.020 2,8%

506,39 2,1%

10.666.860 Belgium

kW/a Bil. $

demand GDP

population base 2008

(37)

AHU electric power demand EU

2.470.561 100,0%

18.392,61 100,0%

498.371.164 sum

3.150 0,1%

23,45 0,2%

950.000 Cyprus

20.992 0,8%

156,28 2,0%

10.020.000 Hungary

29.159 1,2%

217,08 2,1%

10.501.197 Czechia

216.499 8,8%

1.611,77 9,4%

46.661.950 Spain

7.339 0,3%

54,64 0,4%

2.019.614 Slovenia

12.814 0,5%

95,40 1,1%

5.455.407 Slowakia

65.086 2,6%

484,55 1,9%

9.269.986 Sweden

26.820 1,1%

199,67 4,3%

21.498.616 Romania

32.841 1,3%

244,49 2,1%

10.617.575 Portugal

70.619 2,9%

525,74 7,7%

38.153.389 Poland

55.787 2,3%

415,32 1,7%

8.376.761 Austria

116.719 4,7%

868,94 3,3%

16.493.156 Netherlands

1.120 0,0%

8,34 0,1%

410.290 Malta

kW/a Bil. $

demand GDP

(38)

AHU saving potential in europe 2011

electroenergy demand 77,80 TWh/a

base Lifetime 13,4 a and 2.350 h/a

CO

₂

equivalent 42,09 Mil.to/a

Base 541 g/kWh Mix.

saving potential 15,56 TWh/a

Base 20 % increase of efficiency

CO

₂

saving 8,42 Mil.to/a

AHU general market values EU

(39)

units linked to the gross domestic product

AHUs in germany 53.043 units

GDP Germany 3.667,5 Bil. $

value = 53.043 / 3.667,5 • GDP

link to population

value = 53.043 / 81.882.342 • P

AHU general market values

(40)

AHU market EU

795 0,3%

54,97 0,1%

493.300 Luxembourg

684 0,3%

47,30 0,7%

3.354.700 Lithuania

492 0,2%

34,05 0,5%

2.261.294 Latvia

33.466 12,6%

2.313,89 12,1%

60.245.846 Italy

3.953 1,5%

273,33 0,9%

4.239.848 Irland

38.675 14,5%

2.674,09 12,3%

61.113.205 Great Britain

5.171 1,9%

357,55 2,2%

11.141.740 Greece

41.447 15,6%

2.865,73 12,6%

62.793.432 France

3.963 1,5%

273,98 1,1%

5.326.314 Finland

336 0,1%

23,23 0,3%

1.342.000 Estonia

53.043 19,9%

3.667,51 16,4%

81.882.342 Germany

4.960 1,9%

342,93 1,1%

5.475.791 Denmark

752 0,3%

51,99 1,5%

7.606.551 Bulgaria

7.324 2,8%

506,39 2,1%

10.666.860 Belgium

Bil. $

units GDP

(41)

AHU market EU

266.011 100,0%

18.392,61 100,0%

498.371.164 sum

339 0,1%

23,45 0,2%

950.000 Cyprus

2.260 0,8%

156,28 2,0%

10.020.000 Hungary

3.140 1,2%

217,08 2,1%

10.501.197 Czechia

23.311 8,8%

1.611,77 9,4%

46.661.950 Spain

790 0,3%

54,64 0,4%

2.019.614 Slovenia

1.380 0,5%

95,40 1,1%

5.455.407 Slowakia

7.008 2,6%

484,55 1,9%

9.269.986 Sweden

2.888 1,1%

199,67 4,3%

21.498.616 Romania

3.536 1,3%

244,49 2,1%

10.617.575 Portugal

7.604 2,9%

525,74 7,7%

38.153.389 Poland

6.007 2,3%

415,32 1,7%

8.376.761 Austria

12.567 4,7%

868,94 3,3%

16.493.156 Netherlands

121 0,0%

8,34 0,1%

410.290 Malta

Bil. $

units GDP

(42)

AHU market 2011

number of production 266.011 units +34,8 % CHRV units 356.455 units

AHU´s + CHRV´s 320.000 units

base Lot 6 / Task 2

check (link to population) 322.843 Units (AHU)

435.192 Units (incl. CHRV)

AHU general market values EU

(43)

AHU market 2011

AHU general market values EU

source: Lot 6 / Task 2

(44)

energy linked to the gross domestic product

thermal energy saving in germany 1.722.716 MWh/a

GDP Germany 3.667,5 Bil $

average temp. in Germany 9,0 °C

heatrecovery use • efficiency 36,4 %

nominal supply temperature 21,0 °C

heatrecovery value (U) = 36,4 % / (21 – 9) • (21 – T) energy = 1.722.716 / 3.667,5 / 36,4 • U

• GDP / (21 – 9) • (21 – T)

AHU general market values

(45)

AHU heat consumption EU

25.821 70.817

9,0 36,4

54,97 Luxembourg

32.440 73.631

6,5 44,0

47,30 Lithuania

26.341 56.295

5,6 46,7

34,05 Latvia

318.896 1.614.684

14,5 19,7

2.313,89 Italy

107.883 322.784

10,0 33,4

273,33 Irland

1.055.459 3.157.913

10,0 33,4

2.674,09 Great Britain

10.497 115.157

18,0 9,1

357,55 Greece

934.792 3.076.569

11,0 30,3

2.865,73 France

228.791 470.620

5,0 48,5

273,98 Finland

20.630 41.150

4,5 50,1

23,23 Estonia

1.722.716 4.724.806

9,0 36,4

3.667,51 Germany

189.048 478.608

8,0 39,4

342,93 Denmark

18.697 58.606

10,5 31,9

51,99 Bulgaria

199.871 598.011

10,0 33,4

506,39 Belgium

MWh/a MWh/a

°C

% Bil. $

target 21°C

HR heat

average HR (U)

GDP base 2008

(46)

6.572.614 19.742.781

10,9 33,2

18.392,61 sum

0 0

21,0 0,0

23,45 Cyprus

65.094 189.589

9,7 34,3

156,28 Hungary

121.518 305.297

7,9 39,7

217,08 Czechia

84.121 692.141

17,0 12,1

1.611,77 Spain

21.176 63.939

10,1 33,1

54,64 Slovenia

61.868 144.411

6,9 42,8

95,40 Slowakia

288.062 702.269

7,5 41,0

484,55 Sweden

86.137 246.514

9,5 34,9

199,67 Romania

12.760 104.991

17,0 12,1

244,49 Portugal

385.863 846.630

6,0 45,5

525,74 Poland

179.167 512.758

9,5 34,9

415,32 Austria

374.857 1.0772.801

9,5 34,9

868,94 Netherlands

109 1.791

19,0 6,1

8,34 Malta

MWh/a MWh/a

°C

% Bil. $

target 21 °C

HR heat

average HR (U)

GDP base 2008

AHU heat consumption EU

(47)

AHU saving potential in europe 2011

heating demand 19.724.781MWh/a

heatrecovery 6.572.614MWh/a

CO

₂

saving 2.162.195 to/a

base 329 kg/MWh

electroenergy demand 2.470.561 KW/a

AHU general market values EU

(48)

AHU saving potential in europe 2011

heating demand during lifetime 264,55 TWh/a

base Lifetime 13,4 a and 2.350 h/a

heatrecovery 88,00 TWh/a

state of the art 2010

CO

₂

saving equivalent 28,98 Mil.to/a

base 329 kg/MWh

average heatrecovery 53,28 TWh/a

0,58 average efficiency and 47 % use

max. potential heatrecovery 146,62 TWh/a

base 0,75 efficiency and 81 % balanced units

AHU general market values EU

(49)

energy linked to the gross domestic product

colth energy saving in germany 111.273 MWh/a

GDP Germany 3.667,5 Bil. $

average temp. in Germany 9,0 °C

nominal ODA temperature for cooling 25,0 °C cooling factor relativ to germany f = (25 – 9) / (25 – T)

energy demand = 111.273 / 3.667,5 • GDP • f

(sensible capacity without dehumification)

energy recovery = energy • U

AHU general market values EU

(50)

AHU colth consumption EU

1.668 4.582

1,00 36,4

54,97 Luxembourg

1.500 3.410

0,86 44,0

47,30 Lithuania

1.093 2.341

0,82 46,7

34,05 Latvia

57.946 293.893

1,52 19,7

2.313,89 Italy

8.109 24.301

1,07 33,4

273,33 Irland

79.329 237.750

1,07 33,4

2.674,09 Great Britain

6.199 68.120

2,29 9,1

357,55 Greece

82.806 272.988

1,14 30,3

2.865,73 France

8.867 18.269

0,80 48,5

273,98 Finland

756 1.511

0,78 50,1

23,23 Estonia

111.273 305.694

36,4 1,00 3.667,51

Germany

10.609 26.902

0,94 39,4

342,93 Denmark

1.523 4.782

1,10 31,9

51,99 Bulgaria

15.023 45.022

1,07 33,4

506,39 Belgium

MWh/a MWh/a

factor

% Bil. $

target 16 °C / 25 °C

HR colth

colling HR (U)

GDP base 2008

(51)

516.828 1.872.662

33,2 18.392,61

sum

0 7.818

4,00 0,0

23,45 Cyprus

4.669 13.622

1,05 34,3

156,28 Hungary

6.727 16.930

0,94 39,7

217,08 Czechia

32.601 268.688

2,00 12,1

1.611,77 Spain

1.617 4.891

1,07 33,1

54,64 Slovenia

3.006 7.029

0,88 42,8

95,40 Slowakia

15.121 36.926

0,91 41,0

484,55 Sweden

5.993 17.180

1,03 34,9

199,67 Romania

4.945 40.757

2,00 12,1

244,49 Portugal

16.791 36.902

0,84 45,5

525,74 Poland

12.465 35.734

1,03 34,9

415,32 Austria

26.080 74.764

1,03 34,9

868,94 Netherlands

112 1.854

2,67 6,1

8,34 Malta

MWh/a MWh/a

factor

% Bil. $

target 16 °C / 25 °C

HR colth

cooling HR (U)

GDP base 2008

AHU heat consumption EU

(52)

AHU electric power demand EU+

7.372 1,4%

54,88 3,4%

10.829.175 Serbia-Montenegro

66.168 13,0%

492,60 2,4%

7.701.900 Swiss

159 0,0%

1,18 0,0%

31.538 San Marino

225.206 44,1%

1.676,59 44,4%

142.400.000 Russia

61.282 12,0%

456,23 1,5%

4.825.500 Norway

822 0,2%

6,12 1,4%

4.455.421 Moldava

1.285 0,3%

9,57 0,6%

2.063.122 Macedonia

9.313 1,8%

69,33 1,4%

4.489.409 Croatia

2.958 0,6%

22,02 1,5%

4.693.892 Georgia

2.481 0,5%

18,47 1,4%

4.552.000 Bosnia-Herzegovina

8.098 1,6%

60,29 3,0%

9.489.000 Belarus

470 0,1%

3,50 0,0%

83.888 Andorra

1.741 0,3%

12,96 1,0%

3.170.048 Albania

kW/a Bil. $

demand GDP

(53)

AHU electric power demand EU+

510.632 sum

662 0,1%

4,93 0,0%

35.789 Lichtenstein

493 0,1%

3,67 0,0%

32.796 Monaco

24.142 4,7%

179,73 14,3%

45.994.247 Ukraine

97.981 19,2%

729,44 23,7%

75.863.600 Turkey

kW/a Bil. $

demand GDP

(54)

AHU heat consumption EU+

456,23 6,12

17.902 58.918

11,0 30,3

54,88 Serbia-Montenegro

267.395 682.206

8,1 39,1

492,60 Swiss

163 823

14,5 19,7

1,18 San-Marino

1.330.932 2.807.908

5,4 47,3

1.676,59 Russia

334.847 734.694

6,0 45,5

Norway

3.220 8.344

8,3 38,5

Moldava

3.777 11.301

10,0 33,4

9,57 Macedonia

22.615 74.431

11,0 30,3

69,33 Croatia

4.713 19.148

12,9 24,6

22,02 Georgia

4.880 17.846

12,0 27,3

18,47 Bosnia-Herzegovina

47.860 100.972

5,4 47,3

60,29 Belarus

1.381 4.133

10,0 33,4

3,50 Andorra

1.057 6.957

16,0 15,2

12,96 Albania

MWh/a MWh/a

°C

% Bil. $

HR heat

average use

GDP base 2008

(55)

2.258.142 5.314.100

8,5 42,5

3.801,51 sum

1.706 5.451

10,7 31,2

4,93 Lichtenstein

253 1.812

16,4 14,0

3,67 Monaco

114.910 270.134

7,0 42,5

179,73 Ukraine

100.530 509.019

14,5 19,7

729,44 Turkey

MWh/a MWh/a

°C

% Bil. $

HR heat

average use

GDP base 2008

AHU Heat consumption EU+

(56)

for your Attention

Thank you

Study of energy efficiency in air handling units

Heat recovery and electric power efficiencies in AHU ´ s Dr.-Ing. Christoph Kaup

c.kaup@umwelt-campus.de

(57)

LCC influence - location

LCC Total in €

0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000

Berlin Munich Hamburg Frankfurt

(58)

LCC influence - location

LCC heating in €

0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000

Berlin Munich Hamburg Frankfurt

(59)

LCC influence - conditions

18 / 16 °C

High cooling demand 20 / 26 °C

Higher load 5

22 / 20 °C

High heat demand 18 / 24 °C

Lower load 4

20 / 18 °C

Lower heat demand 20 / 26 °C

Higher load 3

21 / 19 °C

Higher heat demand 18 / 24 °C

Lower load 2

21 / 19 °C

Higher heat demand 20 / 26 °C

Higher load 1

supply air conditions

winter/summer extract air

conditions

winter/summer calculation

variant

(60)

LCC influence - conditions

LCC heating in €

0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000 120.000 140.000 160.000

21/19 21/19 20/18 22/20 18/16

20/26 18/24 20/26 18/24 20/26

target values / exhaust conditions (winter/summer)

(61)

LCC influence - conditions

LCC cooling in €

0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000

21/19 21/19 20/18 22/20 18/16

20/26 18/24 20/26 18/24 20/26

(62)

LCC influence - conditions

LCC Total in €

0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000

21/19 21/19 20/18 22/20 18/16

20/26 18/24 20/26 18/24 20/26