Economic vulnerability and unmet healthcare needs among the population aged 50+ years during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
Louis ARNAULT*, Florence JUSOT*°, Thomas RENAUD*
* Université Paris Dauphine, PSL, Paris, France
° IRDES (Institut de Recherche et Documentation en Economie de la Santé), Paris, France
Corresponding author: Thomas RENAUD (thomas.renaud@dauphine.psl.eu), ORCID: 0000-0002-4895-6090
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Supplementary Table ST1 - Average marginal effects (AME) on the probability of having forgone medical care for fear of COVID-19, by country
Country DE SE NL ES IT FR DK GR CH BE IL CZ PL LU HU SL EE HR LT BG CY FI LV MT RO SK
N 2,215 1,063 454 940 1,732 1,640 1,407 2,468 1,561 1,590 588 1,938 1,561 697 452 2,011 2,556 993 1,038 600 325 973 620 573 1,047 777
Age: 65-69 (Ref. 50-64)
-0.014 -0.023 0.008 0.021 -0.008 -0.004 0.02 -0.01 0.006 -0.01 0.053 0.013 -0.019 -0.004 0.029 0.044
***
0.029 -0.016 -0.013 0.032 0.054 -0.014 0.022 -0.043 0.018 -0.003 Age: 70-74
(Ref. 50-64)
0.044
*
-0.025 0.047 0.01 -0.011 0.004 0.027 0.021 -0.002 -0.002 0.062 -0.01 -0.003 -0.033 0 0.018 0.029 -0.028 -0.02 -0.008 -0.013 -0.029 -0.005 0.024 0.03 -0.082
** Age: 75+
(Ref. 50-64)
0.013 -0.002 -0.03 0.006 -0.012 -0.005 0.001 0.050
**
-0.018 -0.036 0.033 -0.026 -0.019 0.009 -0.041 0.004 -0.005 -0.028 -0.017 -0.007 -0.022 -0.033 0.031 0.021 0.034 -0.028
Women 0.082
***
0.023 0.054
**
0.02 0.03 0.041
***
0.015 0.029
*
0.039
**
0.046
***
0.029 0.067
***
0.061
***
0.044 0.04 0.016 0.047
***
0.029 0.085
***
0.036 0.117
***
0.039
**
0.073
***
0.056
**
0.017 0.051
** In a
relationship
0.027 -0.007 -0.007 -0.003 -0.001 -0.015 -0.022 0.003 -0.009 0.019 -0.017 0.009 0.002 -0.041 0.005 -0.013 -0.007 -0.008 0.033 0.015 0.060
*
0.003 0.077** -0.02 -0.002 0.024 Economic
vulnerability
0.015 0.067
*
-0.016 -0.029
**
-0.006 -0.001 0.036 -0.022 -0.039
*
0.054
**
0.123
***
0.084
***
-0.003 0.041 -0.023 0.002 0.030
**
-0.007 -0.021 -0.041 0.017 -0.025 0.051
*
0.041 0.038
***
0.046
* Primary educ.
(Ref. Post-sec.) -0.055
*
-0.032 0.045 -0.025 0.008 -0.037
*
-0.02 -0.048
**
-0.015 -0.037
*
-0.137
***
-0.031 -0.086
***
-0.027 -0.085
**
-0.039
**
-0.024 0.008 -0.006 -0.039 -0.011 -0.004 -0.041 -0.029 -0.018 -0.043 Second. educ.
(Ref. Post-sec.)
-0.019 0.006 0.012 -0.011 0.042 -0.015 -0.041
**
-0.050
**
0.033
*
-0.007 -0.075
*
-0.071
***
-0.062
***
-0.046 -0.016 -0.009 -0.004 0.006 -0.008 -0.007 0.035 -0.034 -0.126
***
-0.016 0.003 -0.005 Inc. < Q1
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
-0.036 -0.02 0.03 -0.002 0.073
**
-0.012 -0.036 0.025 -0.008 0 0.045 -0.018 0.01 -0.036 0.082 0.026 0.005 -0.060
*
0.015 -0.047 -0.067 -0.041 -0.104
**
-0.013 0.03 0.075
* Inc. [Q1; Q2[
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
-0.046
*
-0.037 0.046 0.023 0.024 0.001 -0.008 0.013 -0.014 0.023 -0.015 -0.036 -0.017 -0.056 0.093 -0.007 0.003 -0.059
*
-0.052 -0.014 -0.081 -0.033 -0.093
**
0.016 0.017 0.043 Inc. [Q2; Q3[
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
-0.029 -0.029 0.062 0.003 0.053
*
-0.017 -0.008 0.02 -0.015 0.032 0.051 0.021 -0.042
*
-0.078 0.022 -0.006 0.029 -0.057
*
-0.028 0.013 -0.027 -0.011 -0.047 0.025 0.023 0.055
* Inc. Missing
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
-0.013 0.06 0.063 0.019 0.035 -0.046
*
0.051 0.029 -0.005 0.025 0.031 -0.001 -0.048
**
-0.125
***
-0.028 -0.026
*
0.055
**
-0.065
*
0.013 0.028 -0.102 -0.042 -0.137
***
0.125
**
0.035 1+ chronic
linked with COVID-19
-0.003 0.057
**
0.022 -0.027 0.021 -0.027 0.016 0.030
*
0.030
*
0.004 -0.024 0.025 0.008 0.063
*
-0.008 0.003 0.031
**
0.012 0.041 0.031 0.004 -0.008 0.017 0.027 -0.004 0.053
* 1+ other
chronic
0.053
***
0.086
***
0.001 0.033
**
0.096
***
-0.007 0.032
*
0.042
**
0.025 0.019 -0.045 0.031 -0.01 0.043 0.029 0.021
**
-0.003 0.034
*
0.038 0.041 0.085
**
0.032 0.088
***
0.061
**
0.022 0.060
** SAH: Fair, poor
(Ref. Exc., v.
good, good)
0.039
**
0.033 0.011 0.027
*
0.014 0.016 0.021 0.086
***
-0.001 0.032 0.036 0.015 0.040
**
0.066
*
-0.038 0.002 0.028
*
-0.021 0.043
*
0.054
*
0.104
**
0.015 0.085
***
0.025 -0.01 0.076
** GP: 3-5
(Ref. 0-2)
-0.018 0.043 0.011 -0.027
*
-0.021 0.016 0.034
*
0.019 0.041
*
-0.005 0.101
**
0.037
*
-0.004 0.02 -0.051 0.003 0.02 0.006 -0.021 0.003 0.127
**
0.008 0.026 0.019 -0.047
***
0.024 GP: 6+
(Ref. 0-2)
0.004 0.054 0.072 -0.015 -0.022 0.04 0.021 0.002 -0.043
*
0.018 0.185
***
0.012 0.014 -0.143
***
-0.008 0.019 0.014 0.048
**
-0.033 0.074
**
0.107 -0.011 -0.016 0.016 -0.048
***
0.049 Specialist: 1-2
(Ref. 0)
-0.009 0.048
*
0.082
**
0.026 0.024 0.056
***
0.016 0.074
***
0.035
*
0.041
*
0.053 0.038 0.006 0.123
**
0.018 0.017 0.02 0.083
***
0.050
**
0.004 0.054 0.025 0.01 0.012 0.016 0.068
** Specialist: 3+
(Ref. 0)
0.003 0.044 0.016 0.017 0.056
**
0.066
***
0.012 0.089
***
0.064
***
0.033 0.086
*
0.064
***
0.034
*
0.124
***
0.077
**
-0.003 0.068
***
0.032 0.049 0.043 0.027 0.041 0.004 0.08 0.039
*
0.055
Dentist 0.074
***
0.058
**
0.016 0.018 0.034
*
-0.003 0.072
***
0.016 -0.037 0.015 0.023 0.037
*
0.014 -0.001 -0.006 -0.004 0.01 0.041
**
0.050
**
0.021 0.027 -0.003 -0.024 0.034 -0.005 0.071
***
How to read: In Germany (DE), being economically vulnerable has increased the probability of having forgone medical treatment for fear of COVID-19 by 1.5 percentage points, all other things being equal.
Data: Preliminary SHARE wave 8 release 0. Conclusions are preliminary. Sample: N = 31,819 respondents in 26 countries.
Notes: Full models were estimated country by country; to avoid computational problems, the few individuals from RO, whose income value is missing, are included in the reference group; * p-value < 0.1 ** p-value < 0.05 *** p-value < 0.01.
Supplementary Table ST2 - Average marginal effects (AME) on the probability of having had planned medical care postponed, by country
Country DE SE NL ES IT FR DK GR CH BE IL CZ PL LU HU SL EE HR LT CY FI LV MT RO SK
N 2,215 1,063 454 940 1,732 1,640 1,407 2,468 1,561 1,590 588 1,938 1,561 697 452 2,011 2,556 993 1,038 325 973 620 573 1,047 777
Age: 65-69 (Ref. 50-64)
0.014 -0.026 -0.032 0.036 0.013 0.002 -0.099
***
-0.039
**
0.001 -0.007 0.004 -0.044 0.005 0.016 -0.013 0.019 0.066
**
0.01 -0.025 0.049 -0.003 -0.059 0.084 -0.011 0.022 Age: 70-74
(Ref. 50-64)
0.02 0.025 -0.054 0.046 0.009 -0.029 -0.082
**
-0.018 -0.008 0.033 0.004 -0.110
***
-0.084
***
-0.069 0.024 0.006 0.044 0.033 -0.054 0.004 0.039 -0.015 0.057 -0.002 -0.089
**
Age: 75+
(Ref. 50-64)
0.018 0.019 -0.02 -0.002 0.017 -0.051 -0.141
***
-0.017 -0.037 -0.081
***
-0.114
*
-0.108
***
-0.082
**
-0.103
*
0.024 -0.057
**
-0.013 0.023 -0.024 -0.049 0.078
**
-0.013 0.093 -0.026 -0.023
Women 0.019 0.009 -0.021 0.063
**
0.047
**
0.061
**
0.024 0.003 -0.004 0.011 0.013 0.022 0.017 0.016 0.012 0.070
***
0.026 0.029 -0.004 0.024 -0.007 0.006 0.069
*
0.016 0.015 In a
relationship
0.024 -0.045 -0.029 0.044 0.032 0.018 0.029 -0.012 -0.012 -0.005 0.002 -0.070
***
0.026 0.06 -0.033 0.032 0.014 0.02 0.023 0.073 -0.059
*
-0.021 -0.047 -0.01 0.024 Economic
vulnerability
0.028 0.046 0.066 0.036 -0.075
***
0.094
***
0.090
*
-0.003 -0.041 0.005 -0.054 -0.002 -0.009 -0.063 -0.064 0.008 -0.014 0.037 0.033 0.029 -0.016 0.008 -0.084
*
0.019 0.058
* Primary educ.
(Ref. Post-sec.)
-0.047 0.018 0.012 -0.034 0.071
**
-0.079
**
0.012 -0.041
**
0.007 -0.019 0.005 -0.057
*
-0.048 -0.061 -0.015 -0.109
***
-0.073
***
-0.041 -0.127
***
-0.015 -0.058
*
-0.082
**
-0.078 -0.022 -0.019 Second. educ.
(Ref. Post-sec.)
-0.015 -0.011 -0.048 0.083 0.054 -0.015 0.047
*
-0.012 -0.011 -0.016 0.016 -0.014 -0.04 -0.024 0.009 -0.077
***
-0.034
*
-0.001 0.031 0.019 -0.005 0.012 -0.02 -0.008 -0.036 Inc. < Q1
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
-0.025 -0.013 -0.08 0.01 0.016 -0.039 0.018 0.021 0.045 -0.059 0.011 0.047 0 -0.03 0.034 -0.017 -0.002 -0.058 -0.059 0.017 -0.05 -0.054 0.098 -0.014 -0.002 Inc. [Q1; Q2[
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
0.036 0.014 0.037 -0.022 -0.001 -0.02 0.082
**
0.012 0.068
*
-0.070
*
0.114
*
0.042 -0.013 -0.066 0.027 -0.009 -0.008 -0.097
**
-0.077
*
-0.031 -0.052 -0.034 0.044 0.009 -0.007 Inc. [Q2; Q3[
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
0.001 0.027 -0.059 0.006 0.029 -0.029 0.039 0 0.075
*
-0.062
*
0.02 0.02 -0.055
*
-0.01 -0.009 -0.029 0.01 0.018 -0.007 -0.012 -0.027 -0.015 0.026 -0.005 0.005 Inc. Missing
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
0.028 -0.028 -0.035 0.043 -0.033 -0.019 0.011 -0.024 0.01 -0.034 0.074 -0.048 -0.042 -0.074 -0.107
*
-0.053 0.005 -0.004 -0.007 0.07 -0.013 -0.105
**
0.095 -0.009 -0.003 1+ chronic
linked with COVID-19
0.035
*
0.083
***
0.094
*
-0.008 0.014 0.039 0.024 0.048
***
0.023 0.055
**
0.027 0.051
**
0.048
*
0.081
*
0.129
***
0.053
**
0.042
**
0.095
***
0.114
***
0.025 0.045 0 0.048 0.026 0.087
**
1+ other chronic
0.004 0.079
***
0.125
**
0.024 0.075
***
0.026 0.074
***
0.012 0.057
**
0.022 0.098
**
0.080
***
0.058
**
0.111
**
0.031 0.047
*
0.057
***
0.077
**
0.089
***
0.099
**
0.02 0.026 0.04 0.002 0.016 SAH: Fair, poor
(Ref. Exc., v.
good, good)
0.008 -0.022 0.092
*
0.036 0.089
***
-0.002 0.097
***
0.042
**
0.039 0.051
*
0.03 0.017 0.008 0.017 -0.015 -0.007 0.032 0.028 -0.006 0.035 0.074
**
0.021 0.022 0.046
**
0.084
**
GP: 3-5 (Ref. 0-2)
0.005 0.069
**
-0.036 -0.024 -0.02 0.03 0.027 -0.01 0.033 -0.006 0.039 -0.024 0.090
***
0.001 -0.170
***
0.037 0.047
**
-0.015 0.02 0.003 0.016 -0.019 0.024 -0.037 0.001 GP: 6+
(Ref. 0-2)
0.050
**
0.074 -0.035 -0.036 -0.007 0.017 0.071
*
-0.023 0.046 0.039 0.076 -0.006 0.097
***
0.005 -0.108
*
0.081
**
0.036 -0.009 0.03 0.03 0.094 -0.035 0.085 -0.072
***
0.045 Specialist: 1-2
(Ref. 0)
0.037
*
0.018 0.042 0.136
***
0.097
***
0.145
***
0.083
***
0.086
***
0.066
**
0.085
***
0.108
**
0.069
**
0.167
***
0.068 0.121
**
0.134
***
0.078
***
0.120
***
0.142
***
0 0.050
*
0.110
***
0.202
***
0.028 0.045 Specialist: 3+
(Ref. 0)
0.095
***
0.045 0.102
*
0.274
***
0.161
***
0.216
***
0.079
**
0.098
***
0.123
***
0.217
***
0.157
***
0.234
***
0.264
***
0.179
***
0.225
***
0.223
***
0.130
***
0.212
***
0.170
***
0.085 0.055 0.235
***
0.184
**
0.121
***
0.154
***
Dentist 0.103
***
0.075
**
0.082 -0.004 0.105
***
0.083
***
0.063
*
0.02 0.039 0.105
***
0.111
***
0.074
***
0.008 0.086
*
0.032 0.071
***
0.095
***
-0.011 0.068
**
0.069 0.104
***
0.038 0.004 0.022 0.067
**
How to read: In Germany (DE), being economically vulnerable has increased the probability of having had planned medical care postponed by 2.8 percentage points, all other things being equal.
Data: Preliminary SHARE wave 8 release 0. Conclusions are preliminary. Sample: N = 31,219 respondents in 25 countries.
Notes: Full models were estimated country by country; BG was excluded (too few individuals had a medical appointment postponed); * p-value < 0.1 ** p-value < 0.05 *** p-value < 0.01.
Supplementary Table ST3 - Average marginal effects (AME) on the probability of having been unable to obtain a medical appointment/treatment, by country
Country DE SE NL ES IT FR DK GR CH BE IL CZ PL LU HU SL EE HR LT CY FI LV MT RO SK
N 2,215 1,063 454 940 1,732 1,640 1,407 2,468 1,561 1,590 588 1,938 1,561 697 452 2,011 2,556 993 1,038 325 973 620 573 1,047 777
Age: 65-69 (Ref. 50-64)
-0.019
**
-0.050
**
0.038 0.035
*
0.019 0.029 -0.022 -0.006 -0.014 -0.037
**
0.063
*
0 -0.021 -0.012 -0.011 -0.008 0.005 0.015 -0.009 0.059 0.022 -0.001 0.043
*
0.004 0.009 Age: 70-74
(Ref. 50-64)
0.007 -0.042
*
-0.027 0.040
**
0.015 -0.011 -0.035
**
-0.02 -0.016 0.021 0.027 -0.015 -0.024 -0.059
**
-0.039 -0.012 -0.004 0.011 0.012 0.043 0.022 -0.012 0.008 0.01 -0.025 Age: 75+
(Ref. 50-64)
-0.006 -0.009 0.002 0.024
*
-0.006 0.002 -0.012 -0.004 -0.008 -0.054
***
0 -0.019
**
-0.037
**
-0.018 -0.012 -0.008 -0.022 0.007 -0.052
**
0.006 0.029 -0.016 0.035 -0.018 0.002
Women 0.014
*
0.015 0.013 0.009 0.022
*
0.009 -0.008 0.006 0.003 0.006 -0.024 0.001 -0.009 -0.025 0.017 -0.004 -0.004 0.024
**
0.009 0.009 0.022 -0.023 0 -0.009 -0.035
**
In a relationship
0.006 0.006 -0.028 0.023
*
0.004 0.038
**
-0.001 -0.007 -0.012 -0.015 -0.037 -0.009 0.016 0.025 0.019 0 0 0.009 0.033 -0.01 -0.025 0.009 0.002 -0.01 0.027 Economic
vulnerability
0.028 0.029 0.012 0.046
**
-0.034
**
0.003 0.008 0.025
**
0.027
*
0.021 0.002 0.002 -0.005 -0.001 0.007 0 0.01 0.023
*
0.015 0.01 0.007 0.02 -0.002 0.004 0.006 Primary educ.
(Ref. Post-sec.)
0.001 -0.005 0.01 -0.049 0.037
**
-0.023 -0.015 0.01 -0.017 -0.013 -0.008 0.007 -0.02 -0.04 -0.076
**
-0.016 0.003 0.001 -0.001 -0.016 -0.008 0.005 0.023 -0.013 0.008 Second. educ.
(Ref. Post-sec.)
0.001 0.009 0.022 -0.061
*
0.004 -0.017 0.011 0.008 -0.013 -0.022 0.003 0.002 -0.037
*
-0.043 -0.059 -0.002 0 0.009 -0.006 -0.016 -0.001 0.055
**
-0.007 -0.008 0.039
* Inc. < Q1
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
0.002 -0.009 -0.003 -0.017 0.021 -0.011 -0.01 0.027
*
0.015 -0.006 0.002 0.008 0.036 0.073 0.059 0.017 0.008 -0.049
*
0.025 0.031 -0.017 -0.027 0.033
*
0.02 0.055
**
Inc. [Q1; Q2[
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
0.024
*
-0.001 0.003 -0.018 0.001 -0.001 -0.022 0.009 0.019 0.02 0.054 0.006 0.013 0.034 0.058 0.017 -0.004 -0.062
**
-0.015 0.045 -0.003 -0.026 0.016 0.016 0.044
**
Inc. [Q2; Q3[
(Ref. ≥ Q3)
-0.001 0.002 -0.021 0.046 0.021 -0.016 -0.019 -0.014 0.021 -0.024 0.023 0.018
*
-0.009 0.081
**
0.011 0.004 -0.001 -0.050
**
0 0.001 0.024 0.005 0.060
***
-0.002 0.061
***
Inc. Missing (Ref. ≥ Q3)
-0.019
*
0.028 0.04 -0.011 0.041
*
0.023 -0.017 -0.006 0.014 -0.001 -0.002 0.01 0.025 0.012 0.011 -0.005 0.001 -0.058
**
0.054 0.023 0.04 -0.027 -0.019 0.113
**
1+ chronic linked with COVID-19
0.008 0.009 -0.014 0.005 0.002 -0.016 -0.034
***
0.014 0.025
***
0.014 0.02 0.002 0.005 0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 0.003 0.054
**
-0.016 -0.015 -0.009 -0.031 -0.001 0.036
* 1+ other
chronic
-0.003 0.022 0.02 -0.023 0.014 0.017 0.014 0.032
***
-0.002 0.002 -0.008 0.012 0.024 0.007 0.016
*
0.030
***
0.008 0.053
**
-0.002 0.005 0.003 0 0.009 -0.023 SAH: Fair, poor
(Ref. Exc., v.
good, good)
0.003 0.033
*
-0.025 0.008 0.027
*
0.021 0.027
*
0.016 0.002 0.013 -0.021 -0.006 0.026
*
0.014 0.021 0.012 0.019 0.011 -0.041
*
0.011 -0.018 -0.01 -0.013 0.006 0.003
GP: 3-5 (Ref. 0-2)
0.002 -0.009 -0.017 -0.003 0 0.014 0.033
**
-0.030
***
0.018
*
0.016 0.043
*
0.001 0.008 0.034 0.01 0.007 0.013 0 -0.005 0.02 -0.012 -0.062
***
-0.002 -0.028
*
0.007 GP: 6+
(Ref. 0-2)
0.017 -0.004 0.041 -0.017 -0.01 0.034 0.008 -0.050
***
-0.003 0.037
**
0.066
**
0.007 0.021 0.024 0.047
*
0.002 0.048
***
0.013 0.033 0 -0.016 -0.065
***
0.055
*
-0.014 -0.004 Specialist: 1-2
(Ref. 0)
0.003 0.01 0.005 0.031
**
0.022 0.004 -0.021
*
0.046
***
-0.002 0.017 0.052
**
0.011
*
0.023 0.014 0.01 0.008 0.008 0.013 0.065
***
-0.006 0 0.039
**
0.034 0.030
**
0.012 Specialist: 3+
(Ref. 0)
0.006 0.028 0.035 0.034
**
0.035
**
0.038
*
-0.002 0.023
**
0.004 0.031
*
0.050
**
0.014
**
0.035
**
0.077
***
-0.021 0.006 0.013 0.026
*
0.125
***
0.036 0.018 0.156
***
0.006 0.083
***
0.052
**
Dentist 0.001 -0.011 0.01 -0.02 0.035
**
0.046
***
0.001 -0.001 -0.012 0.011 0.004 0.004 -0.001 0.014 0.005 0.016
*
0.036
***
-0.004 0.031 -0.013 -0.005 0.016 0.01 0.023 0.030
* How to read: In Germany (DE), being economically vulnerable has increased the probability of having been unable to obtain a medical appointment or treatment by 2.8 percentage points, all other things being equal.
Data: Preliminary SHARE wave 8 release 0. Conclusions are preliminary. Sample: N = 31,219 respondents in 25 countries.
Notes: Full models were estimated country by country; BG was excluded (too few individuals have been unable to obtain a medical appointment / treatment); to avoid computational problems, the "other chronic condition" variable is not included in the CZ model and the few number of individuals from MT, whose income value is missing, are included in the reference group; * p-value < 0.1 ** p-value < 0.05 *** p-value < 0.01.
Supplementary Table ST4 - Models with an interaction between economic vulnerability and self-assessed health (coefficients)
Forgoing medical care for fear of
COVID-19
Planned care postponed
Impossibility of obtaining medical
appointment / treatment
N 31,819 31,819 31,819
Intercept -1.497*** -1.777*** -2.405***
Age: 65-69 (Ref. 50-64) 0.021 -0.012 -0.021
Age: 70-74 (Ref. 50-64) 0.022 -0.040* -0.081**
Age: 75-79 (Ref. 50-64) -0.001 -0.037 -0.102**
Age: 80-84 (Ref. 50-64) 0.029 -0.142*** -0.106**
Age: 85+ (Ref. 50-64) -0.122*** -0.264*** -0.229***
Women 0.221*** 0.077*** 0.023
In a relationship 0.004 -0.004 0.014
Primary education (Ref. Post-secondary) -0.158*** -0.126*** -0.026
Secondary education (Ref. Post-secondary) -0.102*** -0.038* -0.026
Income quartile: < Q1 (Ref. ≥ Q3) -0.022 -0.025 0.085**
Income quartile: [Q1; Q2[ (Ref. ≥ Q3) -0.063** -0.005 0.057
Income quartile: [Q2; Q3[ (Ref. ≥ Q3) 0.004 -0.013 0.025
Income quartile: Missing (Ref. ≥ Q3) -0.018 -0.065** 0.064
1+ chronic condition linked with severe COVID-19 0.057** 0.144*** 0.025
1+ other chronic condition 0.172*** 0.157*** 0.125***
BMI ≥ 30 0.029 0.011 0.009
Contacts with a GP: 1-2 (Ref. 0) 0.032 0.180*** 0.088**
Contacts with a GP: 3-5 (Ref. 0) 0.071** 0.170*** 0.084*
Contacts with a GP: 6+ (Ref. 0) 0.062* 0.207*** 0.134***
Contacts with a specialist: 1-2 (Ref. 0) 0.183*** 0.299*** 0.149***
Contacts with a specialist: 3-5 (Ref. 0) 0.239*** 0.486*** 0.232***
Contacts with a specialist: 6+ (Ref. 0) 0.261*** 0.604*** 0.337***
Have seen a dentist 0.107*** 0.209*** 0.124***
Economic vulnerability 0.052 -0.021 0.054
Self-assessed health: Excellent or very good (Ref. Good) -0.076** -0.048* -0.031
Self-assessed health: Fair (Ref. Good) 0.075** 0.100*** 0.042
Self-assessed health: Poor (Ref. Good) 0.074 0.02 0.073
Economic vulnerability * Self-assessed health: Excellent or very good -0.172*** -0.02 -0.159*
Economic vulnerability * Self-assessed health: Fair 0.090** 0 0.066
Economic vulnerability * Self-assessed health: Poor 0.122* 0.158*** 0.099
Country fixed effects Yes Yes Yes
Data: Preliminary SHARE wave 8 release 0. Conclusions are preliminary. Sample: N = 31,819 respondents in 26 countries.
Notes: Full models including all countries; * p-value < 0.1 ** p-value < 0.05 *** p-value < 0.01
