The nature, sources and the
socio-economic effects of terrorism in Balochistan
Zaman, Nadeem Uz and Ghutai, Gul and Khan, Kaneez Raza
Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Queyya
3 March 2012
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37075/
MPRA Paper No. 37075, posted 03 Mar 2012 19:18 UTC
1
t d n a s e c r u o s , e r u t a n e h
T h s e o c i o - e c o n o m i c e ff e c t s o f t e rr o r si m i n B a l o c h i s t a n
n a m a Z z U m e e d a
N 1 ;Gu lGhutai2 ;KaneezRazaK nha 3
t c a rt s b A
d n a n a t si k a P d e t c e ff a y l d a b s a h m si r o rr e
T Balochsitan i soneo fti swors t– thi s
e c n i v o r
p .Therei snor esearch t ha taccountsf ort henature,s ource sand n
o m si r o rr e t f o s t c e ff
e Balochsitan;t hsis tudy,t hu ,st iredt oexploret hes ame . e h t t u o b a n o i n i p o r i e h t t s a c o t n e s o h c s a w s t n e d n o p s e r 0 5 2 f o e zi s e l p m a s A
u o r h t e ri a n n o it s e u q a g n is u m e l b o r
p ghasrtait ifeds ampleo fQuettactiy .The n
i m si r o rr e t f o e r u t a n e h t t a h t d e t a c i d n i s tl u s e
r Balochsitan si ,atf rist ,Poil itca l s
i d n
a causedbythepreva ilingsociali njusitceandl acko feconomicac itvtiy , s
s o r
c -borde rac itvi ite sandr eilgiou sandethnicex rtemsim .Te rrorsimha s s
s e n is u b d e t c e ff a y l e v it a g e
n op itmsim,f oreign i nvestmen tandeconomicl fie n
i Balochsitan .Asf a rast hes ociall fiei sconcerned, asenseoff ea rprevaisli n e h t f o e n O . e c n i v o r p e h t n i s e it i v it c a l a i c o s d e c u d e r s a h t a h t e c n i v o r p e h t
t s r o
w – hi tarea sbyt errorsimi seducaitonandr eilgiou sprac itce .sI nordert o n
i g n ili a v e r p n o it a u ti s t n e rr u c e h t t c e rr o
c Balochsitan thegovernmen thast o a
y a l
p ni nte illgent ,plannedande ffec itver olei nBalochsitan.
o i c o S : s d r o w y e
K -economiceffects ,Terroirsm ,Balochistan
1Asssitan tProfessor ,BalochsitanUniverstiyo fTI ,EngineeirngandManagemen tSciences ,Quetta , n
a t si h c o l a
B e( -mali :nadeemuzzaman@yahoo.com)
2Lecturer ,Sarda rBahadu rKhanWomenUniverstiy ,Quetta
3Studen to fMBA I(lsamicBuisnessand iFnance )Sarda rBahadu rKhanWomenUniverstiy ,Quetta
2
.
1 I n rt o d u c it o n
d r o w e h
T ‘terrorsim’ sit aken rfomt erro r f(ear )andt heaimo fterrorsit ssit o r
a e f e k o v
e amongmasses .A sageneral percepiton, te rrorsim sit heuseo f n i a t t a o t y a w d e zi n a g r o n a n i a e r a c if i c e p s f o e l p o e p e h t t s n i a g a t a e r h t
n i a tr e
c poil itca lo rideologica lmo itves .Balochsitani sonet heworst- thi area f
o no tonlyPaksitanbu taslot hewolrdbyt hewave soft errorsimandha s y
l e t a m it l
u becomeagloba lsisuenow .Therei snoacademicr esearcht ha t n
i m si r o rr e t f o s t c a e s e h t f o s e c r u o s d n a e r u t a n e h t t a h w s e t a c i d n i
n a t si h c o l a
B ea dr a n whatt hes ocia leconomiceffectst e rrorsimha spu ton n
a t si h c o l a
B .
i n a t si k a
P a sthenaitoni sknownf o rpoil itcallybadgovernance ,pove tryand y
c a r e ti
lli ,corrupiton ,violence,t arge tki illng ,ethnicclashe ,sr eilgiou sdsipute s d
n
a demoil itono fpubilcinrfasrtucturebyt het errorsits .A scommon n
o it a v r e s b
o ,s weseet hatt hough tii soirginatedi nr ura larea sbu tti se ffect s .
y rt n u o c e h t t u o h g u o r h t d e c a f e r a s m e l b o r p d n
a Especiallyt heareast ha t
e r
a highr ankedi nt erm so feducaiton ,prospertiyaretheworst-hi tbyte rrorsit- e
c n i v o r p e h t f o l a ti p a c e h t f o t a h t e l p m a x e r o
f ,Quetta ,Therei seasyacces s
.s e it ir u c e s t h g it f o k c a l d n a s n o p a e w e v is o l p x e o
t A samatte roff ac,t t eh er
e r
a someoft hes evera lmul itdimen isona lproblem stha tarecausedbyt he m
si r o rr e t f o s t c
a amongwhich key sisue saret hephy iscall osse ,sl os so f tI
. s e u l a v l a r u tl u c d n a s u o i g il e
r , ismutlaneou lsy, hasl ongt erme ffect sonsocia l t
c e p s
a oft helfieo fpeople oto .
. 1 .
1 T h e P r o b l e m S t a t e m e n t
Keepingi nviewt hel ack o facademicr esearch andt hecu rren tdsipo is itono f n
i s n o it i d n o c c i m o n o c e l a i c o
s Balochsita nthef ollowingproblems tatementi s d
e t a o
lf rfo thi sstudy:
o i c o s e h t d n a s e c r u o s , e r u t a n e h
T -economiceffectsoft e rroirsmi n n
a t s i h c o l a B
3
. 2 .
1 O b j e c it v e s
.
2 toi dentfiyt henatureoft errorsimi nBalochsitan .
3 tohighilghtt hemajors ource soft errorsimi nBalochsitan .
4 topoint-outt hes ocio-economiceffect soft e rrorsimi nBalochsitan
.
3 T h e R e v i e w o f L ti e r a t u r e
a s u
H in( 2003 ,1 )deifnest errorsimi nt hemoderndays ocio-economiccontex t s
a anorganzied violen tcirme,i ni itatedwtihreilgiou so rpoil itca lmo itve swtih e c a l p l a c i h p a r g o e g r o e c a r c if i c e p s g n it e g r a t n o s is a h p m e r a l u c it r a p
a s. He
t a h t s e h si l b a t s
e themain purposeof t errorsim sit oconveyamessageo r h
c n u a
l aprotest .Brazegar( 2005 )arguest ha ttheact sof t errorsimhavenow e t o m e r ll a m s a n i m si r o rr e t f o t c a n a s u h T . s t c a p m i ri e h t n i d e zi l a b o l g e m o c e b
( s e c n e u q e s n o c l a n o it a n r e t n i g n i h c a e r r a f s a h d lr o w e h t n i e c a l
p Br za e rg ,a
5 0 0
2 ,114) . . 1 .
3 PakistanandTe rrorsim d
lr o w s i n a t si k a
P -famou swheni tcomest ot e rrorsim .Husain ( 2003 ,2-5 )claim s e h t h ti w s 0 7 e t a l n i n a t si k a P n i d i a l e r e w m si r o rr e t e h t r o f s n o it a d n u o f e h t t a h t
o s e h t o t n i d e g l u d n i a c ir e m A d n a n a t si n a h g f A n o n a is s u R f o n o is a v n
i -called
e tt a n a n I .r a w d l o
c mptt owin overt heenemy ,Ameircagenerou lsy .
ti r o f e r a m t h g i n a e b o t d e n r u t n o r e t a l o h w e s o h t d e tr o p p u
s Thereare
s e r u t a e f t n e il a s l a r e v e
s o fPaksitan t ha tpromotet heact so fviolencei nt he y
rt n u o
c a spert hel tierature .Severalf actor,t ha texsiti nPaksitan ,are g
n i d u l c n i m si r o rr e t e s u a c o t s e h c r a e s e r y b d e t a c i d n
i povetry , llitieracy ,
e c n a n r e v o g d a b , t n e m y o l p m e n
u (Ail ,2010) ,easyaccesst oweapons )
5 9 9 1 , zi z A ; 1 8 9 1 , w a h s n e r C
( ,r ocke itng popula iton ,poo rheatlhf ac ili ites , c
o s , n o it p u rr o c g n ili a v e r
p i -oeconomici njusitce ,human irgh tviolaiton ,coslty e
c it s u j o t s s e c c
a ,l acko faccesst os ocia lservice sandscarctiyo fpubilc s
d o o
g andmanyothe rpoil itca landsocio-economicelement saret her oo t
4 n
a t si k a P n i m si r o rr e t f o s e s u a
c (BermanandLai itn ,2008 ;Shor ,2008 ;Glaeser , ;
5 0 0 2 , n a t a k a Y d n a y e n r a h C ; 5 0 0
2 Ail ,2003 ;Hardin1995) . .
2 .
3 Te rro irsmi nBalochistan
s i d n a l e h t
; n a t si k a P f o t n o rf c i m o n o c e e e h t s a d e m r e t n e tf o n i n a t si h c o l a B
e g r a l a , s e c r u o s e r l a r u t a n f o l l u
f geographicall andscapeandal ongcoasta l e
c n i v o r p e h T . e n
il immediatelyborderst wocountires, Afghansitanand rIan )
9 0 0 2 , ir b a S
( .Thel andi sexpectedt ohavel arger eserve so fo libe isde sti s d n a l f o e c e i p s i h t ,s i h t o t n o it i d d a n I .s a e r a t n e r e ff i d n i s a g f o s ti s o p e d t n e rr u c
, n a m a Z , 2 1 0 2 , i d i e Z ( s p o r c h s a c e t a v it l u c o t s d n a l l a r u tl u c ir g a e g r a l s a h o sl a
.) 9 0 0 2 , ir b a S ; 1 1 0
2 Despties ucheconomicpoten ita,lt hepeopleoft he e
fi l r o o p a d a e l e c n i v o r
p thati smainlys ustainedthrough ilvestockand .)
1 1 0 2 , n a m a Z ( g n i m r a f e c n a n e t s u
s Wtihin t hecoun rtyt hi sprovinceo f s
i h t d n a d e p o l e v e d t s a e l e h t si n a t si k a
P fac tha sturnedi ntoapoil itca l a
m m e li
d int hecoun rty .A sar esul toft hsi , aseparaitonmovemen tha sbegun l
a B s u o n e g i d n i e h t y b e r e h w e c n i v o r p e h t n
i och peopleares rtuggilngtoge t
s a h s i h T . ) 9 0 0 2 , ri b a S ( y rt n u o c e h t m o rf m o d e e rf d n a y ti t n e d i e t a r a p e s ri e h t
, g n ill i k t e g r a t o t e si r n e v i
g damagingpubilci n rfasrtucture ,civi ldsiobedience d
n
a manyothe rsisues.
n i t n e m e v o m n o it a r a p e s e h t o t n o it i d d a n
I Balochsitan,t her eilgious r
i e h t t a e r a e c n i v o r p e h t n i s t n e m it n e
s ex rteme .Thi sha sgivenr siet os ectairan e
h t y b e r e h w m si r o rr e t d n a e c n e l o i
v Shitiesoft heprovinceares uffeirng y
li v a e
h int erm sofl osse so filves ,propetryandbu isnes sac itvtiy(Sabri ,2009).
t g n i d n a t s h ti w t o
N hese ,tii sasloarguedt hatt herearevestedi nterests fo o t r e d r o n i m si r o rr e t d n a e c n e l o i v e t o m o r p t a h t e c n i v o r p e h t n i s e c r o f n g i e r o f
e s e h t f o e m a l b e h t s y a l n e tf o , s u h t ,t n e m n r e v o g e h T . sl a o g r i e h t e v e i h c a
n a t si n a h g f A d n a a i d n I n o s e it i v it c a t si r o rr e
t (Sabri ,2009).
f o n o it a u ti s e h t o t t n a v e l e r e r u t a r e ti l e h
T Balochsitanemphassiess omeoft he e
s u a c t o o r e h t e b t h g i m t a h t s a e r a t n a tr o p m
i s fo theincreasedt en isoni n
n a t si h c o l a
B .Crenshaw( 1981 )andAzzi( 1995 )haveestablsihedt ha toneo f
5 s
n o s a e r e h
t fort errorsim sit heavaliablitiyofi mprovedandmodernsied )
1 8 9 1 ( w a h s n e r C . s e c r u o s e
r ha sasloblamedr eilgiona sani mpotran tfactori n .
a e r a n a n i m si r o rr e t g n it o m o r
p Onemajo rproblemo fBalochsitan sit hel ack o
t g n i d r o c c a h c i h w y ti v it c a c i m o n o c e f
o Gar ifnkle( 2004 )andBlomberg ,e t .
m si r o rr e t r o f n o s a e r r e h t o n a t e y s i ) b 4 0 0 2 ( ,.
l
a LapanandSandle ,r( 1993 )
n i m si r o rr e t o t t n a v e l e r r o t c a f t n a tr o p m i r e h t o n a t h g il h g i
h Balochsitan .ie .
l a c it il o p k a e
w poilcie sandsrtongt errorsits .Moreover ,rela itng tothei nterest s n
i s e ir t n u o c n g i e r o f f
o BalochsitanO’Biren’s(1996 )argumen toft errorsima s e h t n i n o it a u ti s e h t o t e c n a v e l e r f o o sl a s i y c il o p n g i e r o f l a n o it a n r e t n i n a
. e c n i v o r
p Thought heareaha spoo rand llitieratepeoplea stisi nhabtiants , m
si r o rr e t t a h t n w o h s e v a h s e i d u t
s i sno t isgni ifcan ltyco-relatedwtihpovetryo r s
e l b a ir a v t n a tr o p m i e r o m r e h t o n i s t o o r s a h s u h t d n a y c a r e ti
lli (Kruege r2007;
) 3 0 0 2 , i b e rr e B ; 3 0 0 2 a v o k c e l a M d n a r e g e u r
K .
. 3 .
3 S o c i o -e c o n o m i c C o n s e q u e n c e s o f T e rr o ir s m
n o m si r o rr e t f o t c a p m i c i m o n o c e e h t e t a u l a v e o t d e ir t e v a h s e i d u t s t n e r e ff i D
e h t f o s a e r a l a r e v e
s province .BermanandLai itn( 2008 )haveclaimedt ha t r
a f e r a m si r o rr e t f o s e c n e u q e s n o c c i m o n o c e e h
t -reachingandt hu saret he
o j a
m rt argets oft het errorsits .EcksteinandT isddon ( 2004 )andFielding( 2003) d
n u o f e v a
h a oc rrelaitonbetweent errorsimand tisi mpac tondi fferen t s
r o t c e
s o faneconomyi nt hef ormofs everes hock ,consumpiton,i nvestmen t m
o n o c e e h t n i s e c r u o s e r r e h t o d n
a y .EcksteinandT isddon,( 2004) ,Blomberg , 3
0 0 2 , g n i d l e i F d n a ) a 4 0 0 2 ( ,.
l a t
e hasf oundanegaitvecorrelaitonbetween ,r
e v o e r o M . t n e m t s e v n i d n a m si r o rr e
t AbadieandGardeazaba,l( 2005) , ,
r e h c a m u h c S d n a h c s ti N d n a ) 6 0 0 2 ( ,r e l d n a S d n a s r e d n
E (2004 )haveaslo
n a s a h m si r o rr e t t a h t d e d u l c n
i impacti nt hef ormo fcrowding-ou te ffects , d
e s s e rt si
d governments pending ,dwindilnginternaitona lrtadeandshirnking .
t n e m t s e v n i c it s e m o d n g i e r o
f Simliarr esutl scanbef oundi nt hes tudie so f a
r e e W d n a s s e H , g r e b m o l
B pana( 2004), Drako sandGofas( 2006 )wtihan l a c i h p a r g o e g p o l e v e d s t c e ff a m si r o rr e t e h t d n u o f e v a h y e h t t a h t n o it i d d a
e h t n a h t e r o m s a e r
a developingones .
6 o
r c a m e h t t a h g u o h
T -economicl eve ltii sverydfiifcutlt ogiveaf ul laccoun t f
o s t c e ff e e h t f
o terrorsim,t hecosts, nonetheless, canbemeasuredint erm s s
e v il e v it c u d o r p f o s s o l e h t f
o (Hall 2005 ,8-9),i n rfasrtucture,f a illngGDPand g
n i v il f o s d r a d n a t
s .Futrhermore,t hereares everal i ndriec teconomice ffect s g
n i d u l c n i m si r o rr e t f
o losse sin itme ,ef ifciency,s ecurtiy,t axaiton ,devalua iton t h g i e w d a e d r e h t o d n a s i t e k r a m k c o t s e h t n i s e c ir p e r a h s d n a y c n e rr u c f o
.) 6 0 0 2 , r e l d n a S d n a s r e d n E ( s e s s o
l Inaddi itont ot hese ,Abadieand )
5 0 0 2 ( l a b a z a e d r a
G suggestt hatt errorsimasloaffectst heallocaiton o f c it s e m o d n g i e r o f e h t ,s u h T . e s a e r c e d s n r u t e r d e t c e p x e e h t s a t n e m t s e v n i
s e k ir t s m si r o rr e t e r e h w s a e r a n i sl l a f t n e m t s e v n
i (Ender sandSandler, 1996).
m si r o rr e
T asloimpactst heproftiableeconomicac itvi ite stha taredependen t m
si r u o t s a h c u s s r e d is t u o e h t n
o ,(Enders ,Sandle randParsie, 1992)reduced o
n o c e d e h si n i m i d n i tl u s e r h c i h w y ti v it c a s s e n is u b d n a t n e m t s e v n
i micgrowth
; 4 0 0 2 ( n o d d is T d n a n i e t s k c E
( AbadieandGardeazabal, 2003). Thus ,Batrhe t l
a,( 2006)hasf oundoutt hatt errorsim sii ndriecltypropor itonalt oGDPand s
a h t w o r g l a ti p a
c thehighert henumbe roft errorsi tac itvi ites,t helowe rwli lbe e
h
t GDP,f oreigni nvestmentandcaptialf ormaiton .Simlialrycountire s e
n it s e l a P e k il m si r o rr e t m o rf g n ir e ff u
s , GDPfalsls harplyi n rtoubled itmes sa d
o ir e p e c a e p d n a l a m r o n o t e r a p m o
c s oft hecoun rty .Thus ,accordingt o Wo lrdBank rfom1992t o2004Palesitnel os t50%oft hei rannua lGDP.
r o rr e t n i a tr e c n u e h t , m si r o rr e t f o s e s s o l t c e ri d e h t g n i d n a t s h ti w t o
N – stircken
y t e i c o
s ha saslogivenr siet oi ncreasedcostt ohandlet hei ncidenceo f n
o o s d n a e c n a r u s n i , y ti r u c e s f o m r o f e h t n i m si r o rr e
t (Robetr 2004 ,2).
it l u m s i m si r o rr e t s
A dimen isonali nnature( Rodirguee ta.l P004 ,1- )19 ) ,be isde s m
si r o rr e t ,s r o t c a f c i m o n o c e e h
t ha sasloaffectedt hesocia laspect so f s
e i m o n o c
e .Hence ,Spence r(1987 ,73)foundoutt hatt errorsimhasr esutledi n l
a c i g o l o h c y s
p sisues ,especiallyamongt hechlidren .Heaslof oundoutt ha t m
si r o rr e t f o s r o v i v r u s e h
t leadf eafru lilve stha tmyturni ntoanxiety ,feeilng so f ,r
e g n a d e l b a r e l o t n
i nightmares ,fea rof t hel os so fmemory ,andl ongt erm d
n a l a i c o
s psychologica lsyndromes.I naddi itont ot hsi ,Naitona lAcademyo f
7
p e e d s a h m si r o rr e t t a h t d e h si l b a t s e s a h ) e n o , 3 0 0 2 ( , e c n e i c
s -rooteds ocia la s
. s t c e ff e s u o i g il e r s a l l e w
l a t n e m e h
T capactiyandthesocials tatu soft errorsi tarei mpotran t f
o s t n a n i m r e t e
d thes ociali mpac toft errorsimon t hes ociety .Bueno de )
5 0 0 2 ( a ti u q s e
M ah s foundoutt hatt e rrorsit’ smenta landphy isca lablitiyi s s
u h T . s e i d u t s l a i c o s e h t h ti w d e t a l e rr o c y l e v it is o p y ll a u s
u themoreeducated
e k a m o t d e t c e p x e e r a s n o s r e
p worseterrorsit .sI naddi itont ot hsi ,improved f
n i f o y ti li b a li a v
a ormaitonandcommunicaitont echnologyha smadet heac t m
si r o rr e t f
o thepiece so fchlid' splayf ort het errorsit s(Gabire l2004 ,1- .)6 Such s
t si r o rr e t g n i m o c e b f o e s a
e hasi nculcateds rtongf earsi nt heheatr soft he y
ll a i c e p s e d n a d lr o w e h t f o s t n a ti b a h n
i thearea swtihi ncrea isngact so f m
si r o rr e
t (Spence r2006),
. 4 .
3 R e s e a r c h Q u e s it o n s
e h t n i s n o it a v r e s b o l a r e n e g d n a e r u t a r e ti l e h t f o w e i v e r e h t g n ir e d is n o C
g n i w o ll o f e h t e c n i v o r
p researchquesiton sare lfoatedf o ranswerst hrought hi s y
d u t
s :
.
1 sIt het errorsiminBalochsitanaf ormo forganziedviolence? .
2 Aret herepoil itca lmo itvesi nvolvedi nt heact soft errorsimi n n
a t si h c o l a
B ?
.
3 Arethemajo rvic itm soft heact soft errorsimt heethicminoir ite soft he e
c n i v o r
p ?
.
4 sIt errorsimr elatedwtiht hecross-borde racitvi itesi nt heprovince? .
5 sIt hel ackoft her uleofl awt hecauseoft errorsimi nBalochsitan? .
6 Hast hewa rgoingoni nAfghansitansupplementedt heact so f n
i m si r o rr e
t Balochsitan? .
7 Hast errorsimnegaitvelyaffectedt heeconomicac itvtiyi nBalochsitan? .
8 Havet hepoil itca ldsiturbance saddedt ot heoccurrenceoft errorsimi n e
c n i v o r p e h
t ?
8 .
9 Ha sthesociall fieoft hei nhabtiant so fBalochsitansufferedt heact so f m
si r o rr e
t ?
.
4 M e t h o d o l o g y
Thsir esearchi sexplanatoryinnaturewtihadescirpitvede isgn usedfort he e l p o e p e h t f o n o i n i p o f o m r o f e h t n i si d e t c e ll o c a t a d e h T . a t a d f o n o it c e ll o c
f
o Balochsitanand sit hu squaltiaitvei nnature .Ther esutl sarepresented e
v it c e j b u
s l ybasedont heopinioncollected rfomt her espondent .s u
t s si h t f o n o it a l u p o p e h
T dy sit hepeopleo fBalochsitanrelaitngt oallr eilgiou s e s u a c e b d e s u s i e u q i n h c e t g n il p m a s d e if it a rt s a , r e v e w o H . s p u o r g c i n h t e d n a
l a ti p a c e h
t ctiyo fBalochsitan ,Quettai sahomef o ralmos tal lethnicand r
a p d e t c e ff a t s r o w e h t si d n a s p u o r g s u o i g il e
r to fBalochsitanbyt e rrorsim .The 0
5 2 s a w e zi s e l p m a
s respondent sandt her esponser atewa sgood. o
t d e s u s a w d o h t e m g n i n o it s e u
Q theopinionofr espondent su isngt he h
ti w e ri a n n o it s e u
q a iLker tscalewtih ifveopitonss taritng rfoms rtonglyagree n
o rt s o
t glydsiagree.I npresen itngt her esutls,t hepercentage soft he d
e s u e r e w s e s n o p s e
r todsicusst he ifnding sands uppotredwtiht heltierature .s
n o it a v r e s b o n o m m o c d n a w e i v e
r
.
5 R e s u l t o f r e s e a r c h
. 1 .
5 Thenatureoft e rroirsmi nBalochistan e
h t f o
% 4 . 8 7 t u o b
A respondent ssrtonglyagreedt hatt errorsiminBalochsitan e
c n e l o i v d e zi n a g r o n a s
i wtihaviewt oevoki ngfearamongt hepeople . f
o s g n i d n if e h t o t g n ir r e f e
R Sabri( 2009) ,Krueger,( 2007 ,) Kruege rand a
v o k c e l a
M (2003 )andBerrebi (2003), thereareorgansiedf orcesi nvolvedi n n
a t si h c o l a
B inordert oachievecetraingoasl .Oneof t her eason swhy f
o e l p o e p e h t n o d e s o p m i si m si r o rr e
t Balochsitan sit odepirvePaksitanoft he n
i e l b a li a v a s e c r u o s e r e l b a u l a
v Balochsitan especiallyt heoi landgas .Be isde s m
i a l c o sl a s t n e d n o p s e r e h t f o t s o m , si h
t e dthatt hemoitve sbehindt heact so f o
t t n a e m e r a m si r o rr e
t dsiuntiet hePaksitan inaitonsi ntoclan ,sr eilgiouss ect s
9 s
p u o r g c i n h t e t n e r e ff i d d n
a whohavebeen ilvingtogetherpeacefullyf o r .s
e ir u t n e c
t a h t d e v e il e b s t n e d n o p s e R e h t f o t s o
M Terrorsim sit her esul to fapoilitca l e
m a
g toattainideologica lmo itves .Thel tieraturesuggestst hatt hepoil itca l e
h t h ti w s 0 7 9 1 e h t g n ir u d d i a l s a w n a t si k a P n i m si r o rr e t f o n o it a d n u o f
e
b ginningoft heRus isaninva isoni nAfghansitan ( Husain ,2003 .)I naddi itont o n a h t e r o m b a j n u P n o d e s u c o f y l n i a m e v a h n a t si k a P f o s e c r o f l a c it il o p e h t ,s i h t
s e c n i v o r p r e h t
o fo ralmos tal ldevelopmen tprojects ;wherea ,st hepoil itca l si
h c o l a B f o s t n e m n r e v o
g tanhavef aliedt opromotet hei rprovince .Thel ack s
d r a w o t n o it n e tt a f
o Balochsitanresutledi npoil itca ldsicontenti nt hearea o
t d e l y ll a n if h c i h
w poil itca lterrorsimi nt heprovince( Ail ,2003 .) f
o e rt n e c c i m o n o c e e h t si a t t e u
Q Balochsitanbe isde sbeingt hecaptia lo f , s t n e d n o p s e r e h t o t g n i d r o c c a , m si r o rr e t f o s e v a w t n e rr u c e h t
; e c n i v o r p e h t
e v a
h theworsti mpac tont hi sareaoft heprovince .Thsir esul tsii nharmony f
o s g n i d n if e h t h ti
w Blomberg ,Hes sandWeerapana( 2004) ,Drako sandGofa s )
6 0 0 2
( whos uggestedt ha tdevelopedarea sareworsestircken byt e rrorsim s
e n o d e p o l e v e d s s e l e h t n a h
t .Beingt hecaptia loft heprovince ,Quettai sa a
h m si r o rr e t f o s e v a w e h T . s t c e s s u o i g il e r d n a c i n h t e l a r e v e s r o f e s u o
h v e
t c e ff a y lt s o
m e d rtadeand ilve so fthenon-loca lpopulaitonoft heprovince e
h t r e p s
a respondents .A toneexrteme,t heHazaracommuntiyo f n
a t si h c o l a
B hass u ffereds ectairan violenceandont heothe rhandt he f
o s a e r a r e h t o m o rf s r e lt t e
s Balochsitanhaver emainedt het arge toft he t
f o s e v a
w errorsim .Notwtihstanding t her eilgiou spoil itcalt e rrorsim ,cirme s r
a e f e h t o t d e d d a o sl a e v a
h – dirvenenvrionmen toft heprovince .The m
o s n a
r -kidnappinghasr emainedont her siewhichha saffectedt heuppe r y
t e i c o s e h t f o s s a l
c driecltyandt hepoo rclassesi ndriecltyint erm so f ir
a v c i m o n o c
e ab les ilkei ncome ,consumpitonandi nvestment.
0 1 .
2 .
5 Sourcesoft erroirsmi nBalochistan
n i m si r o rr e t f o e c r u o s t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t d n a t s ri f e h t s
A Balochsitan ,mos to f
y b d i a l s a w m si r o rr e t r o f n o it a d n u o f e h t t a h t d e m i a l c s t n e d n o p s e r e h t
e h t tr o p p u s o t d e t p o t i n e h w s 0 7 9 1 e t a l e h t n i e h t n i n a t si k a P n i a c ir e m A
n e e d e h a j u
M wtihweapons ,mlitiary rtainingandf unds- a sadictatedby t n e rr u c e h t ,t s e g g u s s t n e d n o p s e r e h t f o t s o m , y a d o t n e v E . ) 3 0 0 2 ( n i a s u H
r o rr e t n o r a w s ti n i A S U e h t f o s e it i v it c
a –pecuilalryt hedroneattack s– have . r o rr e t r o f r o rr e t f o s m r e t n i k n i h t o t n a t si k a P f o e l p o e p e h t r o f h t a p e h t d e v a p
o n
I u ropiniont hes esen itment sareatt hehighesti nt her eilgiou s– minded o sl a e v a h s e c n a t s m u c ri c h c u s , si h t o t n o it i d d a n I . y rt n u o c e h t f o e l p o e p
o t s p u o r g e m o s r o f e l b is s o p t i e d a
m manipulatetheyouthagainstt he .
A S U e h t s a l l e w s a y rt n u o c
ti l o p s e d is e
B ica lmo itves ,mos toft her espondent sasloclaimedt hatt heact s e h t n i y ti v it c a c i m o n o c e f o k c a l e h t m o rf n e si r e v a h y ll a c is a b m si r o rr e t f o
n i t s e r e t n i c i m o n o c e f o k c a l e h t t a h t d e e r g a s t n e d n o p s e r e h t f o t s o M . a e r a
rt n u o c e h t f o t n e m n r e v o g e h t y b a e r a e h
t yhasr esutledi npoo rilving o i c o s ,s d o o g c il b u p f o k c a l ,s e c i v r e s l a i c o s o t s s e c c a f o k c a l ,s n o it i d n o
c -
e h t s a s t n i o p t n a tr o p m i e r a s e v l e s m e h t n i e s e h T . n o o s d n a e c it s u j n i c i m o n o c e
s e d i v o r p e r u t a r e ti
l frimsuppotrt o ti( BermanandLai itn ,2008 ;Shor ,2008 ; 5
9 9 1 n i d r a H ; 3 0 0 2 , il A ; 5 0 0 2 , n a t a k a Y d n a y e n r a h C ; 5 0 0 2 , r e s e a l
G ) .Thu ,st he
r o j a m e h t t a h t m i a l c s t n e d n o p s e
r sourceo fthet errorsim sit hepoo rpoilcy e
h t f o y ti v it c a d n
a governmen ttisel .f e
h t f o y ti r o j a m e h
T respondent shaveasloagreedt hatt henatureoft errorsim n
i Balochsitani so fcross-borde rnature .Theyhaveasloclaimedt ha tbeing r o f y s a e y r e v s n o p a e w f o y ti li b a li a v a e h t s e k a m n a t si n a h g f A o t s r u o b h g i e n
s t si r o rr e t e h
t be isde sbeingas afeasylumfort hem .A sarleadymen itonedt ha t o
it p u rr o
c ni sani mpotrantf eatureoft heeconomyo fPaksitanandaslo n
a t si h c o l a
B ,i tha salway sbeeneasyf ort he irchcirminaslt oeasliypas sbyt he e d a m e v a h s n o it a u ti s h c u S . m e h t t s n i a g a w a l e h t tr e v a d n a s k c e h c y ti r u c e s
c e h t o t p u e si r o t h g u o n e g n o rt s m e h
t oun rtyanddamage ti seconomic
1 1
t a h t m i a l c s t n e d n o p s e r e h t ,s u h T . ) 3 0 0 2 , ri b a S ( s t s e r e t n
i Balochsitanha s
.s t si r o rr e t e h t r o f n e v a h e f a s a e m o c e b
. 3 .
5 TheEconomicEffects r
e e h s a s i e r e h
T agreementamongt her espondentst hatt errorsimha s d
e t c e ff a y l e v it a g e
n theeconomiccondi iton so fBalochsitan. Thu ,st hey s s e n is u b d n a , t n e m y o l p m e , n o it a lf n i e h t d e t c e ff a s a h m si r o rr e t t a h t m i a l c
. a e r a e h t f o e c n a l a
b Theyhaveasloclaimedt hatt hewave soft errorsim o
o f e k il e fi l f o s e it is s e c e n f o y l p p u s e h t e d a m y l n o e v a
h d ,electirctiy&ga s
s e il p p u
s ex rtemelyexpen isvefort hepubilc . s
t n e d n o p s e r e h
T haveclaime dthatt hewave soft e rrorsimhaveaslo y e h t ,s u h T . e c n i v o r p e h t f o y ti v it c a c i m o n o c e e h t d e t c e ff a y l e v it a g e
n have
t s e g g u
s edtha tdomes itci nvestmen ,tf oreigni nvestment , rtadeand
s e t a c i d n i si h T . m si r o rr e t y b e c n i v o r p e h t n i tl a h o t t u p s i y ti v it c a l a i c r e m m o c
f o s d r a d n a t s g n i v il e h t d n a g n i h si n i m i d s i e c n i v o r p e h t n i e t a r h t w o r g e h t t a h t
y b d e t s e g g u s s a g n ill a f e l p o e p e h
t EcksteinandT isddon( 2004 ,) Abadieand 5
0 0 2 ( l a b a z a e d r a
G ,) Ender sandSandler( 2006) ,NtischandSchumache r (2004) .Amongt hemasse s– amajortiyoft her espondent sclaime – d themos t
f o s m r e t n i e l p o e p d e t c e ff
a economicac itvtiyarethel owe rclas soft he o
b a
l urf orce, especiallyt hemanua lworker swhoearnthei rilveilhoodondaliy n
o it c u d o r p f o l e v e l e h t t a h t s e il p m i si h T . s e s a
b intheprovincemus taslohave
e h t o sl a d n a e c n i v o r p e h t f o h t w o r g c i m o n o c e e h t g n it c e ff a y l e v it a g e n n e ll a f
. e l p o e p e h t f o s d r a d n a t s g n i v il
. 4 .
5 TheSocia lEffectso fTerro irsm t
s r o w e h
T -affecte dpar toft heprovincei nt erm sof s ocia lparameter si sthe e
c n i v o r p e h t f o h t u o y e h t t a h t d e v r e s b o n e e b s a h t I . h t u o
y especiallyatt he
universtiyl eve la rethenurse iresf ort errorsits .Thus ,ther espondent shave y
ls u o r e g n a d s a h m si r o rr e t t a h t d e m i a l
c depirvedtheyoutho fBalochsitan fo h
t t a h t h si l b a t s e n a c e W . g n i n r a e l d n a n o it a c u d
e si fea roft her espondent s
s d l o
h absolutely rtue .Theeducaitonali nsttiute saret hehopef ort hes ociety;i f
2 1 n
u fl a m a s i e r e h
t citoni nt hesehouse sofl earning,t hef utureoft hes ocietyi s y ti s r e v i n U e h t f o t s e r e t n i g n is ir e h t , e m it e m a s e h t t a r e v e w o H . d e m o o
d – leve l
n i y rt n u o c e h t n i e c n i v o r p e h t f o e r u t u f e h t s t s a c e r o f o sl a e c n e l o i v n i s t n e d u t s
e d a m s a h ) 3 0 0 2 ( ri b a S . y a w e m o
s apoin toft hemovementf ors eparaiton in ,
e l p o e p h c o l a B s u o n e g i d n i e h t y b e c n i v o r p e h
t herei tbecome sobvioust ha t
f o h t u o y e h
t Balochsitan sit hef undamenta lpar tofi .t n
o it a c u d e s e d is e
B , terrorsimha saslonegaitvelyaffectedt hes ociall fieoft he inhabtiant so fBalochsitan .Ther espondent sclaime dthatt hewave so f
e c n i v o r p e h t n i m si r o rr e
t havedepirvedt hemo fentetrainmen tand y
e h T . t n e m h s e rf e
r futrhe rclaime dtha tpeopleareevenarfaido fenjoyi ng g
n il g g u m s n a m u h d n a g n i p p a n d i K . s k r a p n i s e v
il haveasloaddedt ot he
h c i h w a e r a e h t n i y ti v it c a l a i c o s d e c u d e r f o e v it s e g g u s si s i h T . e l p o e p f o s r a e f
e l p o e p e h t f o y ti c a p a c g n i n r a e e h t s t c e ff a o sl
a a swel last hebu isnes s
n i e fi l f o y a w e h t s t c e ri d t a h t e c r o f g n i v ir d e h t si r a e f ,t c a f n I . y ti v it c a
l a
B ochsitanandespeciallyinQue tta.
d e t c e ff a e v a h m si r o rr e t f o s t c a e h t t a h t d e m i a l c o sl a e v a h s t n e d n o p s e r e h T
r i e h
t reilgiou sac itvi ite sandcutlura lvalue .sTheyclaime dthatt hepeopleo f n
a t si h c o l a
B areeven arfaidt ocelebratet hei rReilgiou sceremonie silkeEid s p
e v r e s b o o t d i a rf a n e v e e r a e l p o e P . a r o h s A d n
a rayersi nt hemosque s
e r a s t n i o p e s e h T . s t si r o rr e t e h t f o s t e g r a t e h t e m o c e b e v a h y e h t e s u a c e b
o sl a s i tI . y t e i c o s s i h t n i s e it i v it c a s u o i g il e r d e c u d e r s a h r a e f e h t s a d il a v
f o e s n e s a d e p o l e v e d e v a h m si r o rr e t f o s t c a e h t t a h t e t o n o t t n a tr o p m i
o m a t s u rt si
m ngdi fferents ect silvingi nt heprovince .Consequen lty, et h t n e r e ff i d n i h ti w d e s a e r c n i e v a h e g n e v e r d n a y ti s o m i n a , d e rt a h a f o s g n il e e f
. s t c e s
h c r a e s e r y m f o t l u s e r e h t g n ir a p m o c y
B ast ohowt hepeopleoft hsir egion e
r
a facing t heproblem swhichi screatedbyviolencei nt hef ormoft errorsim . i
Wtht hein isghti ntot hel tieraturer eviewandt her esutl soft hi sstudyon h g u o h t t a h t e v e il e b e l p o e p e h t f o y ti r o j a m t a h t y a s o t e l b a e r a e w m si r o rr e t
v o p l li t s t u b e m a g l a c it il o p o t e u d e b t h g i m e r e h m si r o rr e
t etryandeconomic
3 1
e c a e p f o s s o l n i e s a e r c n i y a d y b y a d r o f e l b is n o p s e r y ll a u q e e r a s m e l b o r p
f o m it c i v d e t e g r a t a s i t u b m si r o rr e t l a b o l g g n it s o h t o n s i a t t e u Q . e r e h
t c a f n i t u b s t si r o rr e t y b s k c a tt a f o m r o f e h t n i y l n o t o n s t si r o rr e t l a n o it a n r e t n i
u o c e h
t ntert errorsims rtategie so fdroneattack sa swell al lo fwhicheffected .
y l d a b y r e v a e r a s i h t f o e c a e p d n a y ti r e p s o r p , e r u tl u c , s e u l a v
t c a p m i s u o r e g n a d t s o m e h t f o e n
O s oft errorsimi sont heuntiyo fdi fferen t i
h w f o t l u s e r a s A . e r e h g n i v il s e it i n u m m o
c chs urviva loft hepeopleha s
n a m n o m m o c a f o d o o h il e v il e h t r o f y r a s s e c e n s g n i h t y r e v e , e s r u c a e m o c e b
e l b is s o p y r e v e d n a h c a e s ti m o rf d e c u d n i si r a e f d n a y lt s o c y r e v e m o c e b s a h
y lr e p o r p d e zi li t u t o n r o d e p p o lf r e h t e h w e r a s e i g e t a rt s s
’ t n e m n r e v o G . t c e p s a
, p o lf y ll a t o t si a t t e u Q n i m e t s y s y ti r u c e s s a m si r o rr e t r e t n u o c r o f y lt n e i c if f e d n a
t o n e r a s e s o p r u p h c u s f o e k a s e h t r o f d e t a c o ll a e r a h c i h w s e c r u o s e r y lr a li m is
l a r e v e s s e c a f n o it a c u d e c is a b r o f e k a t o t y r a s s e c e n s p e t s ,l l e w d e g a n a m
s e h si n if d n a s e l d r u
h before ti’ss tatr .
.
6 L i m ti a it o n s a n d r e c o m m e n d a it o n s
t a h t e l b is s o p o sl a s i ti o s s e u q i n h c e t g n il p m a s n o d e s a b s i h c r a e s e r si h t s A
e m o
s indigenou speoplewhoareno tapar tof t hes amplei npopulaiton .
n o i n i p o t n e r e ff i d e v a h
rf t o n e r a e l p m a s e h t f o s r e b m e
M omallt hearea so fBalochsitanast he e
u q i n h c e t g n il p m a s d e if it a rt s o t d e s u e d a m g n il p m a
s .
h c r a e s e r r e h tr u
F i sneededt obeundetrakenonhumanpsychologyand ti s h c i h w h g u o r h t s y a w e h t t u o d n if o t ,s t c e ff e s ti d n a m si r o rr e t h ti w n o it a l e r
r o h si n if d l u o
c atl eastr educet hef earf acto roft errorsim.Morer esearch n
o h c r a e s e r si h t h g u o r h t e n o d e b d l u o
c government ’plan sand tiss rtategie s r
o
f effec itvenessandef ifcienc yneede dagainstt errorsim.Moreove,rt hi s v
o p n o h c r a e s e r r o f d e e n t c e ri d d l u o c h c r a e s e
r etry , llitieracyandt hei rilnk
. m si r o rr e t h ti
w
4 1 d
e e n t n e m n r e v o
G tiss pecia lauthoir ites ,specia lrtainingf ort hepurposeo f m
si r o rr e t it n
a forcefulness. Social i njusitceneedt obel oweredandequa l
. d e r u s n e e b d l u o h s s p u o r g c i n h t e l l a o t s e it i n u tr o p p
o Thegovernments hould
s s o r c o t s t s e r e t n i l a i c e p s y a
p -borde racitvi ite sandcon rtolt he rtanspotraiton s e u q i n h c e t d n a s l o o t n r e d o m t s o M . l a e r e h t h ti w l a g e lli r e h t o d n a s n o p a e w f o
m si r o rr e t f o m e l b o r p e h t h ti w l a e d o t r e d r o n i e c it c a r p o t n i t u p e b d l u o h s
f
e fec itvely.
.
7 C o n c l u s i o n
s u o i g il e r , e c n a n r e v o g d a b f o n o it a l e rr o c e h t y b d e t o o r si m si r o rr e T
t o n e r a t a h t s m e l b o r p f o t e n n i s tl u s e r tI . y c a r e ti lli d n a y tr e v o p , s n o it p e c r e p si m
l l a r e v o e h t s t u c t i t c a f n i t u b s g n ir e ff u s d n a s e s s o l l a c is y h p h ti w d e t a l e r y l n o
e r ,t n e m p o l e v e d c i m o n o c
e ilgious ,socia landcutluralr epresentaitvevalues . s ti h ti w n a m u h f o e h c y s p e h t h ti w s y a l p h c i h w m si r o rr e t f o w o d a h s k c a l b e h T
l a r e n e g d n a T V O G f o t r o ff e d e n i b m o c y b d e h si n if e b n a c r a e f d e ll a c l o o t
h ti w s e i g e t a rt s m si r o rr e t r e t n u o c r e p o r p h g u o r h t c il b u
p ti sappilcaiton ilke
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