Urban development for slums areas in Cairo using GIS techniques By Olivia Magdy Aziz Azab

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Master Thesis

Urban development for slums areas in Cairo using GIS techniques

By

Olivia Magdy Aziz Azab

A dissertation submitted in part fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science in Geographical Information Systems

(UNIGIS) Advisor:

Prof .Dr. Abdel Nasser H. Zaied

Salzburg, May 2013

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Science Pledge

2 Urban development for slums areas Magdy, Olivia

Science Pledge

By my signature below, I certify that my thesis is entirely the result of my own work. I have cited all sources I have used in my thesis and I have always indicated their origin.

(Olivia Magdy, May 2013)

(Signature)

Olivia Magdy Aziz Azab

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To the source of the honest love

To the one who has born the burdens of life with me

To the one whose memory never vanishes from my soul

To the one who inspired the thought

To the one whose soul pushed me to go to in my path

I wish you were with me these days

To my beloved mother

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Abstract

ABSTRACT

As a mega-city and the most populated city in Africa, Cairo is characterized by a high birth rate, escalating rural-urban migration and where the socio-economic services are centralized and overwhelmed, these generally poor migrants have no choice other than to create and develop their own informal shelter in the outer city areas that lie farthest from the reach of the authorities and from where they then search for better job opportunities. The expansion of these slum areas places an extra burden on the already deteriorated natural and unplanned urban environments. No government or public sector mass production housing units inherited from the former socialist system have been able to cope with the magnitude of housing demand nor is the private sector interested in investing in a non-profitable market. At this juncture there is an urgent requirement for new ways of thinking that address the realities of the situation and consider integrated socioeconomic long-term solutions for the Slums.

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Acknowledgements

I thank God for His everlasting love, care, protection, guidance and blessings upon me and my family, because without his enabling hand, all that I am doing would not be possible.

I would like to thank Prof .Dr. Abdel Nasser H. Zaied who supervised, advised and supported me throughout the realization of this thesis.

Furthermore, I want to owe special thanks to UNIGIS staff in Salzburg University and Zagazig University especially Eng. Nabil Mustafa for the cooperation and helpful comments during my studies at Master’s Program.

Special thanks go to my parents and my brother who raised me thinking critically and being open to all cultural differences.

Moreover, I owe special thanks to my friend Ahmed Adel, who supported, advised and encouraged me and accepted the chaos of the last month.

I also want to thank my friend Dina George who accompanied and supported me during the last years.

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Table of Content

Urban development for slums areas Magdy, Olivia

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1-Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Motivation 12

1.2 Problem Statement 13

1.3 Methodology 13

1.4 tools 14

1.5 History of Slums of Egypt 14

1.6 Study area 15

1.7 Thesis structure 18

2-Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 GIS definition 21

2.2 Benefits of using GIS 21

2.3 GIS Applications 22

2.3.1 Transportation 23

2.3.2 Education 23

2.3.3 Utilities and Communications 25

3-Chapter 3 Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Study area 30

3.3 Field investigations of Hdbat El- Herafeyeen 34

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3.4 Factors used to develop or transfer slums 34

3.5 Method applied 36

4- Chapter 4 Project description

4.1 Data acquisition 40

4.2 Implementation 40

4.2.1 Roads in Hdbat Elharefyean 41

4.2.1.1 inside roads 41

4.2.1.2 outside roads 42

4.2.2 Housing 43

4.2.3 Industrial 44

4.2.4 Services 45

4.2.4.1 Schools 45

4.2.4.2 Health Units 46

4.2.4.3 Recreation Services 47

5- Chapter 5 Result and result analysis

5.1 The solution for the Roads 50

5.2 The solution for the housing problem 51

5.3 The solution for the industrial area problem 53 5.4 The solution for the services problem 53

6- Chapter 6 Summary, discussion and future work

6.1 Summary 57

6.2 Discussion 58

6.3 Future Works 58

6.3.1 Recommendations 59

6.3.2 Limitations 59

Reference 61

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List of Figures

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List of figures

Figure1.1 Areas in Manshiyat Nasser 17

Figure1.2 Actual pictures from Manshiyat Nasser 17

Figure3.1 Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 31

Figure3.2 The boundary for the Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 31

Figure3.3 Collapse buildings 32

Figure3.4 Destroyed buildings 32

Figure3.5 Repository for rubbish 32

Figure3.6 SWOT Analysis on Manshiyat Nasser 33

Figure3.7 stages of the thesis 38

Figure4.1 Inside roads in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 41

Figure4.2 Outside roads around Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 42

Figure4.4 Buildings in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 44

Figure4.5 Area of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 44

Figure4.6 Workshops within Urban places in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 45 Figure4.7 Abu Bakr primary school near to Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 46 Figure5.1 The two alternative areas (solution areas) 49

Figure5.2 Inside roads in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 50

Figure5.3 Inside roads in alternative area (solution area) 51

Figure5.4 Building blocks in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen 52

Figure5.5 Building blocks in alternative area (solution area) 52

Figure5.6 Industrial area in alternative area (solution area) 53

Figure5.7 No schools in Hdbat elharfyean 54

Figure5.8 Services in alternative area (solution area) 54

Figure5.9 Final layout for alternative area (solution area) 55

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List of tables

Table 1.1 Areas and Housing units in Manshiyat Nasser 16

Table 3.1 Distribution of unsafe areas in Manshiyat Nasser 30

Table 3.2 Actual picture for Abu Bakr Primary School 35

Table 4.1 The input area (data) details 40

Table 4.2 Sample of outside roads and inside streets attribute data 42 Table 5.1 Area and distance for two alternative areas (solution areas) 50

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List of Tables

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List of Abbreviations

GOPP General Organization for Physical Planning NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

GIS Geographical Information Systems GPS Global positioning systems

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats SDF Slum Development Fund

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Chapter 1 Introduction

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1.1 Motivation

The urban transformation in Egypt goes back to the 20^th century with the rapid expansion of Egypt’s cities. The job opportunities, central government organizations and economic activities were all concentrated in the cities, especially Cairo and Alexandria. Investment increased in building construction and industries in those areas that neighbored the cities, and where infrastructure and markets were both available. The citizen’s standards of living development process during the urban transformation have significantly been affected by the local policy inadequacies and other socio-economic constraints. Policies that neglect urban problems, when accompanied by rapid urban population growth led to a rapid creation of informal settlements that offer accommodation to the poor and especially when half of the poor population are living in urban areas (Osman, M. & Soleiman, O., 2000).

More problems that threaten the world are slums. Slums are disadvantaged areas of basic infrastructure and services, making them secrete numerous problems that worry society, a negative impact on security and stability, and spread diseases among population: poverty, unemployment, delinquency, crime, addiction, and other problems that have become general properties characteristic of these areas.

Considered adequate housing provider is the basic services pillar preserving the genuine character of the Egyptian family and maintenance values and traditions that are the basis for economic and social development. Slums phenomenon appeared in Egypt as a result of a variety of reasons; the most important reasons are the high rates of population growth, the migration from rural to urban areas and the

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Introduction

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inability of the state of development of housing policies conform with the requirements of the community. Slums represent one of the major problems that threaten the social balance of the Egyptian society.

1.2 Problem Statement

The challenge of slums is a global concern and a growing one.

World population is expected to increase by 2 billion by 2030, with almost all of the expected increase to occur in urban areas in currently developing countries (Pitcher, 2009). Moreover, approximately half of the population increase is estimated to be in urban slums, approximately doubling the size of the global slum population from 1 billion to 2 billion (Payne, 2005; UN-Habitat, 2008).

Cairo suffers from the problem of slum areas among all its governorates, slum areas are considered an essentially important problem which has its impact on two levels; the slum itself, and on the state lands which have been occupied and their areas start to decrease. There is an urgent and necessary need nowadays for these state lands to implement housing and other vital projects. This confirms the need to present the reasons behind the continuity of this problem and offer some suggestions and development plans that help to stop this phenomenon.

1.3 Methodology

There were three methods used to get the suitable location to transfer the study area (Slum area):

1. Determine the study area (Slum area).

2. Determine factors which define the study area (Slum area).

3. Provide data for the study area(slum area) which contain maps on a set of layers that carry the study factors.

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1.4 Tools

ArcGIS is a complete system for designing and managing solutions through the application of geographic knowledge. It is used for creating and using maps; compiling geographic data; analyzing mapped information; sharing and discovering geographic information; using maps and geographic information in a range of applications; and managing geographic information in a database.

The system provides an infrastructure for making maps and geographic information available throughout an organization, across a community, and openly on the Web.

1.5 History of Slums in Egypt

The incidence of Slums began just after World War II and sped up during the 1960s, due to the increase in the number of people migrating from rural to urban areas seeking better job opportunities. Informal urbanization took place on agricultural lands at the urban fringes. In the period from 1967 to 1973, financial resources were mainly directed to support military needs and all state investments in public housing construction were restricted. On the other hand, the private sector stock did not meet popular demand. The supply was mainly luxury housing for the upper classes with the majority of units for sale rather than rent, thus the middle and lower classes found the informal sector an adequate alternative to fulfill their needs. During the 1970s, the oil boom in the Gulf States attracted many Egyptian workers to work in the neighboring oil-producing countries such as Iraq and Saudi Arabia. When they came back, they invested their savings in informal housing, as the formal housing supply was inadequate to meet their demand. The supply proposed by the public sector was neither sufficient nor affordable.

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Since the 1980s, almost no more new informal areas have appeared, however, the growth of the existing ones has not slowed down in spite of the fall in population growth rates and the strict measures taken by the government against illegal urbanization such as the Military Decrees 1 and 7, which forbid encroachment on agricultural land. A detailed illustration of the history and evolution of slums in Egypt can be found in (Al-Malky, 2009; Séjourné, 2009).

1.6 Study Area

Manshiyat Nasser has a population of more than 400,000. It is located between the Central Business District and the new suburbs become a future obstacle for development of Cairo. The area is characterized by a surrounding street networks, highways and a new tunnel that connects the area with the Centre of Cairo and the surrounding new suburbs. The area is located among the foothills and quarries east of the historic city (the Old Cairo) and near the Moktam Mountain.

In 1960, construction in Manshiyat Nasser, which occupies the state- owned land, was started by those who were relocated from informal settlements in the Centre of Cairo. The authorities permitted re-housing of these people in Manshiyat Nasser, which was at that time remote from the east border of the Cairo city. Construction activities continued and informal settlements developed, especially after the war of 1967, which caused the displacement of inhabitants from the Suez Canal cities. By the end of the 1960s, the population figures reached several thousand. At that time the Egyptian late President Gamal Abdel-Nasser acknowledged the existence of this area and supplied Manshiyat Nasser with water and electricity. In 1972Cairo Governorate issued an instruction to relocate the Zabaleen Community (garbage collectors) in Manshiyat Nasser. By the

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end of the 1970s, the population figure was estimated at 100,000 inhabitants. The urban poor and rural urban migrants considered this area as an attractive settlement place, especially due to its location close to job prospects, and the availability of land that offered affordable accommodation. Poor groups from other informal settlement areas and homeless persons from demolished or collapsing houses in Cairo found Manshiyat Nasser tobe an affordable area in which to live. The inhabitants are considered to be among the poorest and the most underprivileged in Cairo with more than two thirds of families under the poverty line. It should be noted that the upgrading of this area has been ignored for a couple of decades, except for the provision of some limited educational and health services. Some projects have been initiated by the international NGOs in the Zabaleen area (GOPP, Manshiyat Nasser District & GTZ, 2001).

Manshiyat Nasser consists of seven areas as shown in Table (1-1) and Figure (1-1), whereas Figure (1-2) shows some actual pictures from Manshiyat Nasser.

Area name Area (Acres) The number of housing units

1 Hdbat El-Herafeyeen (2) 51.5 3685

2 Pharaoh Valley(1) 21.1 2177

3 Pharaoh Valley (2) 89.7 5023

4 Moktam Mountain 62.6 1273

5 Land of Smad 4 676

6 Alnresh area 3.1 661

7 distributed areas 1.6 113

Table (1-1): Areas and housing units in Manshiyat Nasser (SDF, 2012)

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Introduction

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Fig(1-1): Areas in Manshiyat Nasser

Fig (1-2): Actual pictures from Manshiyat Nasser

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1.7 Thesis structure

The structure of the thesis will be as in the following:

Chapter 1: Introduction:

Gives a background on the research problem and research objectives Chapter 2 literature Review:

Gives a review of the related researches in this field.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology:

Gives a full explanation of the theoretical foundation methodology applied to this project.

Chapter 4: Project description:

Gives a full explanation of the project concept and the implementation.

Chapter 5: Result and result analysis:

Gives a detailed explanation of the result of the applied methodology.

Also this chapter discusses the outcomes of the research against the main goals and focus on major advantages and limitation of the proposed methodology.

Chapter 6: Summary, discussion and future work:

Aims to draw the research conclusion and suggests future work that may be undertaken.

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Introduction

TYPE THE DOCUMENT TITLE

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Chapter: 2

Literature Review

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Literature Review

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2.1 GIS definition

Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are computer-based systems that enable users to collect, store, process, analyze and present spatial data. It provides an electronic representation of information, called spatial data, about the Earth’s natural and man-made features. GIS systems are dynamic and permit rapid updating, analysis, and display. They use data from many diverse sources such as satellite imagery, aerial photos, maps, ground surveys, and global positioning systems (GPS).

Lloyd &Queen (1993) defined GIS as "a computerized, integrated system used to compile, store, manipulate, and output mapped spatial data ". whereas, Cropper (2003) defined GIS as "a complete computer system which gives us clear information about where things are located it also gives us detailed idea about what data it represents". GIS can join several layers of information which will represent features on the maps such as cities, areas that represent such as lakes, lines such as roads (Mohammed, 2008).

2.2 Benefits of using GIS

There is growing awareness of the economic and strategic value of GIS. The benefits of using GIS generally fall into five basic categories (Esri, 2013):

 Cost Savings and Increased Efficiency: GIS is widely used to optimize maintenance schedules and daily fleet movements.

Typical implementations can result in a saving of 10 to 30 percent in operational expenses through reduction in fuel consumption and staff time, improved customer service, and more efficient scheduling.

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 Better Decision Making: GIS is the go-to technology for making better decisions about location. Common examples include real estate site selection, route/corridor selection, evacuation planning, conservation, natural resource extraction, etc. Making correct decisions about location is critical to the success of an organization.

 Improved Communication: GIS-based maps and visualizations greatly assist in understanding situations and in storytelling. They are a type of language that improves communication between different teams, departments, disciplines, professional fields, organizations, and the public.

 Better Recordkeeping: Many organizations have a primary responsibility of maintaining authoritative records about the status and change of geography. GIS provides a strong framework for managing these types of records with full transaction support and reporting tools.

 Managing Geographically: GIS is becoming essential to understanding what is happening—and what will happen—in geographic space. Once we understand, we can prescribe action.

This new approach to management—managing geographically—is transforming the way that organizations operate.

2.3 GIS Applications

GIS technology has been used to solve problems in several applications; the following are examples of these applications.

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Literature Review

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2.3.1 Transportation

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been widely used in the field of transportation since location information is critical for transportation applications such as transportation planning, modeling, accident analysis, transit service planning.

Many GIS applications have been implemented at various transportation agencies and private firms (Esri, 2013):

 Aviation: Use GIS for managing airport facilities, regulating use of airspace, and noise modeling.

 Highways: Use GIS to keep detailed, spatially accurate inventories of roadway assets such as signs, signals, pavement, bridges, and lighting.

 Logistics: GIS helps fleet managers maintain daily operations for routing and scheduling to meet customer expectations.

 Ports and Maritime: GIS helps engineers build and manage port facilities and helps planners accommodate community and environmental constraints more easily.

 Public Transit: GIS is an excellent tool for analyzing ridership and service, as well as revenue, patterns, and usage, by selected populations.

 Railways: Rail system operators use GIS to keep accurate inventories of facilities and report safety and performance statistics.

2.3.2 Education

GIS technology provides the education community with tools to develop a greater understanding of our world through geospatial data

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analysis. With GIS, students and faculty can integrate and evaluate data from many sources to develop new theories and knowledge. This helps prepare students to meet the demands of the twenty-first-century workforce, whether they are involved in science, government, or business.

Libraries, museums, schools, and universities are also increasingly using GIS for resource management, facilities management, and advanced research (Esri, 2013).

 Libraries and Museums

Libraries and museums use GIS to help students and visitors understand the connections between places, people, and events through a geographic approach to learning. GIS can also help these institutions manage their operations and facilities.

 Schools

Geographic inquiry and geographic information system (GIS) technology are important tools that help educators, students, and their institutions answer personal and community questions with local to global implications. Today, more and more schools are including GIS in their curricula to help their students gain valuable background knowledge and skills with which to face global challenges. In addition, school administrators have turned to GIS for help with facilities management, vehicle routing, district boundary mapping, safety and preparedness, and more.

 higher education

The role of higher education is to assist students in becoming effective thinkers with the knowledge and skills that will lead them toward becoming meaningful contributors to society. Geographic

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Literature Review

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Information Systems in higher education provide an integrated solution to assist faculty and students with their educational goals.GIS is no longer just for geography departments. By putting information in the context of geography, GIS can be applied across several fields of study to enhance learning and teaching. GIS can give students the skills they need for careers in health, marketing, environmental studies, engineering, natural resource management and, of course, geography.

2.3.3 Utilities and Communications

For utility and communication companies, Esri provides a common platform to access business data, manage assets, update network information, integrate work orders, find customer information, and prepare reports.

GIS allows organizations to enhance network maps and business information with weather intelligence, topography, rights-of-way, satellite imagery, and field data.

GIS-based tools for quantitative analysis and visualization help to systematically model, measure, and visualize issues with planning and engineering, marketing and sales, and customer care departments (Esri, 2013).

 Electric

As an electric utility professional, you recognize the value of good data. When you link these data to a geographic location on a map, you can visualize the big picture which gives you a powerful decision-making tool. GIS provides you with an efficient platform for data management, planning and analysis,

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workforce automation, and situational awareness. Any utility company can leverage these capabilities since you can easily integrate GIS with your existing information technology infrastructure.

 Gas

Gas utilities worldwide rely on GIS for maintaining, mapping, and reporting on utility infrastructure and millions of miles of pipes. With the mobile capabilities of GIS, field employees can easily move critical data to and from the office, keeping information up-to-date.

GIS-based planning and analysis allows gas utilities to asses and prioritize construction and maintenance activities, ensure regulatory compliance, complete risk and integrity analyses, and better understand customer needs. Through GIS, utility asset data links directly to other key information providing situational awareness to proactively monitor work orders and emergency shutdowns, and to ensure public safety.

 Location-Based Services

Esri provides application developers with geospatial server software for mobile solutions. With these servers and services, you can build new Web and wireless applications faster or enhance existing ones with location, addresses, points of interest, dynamic maps, and routing directions.

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Literature Review

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 Pipeline

GIS software has an established record in the pipeline industry for assuring regulatory compliance and integrity management. Pipeline operators rely on Esri GIS technology for data maintenance and operational management. Key uses of GIS include field data collection, environmental management, one- call management, land management, and right-of-way monitoring. GIS data and processes are available in the office, across the Internet, and in the field.

 Telecommunications

As you compete across traditional geographic boundaries with an evolving product lineup, you need tools that give you an advantage in a dynamic market. GIS technology gives you the right tools to solve business challenges and gain a competitive edge.GIS provides a common platform for integrating your information across departments. With GIS, you can examine work processes while incorporating external data such as demographics and market trends. Tools for quantitative analysis and visualization help you systematically model, measure, and visualize issues in your network planning and engineering, marketing and sales, and customer care departments.

 Water and Wastewater

Water, wastewater, and storm water utilities keep track of distribution, collection, and drainage networks as well as related planning and customer care. You may be aware of the benefits of using GIS to manage infrastructure and assets, but did you know

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these benefits extend to improving planning, customer care, and administrative processes? A location-based approach to managing your enterprise helps you meet operational challenges.

GIS provides a common platform for accessing all your business data, updating your network information, integrating work orders, finding customer information, or preparing a report.

With built-in spatial analysis tools, you can support network tracing as well as analyze development trends affecting future demand. Visualization and mapping features give you an overall, connected view of your network in relation to your customers and surrounding infrastructure. You can even take GIS a step farther to keep up with compliance, TV inspection data, and condition ratings obligations.

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Chapter: 3

Research Methodology

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3.1 Introduction

This chapter contains a brief description of the study area and its general characteristics based on factors affecting like schools, roads and industrial.

3.2 Study Area

Manshiyat Nasser consists of seven areas. In this work we selected Hdbat El-Herafeyeen as shown in Figure (3-1) and it is boundary as shown in Figure (3-2) for these reasons:

 It is one of the most unsafe areas in Manshiyat Naser as shown in Table (3-1).

 Many buildings tend to collapse as shown in Figure (3-3).

 Some Buildings destroyed as shown in Figure (3-4).

 Low-lying area, so it used as a repository for rubbish as shown in Figure (3-5).

Area name Risk

degree

Area

(Acres) The number of housing units

1 Hdbat El-Herafeyeen (2) 2 51.5 3685

2 Pharaoh Valley(1) 1 21.1 2177

3 Pharaoh Valley (2) 2 89.7 5023

4 Moktam Mountain 1 62.6 1273

5 Land of Smad 1 4 676

6 Alnresh area 1 3.1 661

7 distributed areas 1 1.6 113

Table (3-1): Distribution of unsafe areas in Manshiyat Nasser (SDF, 2012)

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Figure (3-1): Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

Figure (3-2): the boundary for the Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

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Figure (3-3): Collapse buildings

Figure (3-4): Destroyed buildings

Figure (3-5): Repository for rubbish

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Research Methodology

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The following SWOT Analysis is going to put in contrast potential strengths, opportunities etc. in Manshiyat Nasser (Franziska, 2010).

Strengths

 Involve NGOs and CBOs→ well informed about the needs and do have the confidence of the

residents

 First basic networking approach among all stakeholders for prospective sufficient development

Opportunities

 To see the people as potential for improvement within their community

 Recognize the value women and youth

 To treat the inhabitants as full

citizens→ social inclusion, equity and human rights

 Islamic believe as binding force, independently of social origin Weaknesses

 The situation is neglected by the Egyptian government

 Broader perspective on urban upgrading is needed, more than just housing delivery or re-location

 Bad image of informal areas among governmental officials and the media

 Upgrading process is still seen as legalization of illegal and informal settlements

 Still promote the concept of “New Towns”

Threats

 Trivialization of the status quo in Manshiyat Nasser

 Very densely populated area→ may influence specific upgrading programs

 Geographical conditions, e.g. potential risk of rock falls

 Violence as such is not an issue but domestic and gender based violence prevail

 Radical Islamist tendencies increase

Figure (3-6): SWOT Analysis for Manshiyat Nasser

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Hdbat El-Herafeyeen area is estimated at 51.5 Acres. It has a population of 28,200 inhabitants. The average population density is 548 inhabitant/Acres. The number of households is estimated at 3685 with three to four floors persons in each building. It is surrounded from the east and south side by other areas of Manshiyat Nasser (GOPP, Manshiyat Nasser District & GTZ, 2001).

3.3 Field investigations of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

The field investigation was undertaken in Cairo over two months from January to March 2013. During the field investigations, I observed that the roads have no specific planning pattern. They have been developed randomly following the pattern of housing construction. The roads are very narrow, and do not allow firefighting and emergency vehicles access to the area. In some cases, road width is barely sufficient for three pedestrians to walk side by side and there are almost no open spaces. Different types of activities have been developed such as small scale industries (leather treatment, painting, etc.), workshops, and handcrafts etc., which increase the impact of pollution on the housing environment. In general, the houses have been constructed in unplanned patterns and without consideration of the basic health and hygienic conditions such as ventilation or sun penetration.

3.4 Factors used to develop or transfer slums

This part will focus on the factors and criteria that will be used to choose the suitable place to transfer a slum area

1- Services

There is no school in the study area, but there school located near the south of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen shown in Table (3-2). The first

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factor is the schools, where education is one of the most important factors of the progress of society and the Hdbat El-Herafeyeen not contain any schools so that it is a weak point for the Hdbat El- Herafeyeen.This school is called Abu Bakr Primary School and have3,000 students (1500 males -1500 females).

Table (3-2): Actual picture for Abu Bakr Primary School

2- Roads

Roads are one of the main factors of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen where it has many streets but not all of them are main streets. The main streets are located around the area, but the inside road distributed in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen and they are all unrelated and unpaved.

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3- Industrial areas

Industrial areas is the third factor in the study area and it is contains workshops not factories. And every house in Hdbat El- Herafeyeen has a workshop on the ground floor.

3.5 Method applied

1- Through the technique of geographic information systems (GIS) using ArcGIS 10.1and the use of satellite images (quick bird satellite image), a digital map will be drawn to determine the details of Hdbat El- Herafeyeen which contains:-

a) Network of Inside streets and main streets surrounding the study area, such as Nasr Road and the Ring Road.

b) Residential buildings: result of the badness for the building I suffered a lot to draw it in digital map. Because of adjacent buildings, poorly distributed of the buildings and the presence of shadows in the picture as well as that the existence gaps in the ground between buildings.

c) Services in the study area through a field visit from that we complete to get detailed map for the study area and it is a digital map.

In the sense that we can count the number of buildings and calculate its area through the program without preview in nature.

2- Choose the nearest places which located near to the study area and through the seeing the empty areas on the satellite image and after recognize these empty area, we will make a field visit to preview the situation of this area to make sure of its condition and to get to know if it from the state ownership or not by making a visit to the management of state ownership lands. And through ArcGIS we draw the outer limit

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(boundary) to determine the area through the program also found the average distance between the study area and the proposed areas.

The main factors for choosing the alternative area that this area must be bigger than or equal to Hdbat El-Herafeyeen and be as close as possible of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen. And by these factors and applied to the surrounding empty areas in the study area, we can identify the solution (best alternative area for the Hdbat El-Herafeyeen). And finally after getting the solution area we must fade the problems that found in the study area:-

 Re-planning, to be regular and connected.

 Regular Buildings so that it does not contiguous according to a model.

 Separation between industrial areas and (Housing) areas.

 Establishing service areas by the presence of schools, health units and Parks

According to (Church and Murray, 2009) suitability assessment process steps can be represented into three main stages preparing data & check data validation, applying stage and get results.

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Data Source & Type

Define the problem, understanding its parameters

Select my solution way (Using Software ArcGIS )

Inputting Data Run Analysis Prototype model

Evaluation system

Outputs

Figure (3.7) stages of the thesis INFORMATION

DIGITAL MAPS

REPORTS

MAPS

ATTRIBUTES

GEOMERTY

MAPS

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Chapter: 4

Project description

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4.1 Data acquisition

Availability of data is of prime importance when using geographic information systems. In the current study, the data of the criteria was collected and produced in a digital format from Ministry of Housing, Slum Development Fund, Ministry of Education, and Ministry of Transport. To find out the suitable area to transfer Hdbat El-Herafeyeen to it.

There are 4 layers of input data use to get the suitable area through ArcGIS 10.1 with GIS extension modules.

Some details of input area (data)are shown in Table (4-1).

GIS Data Description Data Source

Layer 1 ( schools )

Schools numbers, School category,

School location, School Type

Quick Bird Satellite Image (Esri) Layer 2

( population blocks ) Population blocks location Quick Bird Satellite Image (Esri) Layer 3

( industrial )

industrial location, industrial category

Quick Bird Satellite Image (Esri) Layer 4

( Roads )

Inside roads, outside roads

Quick Bird Satellite Image (Esri)

Table (4-1): the input area (data) details

4.2 Implementation

Implementation in chapter four handles all the tools and the dataset that integrated together in order to get the best choice for a fit place.

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Project Description

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4.2.1 Roads in Hdbat El-Harfyean

The main purpose of roads network is to connecting places together. Which make transportation surrounding places more easier. I can divide roads to two categories:-

4.2.1.1 Inside roads

As shown in Figure (4-2) and Table (4-1) Hdbat El-Herafeyeen contains nearly 57 roads.

The planning of Inside roads network is very poor which leads the inability to go from the inside roads to the outside roads. There are many divisions (random intersections) in roads which cause disability of give it a number or a name.

Figure (4-1):The inside roads in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

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4.2.1.2 Outside roads

The outside roads surrounding Hdbat El-Herafeyeen connect it with other areas like Nasr City, Moktam, and Ramses. As shown in Figure (4-3) and table (4-1)

Figure (4-2):outside roads around Hdbat elharefyean

street Name Type

El Nasr Outside

EmtedadRamses Outside

Ismail Fangary Outside

Yousef Abbas Outside

Ali Amin Outside

el mohyamaldaaem Outside

Khalifa El Qaher Outside

Ramses Outside

Mokattam Outside

9 Street Outside

Ring Road Outside

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Project Description

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Suleiman al-Halabi Inside

Algamaa Inside

El Gohary Inside

El Rahman Inside

Abou El Fotouh Inside

El Herafeyeen Inside

El Fayoum Inside

Gomaa Inside

Fouly Inside

Taqwa Inside

HaretZain Inside

Aldaawa Mosque Inside

Rafat Inside

HaretGomaa Inside

Mohamed Tawfiq Inside

Ahmed Almaras Inside

El Rahman Inside

Mahrous Inside

Aldaawa Inside

AlShagara Inside

Haret Umm Issam Inside

Haret El Hoda Inside

Abu Saud Inside

HaretZiad Inside

HaretHalawah Inside

Abu Sami Inside

Sheikh Saber Inside

Table (4-2): Sample of outside Street and Inside streets attribute data

4.2.2 housing

The buildings appear to fall and these buildings are not straight (vertical intended), Dilapidated buildings, contiguous and distributed randomly as shown in Figure (4-3).

The area of buildings in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen is 80776.93 km² as shown in Figure (4-4).

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Figure (4-4): area of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

Figure (4-3): buildings in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

4.2.3 Industrial

Buildings suffering risks, because the workshops inside houses (ground floor).there are many risks such as a short circuit, chemicals use and so all this hurt the people. And there is a hassle emitted from these workshops. The workshops needs to be separated from residential buildings because they lead to erosion in pillars as shown in Figure (4-5).

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Project Description

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Figure (4.5) workshops within urban places in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

4.2.4 Services

Life needs services, so residential areas can’t install without its services.

4.2.4.1 Schools

There is no school in the study area but there is school near the south of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen, this school is called Abu Bakr Primary School As shown in figure (4-6).

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Figure (4-6): Abu Bakr Primary School near to Hdbat elharefyean Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

As a result of the poor distribution of schools for the other stages.

We find that most of the people do not allow their children to complete their education .And when we make the field visit to know the educational level of the area; we found that most of children’s ranging in age from 12 to 16 years not complete their education after the primary school. And when we ask about the reason, they said that there are no schools in the area.

4.2.4.2 Health units

From the field visit we found small private medical centers about two centers. By asking people in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen, they

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Project Description

04

inform us that they really suffering from the scarcity of health services.

4.2.4.3 Recreation services

There must be a breather for this population congestion, so the existence of gardens and clubs are very important for this reason. There should be gardens where children can play and stroll. But there aren’t any green places in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen.

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Chapter :5

Result and result analysis

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Result and result Analysis

CHAPTER 5

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In this chapter we will provide solutions to the problems that we display in chapter 4. Fromsatelitte image we get unused places which appear clearly, which are suitable to apply our thesis conditions.

After the field visit , satelitte images and visit the concerned authorities, wefound two empty areas as shown in Figure (5-1) and Table (5-1) that applied to them in terms of the conditions :-

a. An empty place and State ownership.

b. The alternative area (solution area) larger Hdbat El-Herafeyeen.

c. The distance between alternative area (solution area)and Hdbat El- Herafeyeen is short to not to effect on the distance of citizen’s job.

d. Having public services (schools - health units – gardens).

Fig(5-1):The two alternative areas (solution areas)

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Table (5-1): Area and distance for two alternative areas (solution areas)

we chose the first solution because

1- It is nearer to the study area than the second solution.

2- It is not much bigger than the study area.

5.1 The solution for the Roads

In Hdbat El-Herafeyeen, the number of the roads is too much for the area (57 roads), espically that they are not connected and unpaved as shown in Figure (5-2).

Fig(5-2):Inside roads in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

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Result and result Analysis

CHAPTER 5

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In the alternative area(solution area),the number of the roads are suitable to the area (15 roads ) espically that they are connected together and paved as shown in Figure(5-3).

Fig(5-3):Inside roads in alternative area (solution area)

5.2 The solution for the housing problem

In Hdbat El-Herafeyeen there was bad distribution for the buildings. The ratio of the building area (80776.93 km²) to the hdbat elharfyean area (181314.67km²) = 80776.93 /181314.67= () as shown in Figure (5-4).

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Fig(5-4): building blocks in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen

In the alternative area (solution area), the housing area has it’s own privacy and all the building are located in certain area. All the buildings consists of 5 floors(ground floor and 4 floors) as a model.The ratio of the building area (97926.81km²) to the alternative area(solution area) (273598.57 km²) = 97926.81 /273598.57= ()as shown in Figure (5-5).

Fig(5-5): building blocks in alternative area (solution area)

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Result and result Analysis

CHAPTER 5

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5.3 The solution for the industrial area problem

In Hdbat El-Herafeyeen the workshops located in the ground floor of the buildings. Butin the alternative area (solution area), the industrial area and workshops are far away from the housing area and located in certain area as shown in Figure (5-6).

Fig (5-6): industrial area in alternative area(solution area)

5.4 The solution for the services problem

In Hdbat El-Herafeyeen there is no schools and did not have any place for entertainment as shown in Figure (5-7).

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Fig(5-7):No schools in Hdbat elharfyean

In the alternative area (solution area) there are schools for all stages, gardens and medical services as shown in Figure (5-8).

Fig(5-8):Services(schools,medical places,gardens) in alternative area(solution area)

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Result and result Analysis

CHAPTER 5

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After we present all the problems and it is Proposed solutions the general layout for the alternative area (solution area) is shown in Figure (5-9):-

Fig (5-9):Final layout for alternative area (solution area)

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Chapter 6 Summary Discussion and Future Work

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Summary discussion, and future works

CHAPTER 6

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6.1 Summary

The study of spatial relationship between features and interpretations of urban development for slums in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen area successfully demonstrates that the applied GIS methodology is powerful tool in evaluation and mapping of the study area characteristics. This chapter presents some points that have been discussed by the study.

Firstly, through the technique of geographic information systems (GIS)using ArcGIS 10.1software and satellite images (quick bird satellite image), digital map will be creating from satellite image digitizing to determine the details of the Hdbat El-Herafeyeen.

Choose the nearest places which located near to the study area and through the study of empty areas on the satellite image and after recognize these empty areas.

After that we will trip visit to preview the situation of this area. Also we visit the author of state ownership management. To make sure that the solutions are state ownership or not.

Through ArcGIS software we draw the outer limits of solution area (boundary) to get the shape area of solution through the program also found the average distance between the study area (Hdbat El-Herafeyeen) and the proposed areas(solution area).

Secondly, Transfer the slums to suitable place which is:

 Unused place and a State ownership.

 The alternative area is larger than Hdbat El-Herafeyeen.

 The distance between the study area and the solution area is short to not to effect on the distance of citizen’s job.

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6.2 Discussion

The objective of this study is to apply GIS extensions techniques integrated with spatial relationship in order to get the best location to Hdbat El-Herafeyeen through this factors ( Services – Roads – Industrial areas – Population buildings ).

After finish preparing stage we will get the best solution depend on the pervious factors using geographic information system techniques

Inside this criteria we divide

i. Roads into: outside roads and Inside roads

ii. Services into: Number, Type ,category and location iii. Industrial areas into: type and Location

iv. population buildings into: Location

Spatial relationship in GIS were used to get the best location for transferring the slum area .My solution which be the nearest with bigger area and state owner ship.

This thesis doesn’t discuss the Level of awareness of the upgrading project among the residents, Response of the project to resident’s needs, Participation in the upgrading activities and Religions: The distribution of Churches and Mosques in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen. This thesis deals with which fit area we should be taken to transfer the slum area according to some conditions from the study area with better state.

6.3 Future Works

This part can be divided into two main categories recommendations and limitation.

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Summary discussion, and future works

CHAPTER 6

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6.3.1 Recommendations

Using GIS techniques has facilitated the analysis of the data with high and big accuracy, and gives alternative solutions to determine the suitable location according to the shape area, distance from Hdbat El-Herafeyeen.

Chapter 5 presents the results of best of suitable area solutions:

1-The use of a GIS to find the best location for the urban development for slums areas in Cairo using GIS techniques has many advantages.

Firstly, GIS is a powerful tool that enables organized and systematic analyses of spatial data. Secondly, the results of the analysis can also be presented in the form of aesthetically pleasing and functional output maps.

2- GIS software And satellite images enable us to calculate and find out solutions without visiting these sites on natural as the use of the corrected satellite images that the coordinates of every point in it where similar to natural .Therefore getting elements area and spaces between them through the window of the program without having to count it in the natural. This supports decision maker and introduce many solutions without the need for lifting it in natural that we take a long time and so I see the need to mainstream the use of GIS techniques as well as satellite images to get the information accurately and easily.

6.3.2 Limitations

The Poor planning of Hdbat El-Herafeyeen:

1- The streets are disorganized and have no names, so I could not name all the streets in Hdbat El-Herafeyeen.

2- The buildings dilapidated and lack distinguish them of blocks or units, due to poor distribution in study area made some of the

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shadows that make the user is not sure of the limits of the building, so we had to go down to the nature to see more clear.

3- Slums area and the absence of security and difficulty of moving to the discovery of the place.

4- Unavailability of satellite imagery and high prices to be an obstacle to the student, that making it difficult mission.

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Bibliography

1- Osman, Mohamed & El-Hakim, Ola Soleiman Informal Settlements and Funds Allocated for their Upgrading in Different Plans: An Overview, Working Paper, GTZ, Cairo 2000.

2- Payne, G. (2005). Getting ahead of the game: a twin-track approach to improving existing slums and reducing the need for future slums.

Environment and Urbanization, 17(1).

3- Al-Malky, R. (2009). Editorial: The slums of Cairo. Daily News Egypt:

Egypt’s Only Independent Newspaper in English.

4- GOPP (General Organization for Physical Planning), Manshiyat Nasser District & GTZ (2001).Participatory Urban Upgrading of Manshiyat Nasser:

Guide Lines of Detailed Plans of Manshyiet Nasser, The Plan Proposal.

Cairo.

5- Pitcher, H. M. (2009). The future of scenarios: issues in developing new climate change scenarios. Environmental Research Letters, 2(025002).

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(Technology). (Geographic Information Systems) ‘. School Planning &

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7- Mohammed Abdul Khader Nayati,2008 : SCHOOL BUS ROUTING AND SCHEDULING USING GIS, master thesis , department of technology and built environment ,university of Gavle, Sweden, 25p.

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http://www.Esri.com/what-is-gis/overview#top_five_panel

http://www.Esri.com/industries/transport

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http://www.Esri.com/industries/utilities-communication

http://www.Esri.com/industries/education

12- SDF(Slum Development Fund),2012,Cairo,Egypt

Urban development for slums areas in Cairo using GIS techniques By Olivia Magdy Aziz Azab

Master Thesis