Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism
Texte und Studien z u m A n t i k e n J u d e n t u mEdited by
Martin Hengel und Peter S c h ä f e r
91
A R T I B U S
Tal Ilan
Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity
Parti
Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE
Mohr Siebeck
Tal Ilan, born 1956; 1991 Ph.D. on Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem; since 1996 lecturer at the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem;
1992-93 Guest Professor at Harvard; 1995 at Yale and at the Freie Universität Berlin; 1997 at the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York; 1998 at Frankfurt University.
CÌP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek itan. Tal:
Lexicon of Jewish names in late antiquity / Tal Ilan. - Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck Pt. 1. Palestine 330 B C E - 2 0 0 CE. - 2002
(Texts and studies in ancient Judaism ; 91) ISBN 3 - 1 6 - 1 4 7 6 4 6 - 8
© 2002 by J.C.B. M o h r (Paul Siebeck), P . O . B o x 2040, D - 7 2 0 1 0 T ü b i n g e n .
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the p u b l i s h e r ' s written permission. This applies particularly to reproduc- tions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems.
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Printed in G e r m a n y ISSN 0 7 2 1 - 8 7 5 3
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Dedicated to Yossi Garfinkel
- my best friend
Acknowledgement
This project began as a seminar paper in Prof. Lee Levine's archaeological- historical class on the Hcrodian period at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in
1982. Levine was interested in investigating the use of Greek names by Jewish aristocrats during the Herodian period. To this end he urged us to read the works of Josephus. 1, however, was fascinated by a completely different onomastic aspect that seemed to crop up on literally every page of Josephus' work - the repeated appearance of the Hebrew names of the Hasmoneans. I asked permission to devote my seminary paper to investigating this topic, and thus I started collecting the names that form the foundation of this corpus. I began very modestly, document- ing the data on cards, as these things were still done in the early 1980s. Thus I first wrote down my thesis on the predominance and importance of the Hasmonean names for Palestinian Jews during the Second Temple period a thesis that still lays at the basis of this corpus.
Realizing that the issue was too big to be fully treated in a seminary paper. I decided to write my MA thesis on the names of Jews in Palestine in the Second Temple period. The late Prof. Menahem Stern took it upon himself to guide me in my work. We both realized that in order to profitably catalogue all persons known by name, the project should be computerized. Thus, already in 1984 I wrote my MA thesis on the mainframe Hebrew University computer, a couple of years before PCs came into use. I still remember with gratitude Prof. Stern's many invaluable contributions to my corpus, including allusions to two most obscure persons (Digaios, mentioned in the Byzantine chronographer Syncellus, and Men- ippus of Rhodes mentioned on an obscure inscription in IG). Even after his untimely assassination the computer at the university continued to greet me when I opened it with the words: "Hello Menahem Stern."
A complete break with onomastics followed when I undertook graduate work that was devoted to the study of Second Temple Jewish women, and with the arrival of my children (in 1986 and 1992), my budding name collection was left to collect dust on "stone-age" software. The name catalogue I collected in 1984 was incomplete in any number of ways, but most significantly it lacked the large body of names borne by Jews documented on scrolls, papyri and ostraca discovered in the Judaean Desert, which was still largely unpublished. Over the last twenty years literally all these document have been published, making it possible to present to the public a near comprehensive corpus of all the names known to us that Jews
VIII Acknowledgement
bore between 300 B C E and 200 CE. A s the publications came out I continued to update my catalogue, and eventually (with the help of my brother Yaron Ilan, who belongs to the generation of computer wiz-kids) I also updated my software, making it Bill-Gates compatible.
I returned to a full-time preoccupation with this name corpus in 1998. Several factors m a d e this m o v e possible, and several persons and institutions have helped bring it about. It began with a semester at the theology faculty in the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University at F r a n k f u r t / M a i n , Germany, where I served as Martin-Buber Gastprofessor in the spring semester of 1998. The position allowed me three months away f r o m my family, as well as the assistance of two very bright co-workers - T h o m a s Lotz and Angela Rascher, to w h o m I am most grateful. The project ended in another guest professorship semester in the winter of 2000-1, in the Carl von Ossietzky University at Oldenburg, Germany, where I put the finish- ing touches to my corpus and wrote the introduction that accompanies it. Both these semesters were m a d e possible first and f o r e m o s t by my partner in life, and best friend, Yossi Garfinkel w h o kept the fort while I was away, serving as both father and mother to our two adorable children. It is for this reason that I dedicate this book to him. 1 am sure he and the boys feel a great relief knowing that what we had fondly c o m e to designate "the telephone b o o k " is now finished.
Between Frankfurt and Oldenburg, others deserve thanks for their contribution to this project. Prof. Martin G o o d m a n of O x f o r d University and the Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies at Yarnton enabled me to work throughout the aca- demic year of 1999-2000 in the marvelous academic atmosphere that O x f o r d University creates. Prof. Martin Hengel of Tubingen University, Germany, has continually supported my onomastic project over the years, and always encour- aged me to bring it to fruition. I must also thank Herr Georg Siebeck of the M o h r Siebeck publishing house, w h o is without doubt the most patient and pleasant publisher one could hope for.
Last but not least I wish to thank the librarians of the Judaica Reading R o o m in the National Library in Jerusalem for their tireless efforts. I have worked in the best libraries in the world (and I will not n a m e them so as not to bring anyone to shame) but there is none like this one anywhere. As one colleague had once described it, it is the experience of heaven on earth.
This project is, sadly, incomplete. It ends at 200 CE. However, G r e c o - R o m a n domination and rule in Palestine was to last another 4 5 0 years. A second volume, d o c u m e n t i n g Palestinian J e w s of these times is a desideratum. Also, Jews did not reside only in Palestine. Another necessary c o m p a n i o n to this volume is a compli- mentary Diaspora volume. It has taken m e twenty years to complete this volume.
Perhaps if I live another forty years I will able to complete these other projects as well.
Jerusalem, February 2001 Tal Ilan
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement VII Abbreviations List XI
Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE . 1
Introduction 1 1. The Names 4 2. Transliteration and Orthography 16
3. Description 32 4. Find 37 5. Sources 39 6. Exceptions 45 7. Dating 50 8. Tables 54 Biblical Names - Male 59
Biblical Names - Female 239 Greek Names - Male 257 Greek Names - Female 313 Latin Names - Male 325 Latin Names - Female 342 Persian Names - Male 346 Persian Names - Female 356 Other (mostly Semitic) Names in the Hebrew Alphabet - Male 357
Other (mostly Semitic) Names in the Hebrew Alphabet - Female 418
X Table of Contents
O t h e r ( m o s t l y S e m i t i c ) N a m e s in the G r e e k A l p h a b e t - M a l e 4 3 0 O t h e r ( m o s t l y S e m i t i c ) N a m e s in the G r e e k A l p h a b e t - F e m a l e 4 4 3
A p p e n d i x - H a N a m e s 4 4 5
A d d e n d u m 4 4 9
I n d i c e s 4 5 5 O r t h o g r a p h i c a l I n d e x 4 5 5
I n d e x of the N a m e s in E n g l i s h 4 7 6
Abbreviations List
(Includes two kinds of abbreviations: 1. A b b r e v i a t i o n s of r e f e r e n c e s f r o m the body of the c o r p u s ; 2. A b b r e v i a t i o n s of w o r k s cited m o r e than once).
1 C h r 1 Kgs 1 M a c c l Q p H a b
1 S a m 2 C h r 2 Kgs 2 M a c c 2 S a m 3 Q 1 5
4Q
4 Q 2 3 4 ; 4 Q 3 6 0 4 Q 3 3 1 - 2 4 Q 3 4 2 - 6 ; 348;
3 5 1 - 4 ; 3 5 6 - 6 0 4 Q 4 4 8
4 Q 4 6 8 g 4 Q 4 7 7 4 Q 5 2 0 4 Q 5 2 3 4 Q 5 5 1
I C h r o n i c l e s 1 Kings 1 M a c c a b e e s
P e s h c r H a b a q u q of C a v e 1 in Q u m r a n , in M . B u r r o w s , The Dead Sea Scrolls of St Mark 's Monastery 1 ( N e w H a v e n 1950) Plates L V - L X I .
1 S a m u e l C h r o n i c l e s 2 K i n g s 2 M a c c a b e e s 2 S a m u e l
T h e C o p p e r Scroll in J.T. M i l i k . " L e roleau de c u i v r e p r o v e n a n t de la grotte 3 Q ( 3 Q 1 5 ) . " in DJD 3 ( O x f o r d 1962) 2 0 0 - 3 0 2 . D o c u m e n t s f r o m C a v e 4 in Q u m r a n
A. Yardeni. DJD 3 6 ( O x f o r d 2 0 0 0 ) 185. 297.
J. F i t z m y e r . DJD 36 ( O x f o r d 2 0 0 0 ) 2 7 5 - 8 6 . A. Yardeni. DJD 27 ( O x f o r d 1997) 2 8 5 - 3 1 7 .
E. Eshel, H. Eshel & A. Yardeni, DJD 11 ( O x f o r d 1998) 4 0 3 - 2 5 . M. Broshi, DJD 3 6 ( O x f o r d 2 0 0 0 ) 4 0 6 - 1 1 .
E. Eshel, DJD 36 ( O x f o r d 2 0 0 0 ) 4 7 4 - 8 3 . M. Bail let. DJD 1 ( O x f o r d 1982) 3 0 9 - 1 2 . É. P u e c h , DJD 25 ( O x f o r d 1998) 7 5 - 8 3 .
in J. T. M i l i k , " D a n i e l et S u s a n n e à Q u m r â n ? " in M . C a r r e z , J. Dore a n d P. G r e l o t (eds.), De la Tôrah au Messie: Études d'exégèse et herméneutique bibliques offertes ci Henri Cazelles (Paris 1979) 3 3 7 - 5 9 .
AASOR Ab
A b e l , RB 10 (1913)
A b u R a y a , ESI 16 (1997)
A c t of P e t e r A c t a Phil
Annual of the American Society for Oriental Research Abot
F.-M. A b e l , " T o m b e a u et o s s u a i r e s j u i f s r é c e m m e n t d é c o u v e r t s , "
RB 1 0 ( 1 9 1 3 ) 2 6 2 - 7 7 .
R. A b u R a y a , " J e r u s a l e m , M o u n t of O l i v e s , " ESI 16 (1997) 1 0 9 - 1 0 .
T h e Act of Peter, in NHC, 7 4 3 - 9 3 . Acta Philippi. in T i s c h e n d o r f , AA, 1 4 1 - 5 6 .
XII Abbreviations List Acta Pilati
Acts AdRN
Aharoni, IEJ 12 (1962) AJ
AJC Alon, Jews
in their Land Alon, Jews, Judaism
and the Classical World
AMB AOFCl
Applebaum, Hermon
App/M
Arabic Infancy Gospel Arak
Arist.
A rukh
Avi-Yonah, IEJ 16 (1966)
Avigad, BIES 25 Avigad. EIS (1967) Avigad, El 16 (1982) Avigad, IEJ 7 (1957)
Avigad, IEJ 12 (1962) Avigad, IEJ 17 (1967) Avigad, IEJ 20 (1970) Avigad, IEJ 21 (1971) Avigad, IEJ 25 (1975) AZ
Acta Pilati in Tischendorf, EA, 2 1 0 - 3 2 2 . Acts of the Apostles
Avot de Rabbi Nathan
Y. Aharoni, "Expedition B - Cave of Horror," IEJ 12 (1962) 186-99.
Josephus, Jewish Antiquities.
Y. Meshorer, Ancient Jewish Coinage (2 vols.; New York 1982).
G. Alon, The Jews in their Land in the Talmudic Age (2 vol; Jerusalem 1984).
G. Alon, Jews, Judaism and the Classical World (Jerusalem 1977).
J. Naveh and S. Shaked, Amulets and Magic Bowls: Aramaic Incantations of Late Antiquity (Jerusalem and Leiden 1985).
I. Eph'al and J. Naveh, Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century BC from Idumaea (Jerusalem 1996).
S. Applebaum, " A Selection of Inscriptions from Mount
H e r m o n ' s Temples and Villages," in S. Darr (ed.), Settlements of the Hermon in Antiquity (Tel Aviv, 1988) 3 3 - 5 3 (Hebrew).
Appendix / Male
Arabic Infancy Gospel, in Sike, Evangelium Infantiae.
Arakhin
Letter of Aristeas in M. Hadas (ed.), Aristeas to Philocrates (Jewish Apocryphal Literature; New York 1951).
A. Kohut, Aruch Completion (Lexicon Vocabula et Res, qua in Libris Targumicis, Talmudicis et Midraschicis Continentur, ex- plicans Auetore Nathane filio Jechielis) (8 vols; Viennae 1878).
M. Avi-Yonah, "The Epitaph of T. Mucius Clemens,"
IEJ 16 (1966) 2 5 8 - 6 4 .
N. Avigad, "A Hebrew Ossuary Inscription," BIES 25 (1961) 1 4 3 - 4 (Hebrew).
N. Avigad, "Jewish Rock-Cut Tombs in Jerusalem and in the Judean Hill-Country," EI 8 (1967) 1 1 9 - 4 2 (Hebrew).
N. Avigad, "The Seal of Elienai," EI 16 (1982) 1 - 2 (Hebrew).
M. Avi-Yonah, N. Avigad, Y. Aharoni, I Dunayevsky and S. Gut- man, "Archaeological Survey of Masada, 1955-1956," IEJ 1 (1957) 1 - 6 0 .
N. Avigad, "A Depository of Inscribed Ossuaries in the Kidron Valley," IEJ 12 (1962) 1-12.
N. Avigad, "Aramaic Inscriptions in the Tomb of Jason," IEJ 17 (1967) 101-11.
N. Avigad, "Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1969/70 (Preliminary Report)," IEJ 20 (1970) 1-17.
N. Avigad, "The Burial Vault of a Nazirite Family on Mount Scopus," IEJ 21 (1971) 185-200.
N. Avigad, "A Bulla of King Jonathan the High Priest," IEJ 25 (1975) 8 - 1 2 .
Avodah Zarah b
B/F
BT
Biblical / Female
Abbreviations List XIII B/M
Bar-Adon, BASOR 227 (1977) Bar-Adon, Cave
of Treasure Barhebraeus, Chron.
Ec. (Abbeloos) BASOR
Bauckham, Jude BB
BCE Bek Ber
Beth She'arim 1, 2, 3
Bickerman,
"Colophon"
BIES Bik BJ BM BQ
Brody "Caiaphas and Cantheras"
Broshi, JJS 49 (1998) BT
Budge, Copt. Apoc.
Biblical / Male
P. Bar-Adon, "Another Settlement of the Judaean Desert Sect at 'En el-Ghuweir on the Shores of the Dead Sea," BASOR 227 (1977) 1-25.
P. Bar-Adon, The Cave of the Treasure: The Finds of the Caves in Nahal Mishmar (Jerusalem 1980).
J. B. Abbeloos and T. J. Lamy, Georgii Barhebraei, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum 2 (Paris 1877).
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research R. Bauckham, Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church (Edinburgh 1990).
Bava Batra
Before the Common Era Bekhorot
Berakhot
B. Mazar, Beth She'arim I: Report on the Excavations During 1936-1940 (Jerusalem 1973); B. Lifschitz and M. Schwabe, Beth She'arim II: The Greek Inscriptions (Jerusalem 1976); N.
Avigad, Beth She 'arim III: Report on the Excavations During 1953-1958 (Jerusalem 1976).
E. Bickerman, "The Colophon of the Greek Book of Esther," in Studies in Jewish and Christian History 1 (Leiden 1976) 225-45.
Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society (Hebrew) Bikkurim
Josephus, Bellum Judaicum Bava Metzia
Bava Qama
R. Brody "Appendix IV: Caiaphas and Cantheras,"
in D. R. Schwartz, Agrippa I (Tübingen 1990) 190-5.
M. Broshi, "Ptolas and the Archelaus Massacre (4Q468g = 4Qhistorical text B)," JJS 49 (1998) 341-5.
Babylonian Talmud (=Bavli)
E. A. Wallis Budge, Coptic Apocrypha in the Dialect of Upper Egypt (London 1913).
C Century CA Josephus, Contra Apionem
Campbell, E. F. Campbell, "The Third Campaign at Balata (Shechem):
BASOR 161 (1961) Field VII. The Stratification," BASOR 161 (1961) 40-53.
Cassuto-Salzmann, M. Cassuto-Salzmann, "Greek Names among the Jews,"
EI 3 (1954) EI 3 (1954) 186-90 (Hebrew).
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
CD Cairo Document in M. Broshi, The Damascus Document Recon- sidered (Jerusalem 1992).
CE Common Era
Chase, HSCP 8 (1897) G. D. Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina," HSCP 8 (1897) 103-84.
CI J J. B. Frey, Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum (2 vols.; Rome 1936-52).
CIS Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum
X I V Abbreviations List CJO
Clementine Homilies Clermont-Ganneau
Researches
Cohen, JJS 23 (1972) Cohen, JSJ1 (1976) Cohen, JSJ 15 (1984)
Cohen, Lësonénu 31 (1967)
Cohen, "Parallel Traditions"
Cohen, "Shabtai,"
Conder PEFQS 17 (1883)
Coptic Bartholomew Cotton & Geiger,
Mas 11 CPJ CWSSS
L. Y. Rahmani, A Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of the State of Israel (Jerusalem 1994).
in A. R. Dressel, PC 2 (1857) 58-467.
C. Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine (2 vols.; London 1899).
N. Cohen, "Rabbi Meir: A Descendant of Anatolian Proselytes,"
JJS 23 (1972) 51-9.
N. G. Cohen, "The Jewish Names as Cultural Indicators in An- tiquity," JSJ 7 (1976) 97-128.
N. G. Cohen "The Names of the Translators in the Letter of Ari- steas: A Study in the Dynamics of Cultural Transition," JSJ 15 (1984) 32-64.
N. G. Cohen, "Historical Conclusions Gleaned from the Names of the Jews of Elephantine," Lësonénu 31 (1967)97-106; 199-210 (Hebrew).
S. J. D. Cohen, "Parallel Historical Traditions in
Josephus and Rabbinic Literature," Proceedings of the Ninth World Congress of Jewish Studies 2 (Jerusalem 1986) 7-14.
N. Cohen, "The Name 'Shabtai' in the Hellenistic-Roman Peri- od," in A. Demski (ed.) These are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics 2 (Ramat Gan 1999) l l * - 2 8 * (Hebrew).
R.C. Conder, "Hebrew Inscriptions," PEFQS 17 (1883) 170-4.
The Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ by Bartholomew the Apostle, in Budge, Copt. Apoc. 1 - 4 8 .
H. M. Cotton and J. Geiger, Masada II: The Latin and Greek Documents (Jerusalem 1989).
V. Tcherikover, A. Fuks and M. Stern (eds.) Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum (3 vols.; Cambridge MA, 1957-64).
N. Avigad and B. Sass, Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals (Jerusalem 1997).
Dalman, MNDPV (1903)
Damati, Qadmoniot 15 (1983)
Dan Dec. Christi Derenbourg, Essai Deut
DF DJ DJD DJO Dor. Mar.
DS
D. Dalman, "Epigraphisches und Pseudepigraphisches,"
MNDPV (1903) 2-32.
E. Damati, "The Palace of Hilkiya," Qadmoniot 15 (1983) 117-21 (Hebrew).
Daniel
Decensus Christi ad Inferos, in Tischendorf, EA, 417-34.
J. Derenbourg, Essai sur l'hisoire et la géographie de la Palestine d'après les thalmuds et les autres sources rabbiniques (Paris 1867).
Deutoronomy
P. B. Bagatti and J. T. Milik, Gli scavi del "Dominus Flevit"
(Monte Oliveto Gerusalemme) 1 (Jerusalem 1958).
N. Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem (Jerusalem 1980).
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
P. Figueras, Decorated Jewish Ossuaries (Leiden 1983).
Iohannis Liber de Dormitione Mariae, in Tischendorf, AA, 95-112.
R. Rabbinovicz, Varia Lectiones in Mischnam et in Talmud Baby- lonicum (=Diqduqei Sofrim) (12 vols; Munich 1875).
EBTHPN M. Heltzer and M Ohana, The Extra-Biblical Tradition of Hebrew
Abbreviations List X V
Eccles Rab Ed
EI
Epiph. Anc.
Epiph. De Mens.
Epiph. Pan.
Epist. Pilati et Herodis Erub
Eshel, Zion 64 (1999) ESI
Esth Esth Rab Eus. EH Eus. PE Ev. Thom.
Exod Exod Rab Ezek
Personal Names (From the First Temple Period to the End of the Talmudic Period) (Haifa 1978) (Hebrew).
Ecclesiastes Rabbah Eduyot
Eretz Israel
Epiphanius, Ancoratus, in G. Dindorf (ed.), Epiphanii Episcopi Constantiae Opera I—III (Lipsiae 1862).
Epiphanius, De Mensuris et Ponderibus in G. Dindorf (ed.), Epiphanii Episcopi Constantiae Opera IV (Lipsiae 1862) 3-140.
Epiphanius, Panarium in G. Dindorf (ed.), Epiphanii Episcopi Constantiae Opera I—III (Lipsiae 1862).
Epistolae Pilati et Herodis, in James, AA 2, 66-75.
Erubin
H. Eshel, "Some Notes Concerning High Priests in the First Century CE," Zion 64 (1999) 495-504 (Hebrew).
Excavations and Surveys in Israel Esther
Esther Rabbah
Eusebuis, Ecclesiastical History Eusebius, Praeparationis Evangelicae
Evangelium Thomae Graece, in Thischendorf, E A, 140-63.
Exodus
Exodus Rabbah Ezekiel
Feldman, JQR 49 (1958-9) Foraboschi,
Onomasticon
Fritz & Deines, IE] 49 (1999)
Fuks, IE J 31 (1981)
L. H. Feldman, "The Identity of Pollio, the Pharisee in Josephus,' JQR 49 (1958-9) 53-62.
D. Foraboschi, Onomasticon Altertum Papyrologicum (Supplemento al Namenbuch di F. Priesigke) (Milano 1967).
V. Fritz and R. Deines, "Catalogue of the Jewish Ossuaries in the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology," IE] 49 (1999) 222-41.
G. Fuks, "Antiochus Son of Phallion," IE] 31 (1981) 237-8.
G/F G/M
Gabalda, RB 6 (1909) Gen
Gen Rab
Gershuny & Zissu, Atiqot 30 (1997) Gibson & Avni, RB
105 (1998) Git
GLAJJ Goldsmith,
II Maccabees Goodblatt, JJS 38
Greek / Female Greek / Male
J. Gabalda, "Bulletin," RB 6 (1909) 291-336.
Genesis
Genesis Rabbah (Bereshit Rabbah).
L. Gershuny and B. Zissu, "Tombs of the Second Temple Period at Giv'at Shapira, Jerusalem," Atiqot 30 (1997) 45*-59*
(Hebrew).
S. Gibson and G. Avni, "The 'Jewish-Christian' Tomb from the Mount of Offence (Batn Al-Hawa') in Jerusalem Re- considered," RB 105 (1998) 161-75.
Gittin
M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism (3 vols.; Jerusalem 1974-84).
J.A. Goldsmith, II Maccabees (The Anchor Bible;
New York 1983).
D. Goodblatt, "A Contribution to the Prosopography of the
X V I Abbreviations List (1987)
Goodblatt, Monarchic Principle
Graetz, Geschichte der Juden
Grintz, Sinai 75 (1974)
Second Revolt: Yehudah bar Menasheh," JJS 38 (1987) 38-55.
D. Goodblatt, The Monarchic Principle: Studies in Jewish Self Government in Antiquity (Tübingen 1994).
H. Graetz, Geschichte der Juden (11 vols; Leipzig 1863).
Y. M. Grinz, "The Giv'at Hamivtar Inscription: A Historical Interpretation," Sinai 75 (1974) 20-3 (Hebrew).
H & R Suppl.
HA
Hachlili, El 17 (1984) Hachlili, ¡AAR 1 Hag
Hal
Harding, ICPIANI Harduf, Biblical Names Hengel, Zealots HGGO
Hirschberg, EI 12 (1975)
Hist. Ioseph
Holladay, Fragments Hölscher Quellen Hör
Horbury, PEQ 126 (1994)
Hos HSCP HTR HUCA Hul
Hyman, Toldoth
E. Hatch and H. A. Redpath, A Concordance to the Septuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (Including the Apocryphal Books) Supplement (Graz 1975).
Hadashot Archeologiot (Hebrew).
R. Hachlili, "Names and Nicknames of Jews in Second Temple Times," EI 17 (1984) 188-211 (Hebrew).
R. Hachlili, Jericho: The Jewish Cemetery of the Second Temple Period (IAAR 7; Jerusalem 1999).
Hagigah Hollah
G. Lankester Harding, An Index and Concordance of Pre-Islamic Arabian Names and Inscriptions (Toronto 1971).
D. M. Harduf, Biblical Proper Names (Tel Aviv 1964).
M. Hengel, The Zealots: Investigations into the Jewish Freedom Movement in the Period from Herod I until 70 AD (Edinburgh 1989).
E. Testa, Herodion IV: I graffiti e gli ostraka (Jerusalem 1972).
H. Z. Hirschberg, "New Jewish Inscriptions in the Nabatean Sphere," EI 12 (1975) 142-8 (Hebrew).
Historia Iosephi Fabri Lignarii, in Tischendorf, EA, 122-39.
C. R. Holladay, Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors (2 vols.; Atlanta 1989).
G. Hölscher, Die Quellen des Josephus für die Zeit vom Exil bis zum jüdischen Krieg (Leipzig 1904).
Horayot
W. Horbury, "The 'Caiaphas' Ossuaries and Joseph Caiaphas," PEQ 126 (1994) 32-48.
Hosea
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Harvard Theological Review
Hebrew Union College Annual Hullin
A. Hyman, Toldoth tannaim ve-amoraim (3 vols.; London 1910) (Hebrew).
IAAR IEJ IG XII
Ilan, Atiqot, in press Ilan, EI 19(1987) Ilan, IAAR 1 (1996)
Israel Antiquities Authority Reports Israel Exploration Journal
F. H. de Gärtingen, Inscriptiones Graecae XII: Inscriptiones In- sularum Maris Aegaei (Berlin 1898).
T. Ilan, "The Names: Onomastic Notes," Atiqot, in press (Hebrew).
T. Ilan, "Names of the Hasmoneans during the Second Temple Period," EI 19 (1987) 238-41 (Hebrew).
T. Ilan, "The Ossuary and Sarcophagus Inscriptions"
in G. Avni and Z, Greenhut, The Akeldama Tombs: Three Burial
Abbreviations List
XVII
Ilan, IEJ 51 (2001) 92 Ilan, Integrating
Women
Ilan, Jewish Women Ilan, JJS 40 (1989)
Ilan, JQR 78 (1987-8) Ilan, JSJ 24 (1993)
Ilan, Lesonenu 52 (1988)
Ilan, Mine and Yours are Hers
Ilan, Nov Test 34 (1992)
Ilan, SC/ 11 (1991-2) Ilan, "Yohana bar
Makoutha,"
Ilan, Zion 51 (1986) Ilan & Price, JQR 84
(1993) INJ
Inscriptions Reveal
IOS Isa
Istrin, La prise de Jérusalem
Caves in the Kidron Valley, Jerusalem (IAAR 1, Jerusalem 1996) 57-72.
T. Ilan, "An Inscribed Ossuary from a Private Collection," IEJ 51 (2001) 9 2 - 5 .
T. Ilan, Integrating Women into Second Temple History (Tübingen 1999).
T. Ilan, Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine (Tübingen 1995).
T. Ilan, "Notes on the Distribution of Women's Names in Pales- tine in the Second Temple and Mishnaic Period," JJS 40 (1989)
186-200.
T. Ilan, "The Greek Names of the Hasmoneans," JQR 78 (1987- 8) 1 - 2 0 .
T. Ilan, "Queen Salamzion Alexandra and Judas Aristobulus I's Widow: Did Jannaeus Alexander Contract a Levirate Marriage?"
JSJ 24 (1993) 181-90.
T. Ilan, "Notes on the Spelling of Names in the Second Temple Period," Lèsonénu 52 (1988) 1 - 7 (Hebrew).
T. Ilan Mine and Yours are Hers: Retrieving Women's History from Rabbinic Literature (Leiden 1997).
T. Ilan, ' " M e n Born of Woman ...' (Job 14:1): The Phe- nomenon of Men Bearing Metronymes at the Time of Jesus,"
Nov Test 34 (1992) 2 3 - 4 5 .
T. Ilan, "New Ossuary Inscriptions from Jerusalem," SCI 11 (1991-2) 149-59.
T. Ilan, "Yohana bar Makoutha the Nabatean and
Yahawist Names of Non-Jews," in These are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics 3 (in press).
T. Ilan, "A Pattern of Historical Errors in the Writings of Josephus," Zion 51 (1986) 3 6 7 - 6 0 (Hebrew).
T. Ilan and J. J. Price, "Seven Onomastic Problems in Josephus' Bellum Judaicum," JQR 84 (1993) 189-208.
Israel Numismatic Journal
M. Tadmor (curator), Inscriptions Reveal: First Temple, Second Temple, Mishnaic and Talmudic Times (Exhibition Catalogue, Israel Museum; Jerusalem, 1973).
Israel Oriental Society Isaiah
V. Istrin, La prise de Jérusalem de Josèphe le juif: Texte vieux-Russe publié intégralment 1 (Paris 1934).
James, AA 2 James' Apoc. I James' Apoc. II Jastrow, DTTBYML JBL
Jer
Jerem
M. R. James, Aporypha Anacdota 2 (Texts and Studies 5; Cam- bridge 1899).
The (First) Apocalypse of James, NHC, 65-103.
The (Second) Apocalypse of James, NHC, 105-49.
M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi and the Midrashic Literature (New York 1926).
Journal of Biblical Literature
Jericho Papyri, in J. Charlesworth, N. Cohen, H. M. Cotton, E.
Eshel, H. Eshel, P. Flint, H. Misgav, M. Morgenstern, K. Murphy, M. Segal, A. Yardeni and B. Zissu, DJD 38 (Oxford, 2000).
Jeremiah
XVIII Abbreviations List JIGRE
JIJA JJS Josh Jossippon JQR JRS JSJ JSS Judg Justi, INB Justin, Dialogue
W. Horbury and D. Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt (Cambridge 1992).
R. Jacoby, Jerusalem Index of Jewish Art: Ancient Jewish Art, The Synagogues ofBar'am; Jerusalem Ossuaries (Jerusalem 1987).
Journal of Jewish Studies Joshua
D. Flusser, The Jossippon (2 vols.; Jerusalem 1979).
Jewish Quarterly Review Journal of Roman Studies Journal for the Study of Judaism Journal of Semitic Studies Judges
F. Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch (Marburg 1895).
Justin Martyr, Dialogue of Justin Martyr, Philosopher and Martyr, with Trypho, a Jew
Kaplan, EI 15 (1981) Kasovsky, Mishnae Kasowski,
Thosephthae Kel
Ker Ket K h Q l - 2
Kil
Klein. Corpus Inscriptionum Klein, Lesonenu 1
(1929); 2 (1930) Kloner, ESI 9 (1990)
145
Kloner, IEJ 40 (1990) Kloner, Qadmoniot 18
(1986)
Kloner & Eisenberg, Atiqot 21 (1992)
Kokkinos, Herodian Dynasty
Kokkinos, PEQ 118 (1986)
Kosovsky, Mechilta Kosovsky, Sifra Kosovsky, Sifrei
J. Kaplan, "Evidence of the Trajanic Period at Jaffa," EI 15 (1981) 4 1 2 - 6 (Hebrew).
C. Y. Kasovsky, Thesaurus Mishnae: Concordantiae Verhontm quae in Sex Mishnae Ordinbus Reperiuntur (4 vols; Tel Aviv 1957).
C. Y. Kasowski, Thesaurus Thosephthae: Concordantiae Verborum quae in Sex Thosephthae Ordinibus Reperiuntur (6 vols; Jerusalem 1932).
Kelim Keritot Ketubbot
Ostraca from Kh. Qumran, in E. Eshel and F. M. Cross in DJl) 36 (Oxford 2000) 4 9 5 - 8 .
Kilayim
S. Klein. Jüdisch-palästinisches Corpus Inscriptionum (Wien-Berlin 1920).
S. Klein, "Notes on the Study of Names and Nicknames."
Lesonenu 1 (1929) 3 2 5 - 5 0 ; 2 (1930) 2 6 0 - 7 2 (Hebrew).
A. Kloner and H. Stark, "Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus," ESI 9 (1990) 145 (Hebrew).
A. Kloner, "Lead Weights of Bar Kokhba's Administration,"
IEJ 40 (1990) 5 8 - 6 7 .
A. Kloner, "New Jewish Inscriptions from the
•Darom'," Qadmoniot 18 (1986) 9 6 - 1 0 0 (Hebrew).
A. Kloner and E. Eisenberg, "A Burial Cave of the
Second Temple Period at Kefar Sha'ul, Jerusalem," Atiqot 21 (1992) 51 * - 5 * (Hebrew).
N. Kokkinos, The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse (Sheffield 1998).
N. Kokkinos "Which Salome did Aristobulus Marry,"
PEQ 118 (1986) 3 3 - 5 0 .
B. Kosovsky, Concordantiae Verborum quae in Mechilta D'Rabbi Ismael IV (Jerusalem 1966).
B. Kosovsky, Concordantiae Verborum quae in Sifra or Torat Kohanim 4 (Jerusalem 1967) l * - 4 2 * .
B. Kosovsky, Thesaurus "Sifrei" Concordntiae Verborum quae
Abbreviations List X I X in ("Sifrei" Numeri et Deuteronomium Reperiuntur) 5 (Jerusalem 1971) 1*—56*.
Kosovsky, Yerushalmi M. Kosovsky, Concordance to the Talmud Yerushalmi: Onomas- ticon Thesaurus of Proper Names (Jerusalem 1985).
Kosowsky, Babylonico B. Kosowsky, Thesaurus Nominus quae in Talmude Babilonico Repeiunter (5 vols.; Jerusalem 1976-83).
Kutscher, Hebrew E. Y. Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic Studies (Jerusalem 1977) and Aramaic (Hebrew).
L/F L/M LA
Lagarde, Aegyptiaca Lam Rab
Lauterbach,
Rabbinical Essays Lehmann, REJ 24
(1892)
Letronne, Revue Arché- ologique 1 (1844) Lev
Lewis, AS Lewis, JDS 2
LGPNI LGPNII LGPN Ilia
LGPN Illb
Lidzbarski, Ephemeris Lieberman, Greek Lieberman, SZ Lieberman, TR Lifschitz, Aegyptus 42
(1962) Lifschitz, 1EJ 11
(1961)
Lipiriski, Studies LXX
Macalister, PEFQS 36 (1904)
Latin / Female Latin / Male Liber Annus
P. de Lagarde, Aegyptiaca (Gottingae 1883).
Lamentations Rabbah
J. Z. Lauterbach, Rabbinical Essays (Cincinnati 1951).
J. Lehmann "Le procès d'Hérode," REJ 24 (1892) 68-81.
M. Letronne, "Sur les noms Grecs de Cléophas et de Cléophas," Revue Archéologique 1 (1844) 485-91.
Leviticus
A. S. Lewis, Apocrypha Syriaca (Studia Sinaitica XI; London 1902).
N. Lewis, The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of the Letters: Greek Papyri (Judean Desert Studies 2;
Jerusalem 1989).
P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica (Oxford 1987).
M. J. Osborne and S. G. Byrne, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names II: Attica (Oxford 1994).
P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names Ilia: The Poloponnese, Western Greece, Sicily and Magna Graeca (Oxford 1997).
P. M. Fraser, E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names Illb: Central Greece from Megarid to Thessaly (Oxford 2000).
M. Lidzbarski, Ephemeris fiir semitische Epigraphik (3 vols;
Giessen 1902-15).
S. Lieberman, Greek in Jewish Palestine (New York 1942).
S. Lieberman, Siphre Zutta (The Midrash ofLydda) (New York 1968).
S. Lieberman, Tosefeth Rishonim 2 (Jerusalem 1938).
B. Lifschitz, "Papyrus grecs du désert de Juda,"
Aegyptus 42 (1962) 240-56.
B. Lifschitz, "The Greek Documents from Nahal Seelim and Nahal Mishmar," IEJ 11 (1961) 53-62.
E. Lipiriski, Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics (2 volumes; Leuvan 1975).
The Septuagint (translation of the Bible into Greek) Mishnah
R. A. S. Macalister, "An Unpublished Inscription in the Northern Necropolis of Jerusalem," PEFQS 36 (1904) 255-7.
X X Abbreviations List Magen, Qadmoniot 34
(2001) Mak Makh
Mallalas, Chron.
MAMA Mas Mas IV Matt
Mazar, BIES 18 (1954) Mazar, EI \ 0(1971) Mazar, Monastery
of Virgins Meas Meg Mekh. dRI
Men MGWJ Mi
Milik, Bíblica 38 (1957)
Milik, LA 7 (1956) Milik, RB 60 (1953) Miq
Misgav, Ossuaries
Misgav, Qadmoniot 33 (2001)
Misgav, Tarbiz 66 (1997)
MNDPV Montgomery
Morte Iosephi MPAT
MQ MS Ms.
Y. Magen, "The Cemetery at Beit 'Anun in the Hebron Hills,"
Qadmoniot 34 (2001) 53-9 (Hebrew).
Makkot Makhshirin
Ioannis Mallalas, Chronographia (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae; ed. L. Dindorf; Bonn 1831).
Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua (8 vols. Manchester, 1928-62).
Masada Documents, in Naveh, Mas /; Cotton and Geiger, Mas II.
D. Barag and M. Hershkovitz, "Lamps," in Masada IV: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965 Final Reports (Jerusalem 1994).
Matthew
B. Mazar, "A Hebrew Inscription from Kefar 'liar," BIES 18 (1954) 154-7 (Hebrew).
B. Mazar, "The Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Near the Temple Mount," EI 10 (1971) 1-34 (Hebrew).
E. Mazar, The Monastery of the Virgins, Byzantine Period:
Temple Mount Excavations (Jerusalem 1998).
Measrot Megillah
Mekhilta de Rabbi Ishmael in H. S. Horovitz and I. A. Rabin (eds), Mechilta d'Rabbi lsmael cum varis lecionibus et adnota- tionibus (Breslau 1930).
Menahot
Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums Micha
J. T. Milik, "Deux documents inédits du Désert de Juda," Biblica 38 (1957) 245-68.
J. T. Milik, "Trois tomeaux Juifs récemment découverts au Sud- Est de Jerusalem," LA 1 (1956) 232-67.
J. T. Milik, "Une lettre de Siméon bar Kokeba,"flß 60 (1953) 276-94.
Miqvaot
H. Misgav, The Hebrew and Aramaic Inscriptions on Ossuaries from the End of the Second Temple Period (M.A. Thesis; Jerusa-
lem 1991) (Hebrew).
Y. Magen, L. Tsfania and H. Misgav, "The Hebrew and Aramaic Inscriptions from Mt Gerizim," Qadmoniot 33 (2001)
125-32 (Hebrew).
H. Misgav, "Nomenclature in Ossuary Inscriptions,"
Tarbiz 66 (1997) 123-30 (Hebrew).
Mitteilungen und Nachrichten der Deutsche-Palästina Vereins J. A. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur (Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, The Museum Publications of the Baby- lonian Section III; Philadelphia 1913).
De Morte Iosephi, in Lagarde, Aegyptiaca, 1-37.
J. Fitzmyer and D. Harrington, A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts (Second Century B.C. Second Century A.D.) (Biblica et Orientalia 34; Rome 1978).
Moed Qatan Measer Sheni Manuscript
Abbreviations List X X I ms.
mss Mun. Ms.
Mur
Mussies, "Jewish Personal Names"
manuscript manuscripts
Munich Manuscript of BT
Muraba'at documents, in J. T. Milik and P. Benoit, DJD 2 (Oxford 1961).
G. Mussies, "Jewish Personal Names in Some Non-
Literary Sources," in J. W. van Henten and P. W. van der Horst (eds.), Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy (Leiden 1994) 242-76.
Nah
Nahshoni, ESI 109 (1999)
Narr. Jos.
Naveh, Atiqot 21 (1992)
Naveh, Hebrew Alphabet
Naveh, 1EJ 40 (1990) Naveh, 10S 9 (1979) Naveh, Mas I Naveh, OSM Naveh, Qedem 41
(2000) Naveh & Magen,
Atiqot 32 (1997) Naz
Ned Neg
Negev, Qedem 32 Neh
Neubauer, Geographie NHC
Nid Niese Noth, IPRGN Nov Test NT Num
Nahum
P. Nahshoni, B. Zissu, N. Sarig, A. Ganor and A. Avgan- im, "Horbat Zefiyya," ESI (Hadashot Arkheologiyot) 109 (1999) 129-30 (Hebrew).
Narratio Iosephi, in Tischendorf, EA, 459-70.
J. Naveh, "Aramaic Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions from Tell Jemmeh," Atiqot 21 (1992) 49-53.
J. Naveh Early History of the Hebrew Alphabet (Jerusalem, Leiden 1982).
J. Naveh, "Nameless People?" IE J 40 (1990) 108-29.
J. Naveh, "Varia Epigraphica Judaica," IOS 9 (1979) 17-31.
Y. Yadin and J. Naveh, Masada I: The Aramaic and Hebrew Ost- raca and Jar Inscriptions from Masada (Jerusalem 1989).
On Stone and Mosaic: The Aramaic and Hebrew Inscriptions from Ancient Synagogues (Jerusalem 1978) (Hebrew).
J. Naveh, "Hebrew and Aramaic Inscriptions," in
D. T. Ariel (ed.), Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 VI (Qedem 41; Jerusalem 2000) 1-14.
J. Naveh and Y. Magen, "Aramaic and Hebrew Inscrip-
tions of the Second Century BCE at Mount Gerizim," Atiqot 32 (1997) 9*-17*.
Nazir Nedarim Negaim
A. Negev, Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm (Qedem 32;
Jerusalem 1991).
Nehemiah
A. Neubauer, La Geographie du Talmud (Paris 1868).
D. M. Parrott, Nag Hamadi Codices V 2-5 and VI with Papyrus Berlionensis 8502, 1 and 4 (Nag Hamadi Studies 11; Leiden
1979).
Niddah
B. Niese, Flavii Josephi Opera (6 vols; Berlin 1887-9).
M. Noth, Die Israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der ge- meinsemitischen Namengebung (Stuttgart 1928).
Novum Testamentum New Testament Numbers O.S.
OGIS
Old Series
W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (2 vols;
Lipsiae 1903).
XXII Abbreviations List
OhiI
Oren & Rappaport, ÌEJ 34 (1984) P/F
P/M Pap. Ber.
Par par.
Patrich, EI 18 (1985) PE Jacobi
PEF PEFQS PEQ Pes Pesiq Rab
PESSl 4
PÜ
Porath, Atiqot 37 (1999)
POxyr 840 Preisigke, NB
Prov Pseud-Matt PT
Puech, LA 32 (1982) 358
Puech, RB 90 (1983) PYadin
PYadin 1 - 4 ; 6 - 1 0 ; 36; 4 2 - 7 ; 4 9 - 5 1 ; 5 3 - 8 ; 6 0 - 3 PYadin 5; 11-35
Oh Hot
E. D. Oren and U. Rappaport, "The Necropolis of Maresha-Beth Govrin," 1EJ 34 (1984) 114-53.
Persian / Female Persian / Male
Papyrus Berlionensis, in NHC, 4 5 3 - 9 3 . Parah
parashah (in Sifra)
J. Patrich, "Caves of Refuge and Jewish Inscriptions on the Cliffs of Nahal Michmas," EI 18 (1985) 135-66 (Hebrew).
Proto-Evangelium Jacobi, in Tischendorf, EA, 1 - 5 0 . Palestine Exploration Fund
Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Quarterly
Pesahim
Pesiqta Rabbati in M. Friedmann (ed.), Pesikta Rabbati Midra- sch für den Fest-Cyclus und die ausgezeichneten Sabbathe (Wien 1880) (Hebrew).
E. Littmann, The Princeton University Archaeological Expedi- tions in Syria 1904-5 and 1909 IV.A: Semitic Inscriptions, Naba- tean (Leiden 1914).
J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae Graeca
Y. Porath, and A. Kasher, "The Inscriptions in Burial
Cave 5," ("Archaeological Remains at Jatt"), Atiqot 37 (1999) 4 7 * - 5 1 * (Hebrew).
B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, The Oxxrhxnchus Papavri 5 (Lon- don 1908) 5 (6).
F. Preisigke. Namenbuch: Enthaltend alle griechischen, latein- ischen, ägyptischen, hebräischen, arabiachen und sonstigen semitischen und nicht semitischen Menschennamen, soweit sie in griechischen Urkunden (Papyri, Ostraka, Inschriften, Mumien- schildern usw.) Ägyptens sich vorfinden (Heidelberg 1922).
Proverbs
Pseudo-Matthaei Evangelium Epistulae, in Tischendorf, EA, 5 1 - 112.
Palestinian Talmud (=Yerushalmi)
E. Puech, "Ossuaries inscrits d ' u n e tombe du Mont des Oliviers," LA 32 (1982) 3 5 5 - 7 2 .
E. Puech, "Inscriptions funeraires Palestiniennes: Tombeau de Jason et Ossuaries," RB 90 (1983) 4 8 1 - 5 3 3 .
Nahal Heber Papyri
in Yardeni, TAHNDTJD, 6 2 - 6 ; 9 3 - 1 0 6 ; 113-8; 125-30;
1 6 5 - 8 2 ; 2 6 5 - 8 9 . in Lewis, JDS 2.
Qedar, INJ 9 (1986-7) S. Qedar, "Two Lead Weights of Herod Antipas and Agrippa II and the Early History of Tiberias," INJ 9 (1986-7) 2 9 - 4 5 . Qid Qiddushin
Qin Qinnim
Abbreviations List XXIII R.
Ranke, ÄPN Rast, AASOR 45
(1978) RB
Reich, Atiqot 21 (1992) Reich, EI 18 (1985) Reifenberg, PEQ 71
(1939) REJ
Reuveni, Lesonenu 2 (1930)
RH RNGCL
Rosenfeld, IEJ 38 (1988)
Rosenthal. IEJ 23 (1973)
Rosenthal, "Rabbi Hiyya,"
Roth-Gerson. GISEI RR
RRC
Rabbi
H. Ranke, Die ägyptischen Personennamen (Glückstadt 1935).
W. Rast, "An Ostracon," in N. Lapp (ed.), The Third Campaign at Tell al-Fül: The Excavations of 1964 (AASOR 45; Cambridge M A , 1978) 113-5.
Revue Biblique
R. Reich, "Ossuary Inscriptions f r o m the 'Caiaphas' Tomb."
Atiqot 21 (1992) 7 2 - 8 7 .
R. Reich, "The 'Boundary of G e z e r ' : On the Jewish Settlement at Gezer in Hasmonean Times," EI 18 (1985) 167-79 (Hebrew).
A. Reifenberg, "Ancient Jewish Stamps and Seals,"
PEQ1\ (1939) 193-8.
Revue des Etudes Juives
E. Reuveni, "Notes on the Study of Names and Nicknames,"
Lesonenu 2 (1930) 4 1 - 8 (Hebrew).
Rosh Hashanah
O. Salomies and H. Solin, Repertorium Nominnum Gentilium et Cognominum Latinorum, (Hildesheim, Zürich, New York, 1994).
B.-Z. Rosenfeld. "The 'Boundary of G e z e r ' Inscriptions and the History of Gezer at the End of the Second Temple Peri- od," IEJ 38 (1988) 2 3 5 - 4 5 .
E. S. Rosenthal, "The Giv'at ha-Mivtar Inscription,"
IEJ 23 (1973) 7 2 - 8 1 .
E. S. Rosenthal, "Rav, Rabbi Hiyya's Brother's Son.
His Sister's Son as Well?" in S. Abramson, E. Y. Kutscher and S. Esh (eds.), Henoch Yaion Jubilee Volume (Jerusalem 1963) 2 8 1 - 3 3 7 (Hebrew).
L. Roth-Gerson, The Greek Inscriptions from the Synagogues in Eretz Israel (Jerusalem 1987) (Hebrew).
M. Kochavi. "The Burial Caves of Ramat Rahel, 1962 Season,"
in Y. Aharoni (ed.), Excavations at Ramat Rahel: Seasons 1961 and 1962 (Rome 1964) 6 5 - 8 2 .
M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge 1974).
SofSRab S of S Zuta S - H / F S-H/M S - G / F S-G/M
Safrai, "Tales of the Sages"
San
Schäfer, Yerushalmi Schalit, Annual of the
Swedish Theological Institute 4 (1961)
Song of Songs Rabbali Song of Songs Zuta
Semitic-Hebrew (characters) / Female Semitic-Hebrew (characters) / Male Semitic-Greek (characters) / Female Semitic-Greek (characters) / Male
S. Safrai, "The Tales of the Sages in Palestinian Tradi-
tion and the Babylonian Talmud," in: J. Heinemann and D. Noy (eds.), Studies in Aggadah and Folk-Literature (Scripta Hier- osolymitana 22; Jerusalem 1971) 2 0 9 - 3 2 .
Sanhedrin
P. Schäfer and H. J. Becker, Synopse zum Yerushalmi (4 vols;
Tübingen 1991-8).
A. Schalit, "Evidence of an Aramaic Source in Josephus' 'Antiquities of the J e w s ' , " Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute 4 (1961) 163-88.
X X I V Schalit, NB Schechter, AdRN Schlatter, HN Schremer, JJS 48
(1997)
Schroeder, ZDPV 37 (1914)
Schürer
Schwabe, BIES 18 (1954)
Schwartz, HUCA 62 (1991)
Schwartz, IEJ 40 (1990)
Schwartz, Jewish Background Schwartz, JJS 50
(1999) SCI Se
Seger, BASOR 264 (1986)
Seger, IEJ 22 (1972) Shab
Sheq Shebi Shebu Sifra Sifre Deut Sifre Num.
Sifre Zuta, Tarbiz 1 (1940)
Sike, Evangelium Infantiae Slavonic BJ Sot
Starcky, RB 61 (1954) Stark, PNPI
Stern, "Aspects of Jewish Society"
Abbreviations List
A. Schalit, Namenwörterbuch zu Flavius Josephus (Leiden 1968).
S. Schechter, Aboth de Rabbi Nathan (Vienna 1887).
A. Schlatter, Die Hebräischen Namen bei Josephus (Gütersloh 1913).
A. Schremer, "The Name Boethusians: A Reconsideration of Suggested Explanations and Another One," JJS 48 (1997) 290-9.
P. Schroeder, "Vier Siegelsteine mit semitischen Legenden," ZDPV 37 (1914) 172-9.
E. Schürer The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (3 vols; new edition by G. Vermes, F. Millar, M Black and M. Goodman; Edinburgh 1973-86).
M. Schwabe, "Recently Discovered Jewish Inscrip- tions," BIES 18 (1954) 157-63 (Hebrew).
J. Schwartz, "Once More on the Nicanor Gate,"
HUCA 62 (1991) 245-83.
J. Schwartz, "Once More on the 'Boundary of Gezer'
Inscriptions and Gezer and Lydda at the End of the Second Tem- ple Period," IEJ 40 (1990) 47-57.
D. R. Schwartz, Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity (Tübingen 1992).
D. R. Schwartz, "4Q468g: Ptollas?" JJS 50 (1999) 308-9.
Scripta Classica Israelica
"Seelim" Papyri in H. M. Cotton and A. Yardeni, DJD 27 (Ox- ford 1997).
J. Rosenbaum and J. D. Seger, "Three Unpublished Ostraca from Gezer," BASOR 264 (1986) 51-60.
J. Seger, "Notes and News: Tel Gezer," IEJ 22 (1972) 160-1.
Shabbat Sheqalim Shebiit Shebuot
Sifra on Leviticus, in J. H. Weiss (ed.), Sifra: Commentar zu Leviticus (Wien 1862) (Hebrew).
Sifre on Deuteronomy in L. Finkelstein (ed.), Siphre ad Deuter- onomium (Berlin 1939) (Hebrew).
Sifre on Numbers in H. S. Horovitz, Siphre d'Be Rab (Leipzig 1917) (Hebrew).
J. N. Epstein, "Sifre Zuta, Parashat Parah," Tar biz 1 (1940) 46-78 (Hebrew).
H. Sike, Evangelium Infantiae vel Liber Apocryphus de Infantia Servatoris (1697).
in Istrin, La prise de Jérusalem.
Sotah
J. Starcky, "Un contract Nabatéen sur papyrus," RB 61 (1954) 161-81.
J. K. Stark, Personal Names in Palmyrene Inscriptions (Oxford 1971).
M. Stern, "Aspects of Jewish Society: The Priesthood
and other Classes," in S. Safrai and M. Stern (eds.), The Jewish
Abbreviations List X X V
Stern, Zion 26 (1961) Suk
Sukenik, AJA 51 (1947) Sukenik, BIES 1
(1933)
Sukenik, Kedem 1 (1942)
Sukenik, Kedem 2 (1945)
Sukenik, Qobes 3 (1934-5) Sync. Chron.
Syriac Assumption of the Virgin
People in the First Century 2 = Compendia Rerum ludaicrum ad Novum Testamentum (Philadelphia 1976) 5 6 1 - 6 3 0 .
M. Stern, "The Relations Between Judea and R o m e During the Rule of John Hyrcanus," Zion 26 (1961) 1 - 2 2 (Hebrew).
Sukkah
E. L. Sukenik, "The Earliest Records of Christianity,"
AJA 51 (1947) 3 5 1 - 6 5 .
E. L. Sukenik, "An Ancient Jewish Cave on the High- way Jerusalem-Nablus," BIES 1 (1933) 7 - 9 (Hebrew).
E. L. Sukenik "A Stamp of a Jewish Wine Merchant from the Vicinity of Jerusalem," Kedem 1 (1942) 2 0 - 3 ; "A Jewish Tomb in the Vicinity of i a s w i y e h , " ibid., 2 9 - 3 1 (Hebrew).
E. L. Sukenik "Three Ancient Seals," Kedem 2 (1945) 8 - 1 0 ;
"Jewish Tombs in the Kedron Valley," ibid. 2 3 - 3 1 (Hebrew).
E. L. Sukenik "A Jewish Tomb-Cave on the Slope of Mt. Scopus," Qobes 3 (1934-5) 6 2 - 7 3 (Hebrew).
Georgius Syncellus, Ecloge Chronigraphias (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae; ed. G. Dindorf: Bonn 1829).
In Lewis, AS, 12-69
Taan TA DAE
Tal-Shahar, "The Language of the Sages"
Ter
Tischendorf, AA Tischendorf, EA Toh
Tsafrir, Qadmoniot 8 (1975)
Tsafrir & Magen, Qadmoniot 17 (1984)
Tosefta Taanit
B. Porten and A. Yardeni, Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt (4 vols; Jerusalem 1986-99).
D. Tal-Shahar, "The Language of the Sages in Light of Personal Names," Studies in Hebrew Language 5 - 6 (1992) 2 2 5 - 4 4 (Hebrew).
Terumot
C. Tischendorf, Apocalypes Apocryphae (Lipsiae 1866).
C. Tischendorf, Evangelia Apocrypha (Lipsiae I 876).
Toharot
Y. Tsafrir, "A Cave of the Bar-Kokhba Period near 'Ain-
•Arrub," Qadmoniot 8 (1975) 2 4 - 7 (Hebrew).
Y. Tsafrir and Y. Magen, "Two Seasons of Excavations at the Sartaba/Alexandrium Fortress," Qadmoniot 17 (1984) 2 6 - 3 2 (Hebrew).
Vq
Urman, IEJ 22 (1972) Uqazin
D. Urman, "Jewish Inscriptions from Dabbura in the Golan,"
IEJ 22 (1972) 16-23.
Vaux, RB 61 (1954) R. de Vaux, "Fouilles au Khirbet Q u m r â n , " RB 61 (1954) 2 0 6 - 3 6 . Vincent, "Jésus-Christ" L. H. Vincent, "Épitaphe prétendue de N.S. Jésus-Christ," Atti
della pontificia accademia romana di archeologia: Rendiconti 1 (1929-31) 2 1 3 - 3 9 .
Incipit Vindicta Salvatoris, in Tischendorf, EA, 4 7 1 - 8 6 . Josephus, Vita losephi (=The Life).
K. Aland (ed.), Vollständige Konkordanz zum Griechischen Neuen Testament (2 vols; Berlin 1975-83).
vol volume Vindicta Salvatoris
Vita V K G N T
XXVI Abbreviations List
Wacholder, HUCA 39 (1968)
Weiss, Sepphoris
Weksler, Atiqot 35 (1998)
Wendland, Aristeae WGE
Wolff, Judea and Samaria 6 (1996)
B-Z. Wacholder, "The Date of the Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael," HUCA 39 (1968) 117-44.
R. M. Nagy, C. L. Meyers, E. M. Meyers and Z. Weiss, Seppho- ris in Galilee: Crosscurrents in Culture (Winona Lake, Indiana 1996).
S. Weksler-Bdolah, "Burial Caves and Installations of the Second Temple Period at Har Hazofim Observatory (Mt. Scopus Jerusalem)," Atiqot 35 (1998) 2 3 * - 5 4 * (Hebrew).
R Wendland, Aristeae ad Philocratem Epistula (Lipsiea 1900).
W. Pape (G. E. Benseier), Wörterbuch der griechischen Eigen- namen (Braunscheig 1911').
S. R. Wolff, "An Inscribed Ossuary from Gophna,"
Judea and Samaria 6 (1996) 149-56 (Hebrew).
v Yad
Yadin, Masada Yalqut
Yardeni. 1EJ 40 (1990) Yardeni, TAHNDTJD Yeb
YK YT
Yerushalmi (PT) Yadaim
Y. Yadin, Masada: Herod's Fortress and the Zealots' Last Stand (London 1966).
Yalqut Shimoni
A. Yardeni, "New Jewish Aramaic Ostraca," IEJ 40 (1990) 130-52.
A. Yardeni, Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Docu- mentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material (vol. 1; Jerusalem 2000).
Yebamot
Yom Hakippurim Yarn Tov
Zab ZDPV Zeb Zech Zeph
Zissu, Shephelah
Zosimos, Omega ZPE
Zunz, Namen
Zabtm
Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins Zebahim
Zechariah Zephniah
B. Zissu, "New Evidence from Burial Caves to the Existence of Jewish Settlements in Judaean Shephelah after the Great Re- volt," in O. Ackermann (ed.), The Judaean Shephelah: Man, Nature and Landscape (Ramat Gan 1998) 4 3 - 5 5 (Hebrew).
H. M. Jackson (ed. and trans.), Zosimos of Panopolis on the Let- ter Omega (Texts and Translations 14; Missoula Montana 1978).
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigrahik
L. Zunz, Namen der Juden: Eine Geschichtliche Untersuchung (Leipzig 1837).
Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity:
Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE
Introduction
Chronology: This study is a collection of the information on names of Jews in
Palestine and the people who bore them between 330 BCE (the Hellenistic con- quest of Palestine) and 200 CE (the date usually assigned to the close of the mishnaic period, and the early Roman Empire). The former date is of significance, politically as well as culturally, since it marks the beginnings of the influence of a new, non-Semitic culture and language on the Jews of Palestine. With the arrival of Greek, the Jewish onomasticon of Palestine underwent a significant change, which this study traces. The date marking the end of this study is much more artificial, and is dictated by the sources, rather than by historical events. This study collects all the names documented in "tannaitic" (i.e. early rabbinic) sources, which all stem from Palestine. It allows us to include in this corpus all the tannaitic sources and all the documentary materials from the Judaean Desert. A choice of a more historically significant date, such as the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE or the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE would have required an artificial division within the sources themselves, which would have detracted from the unity of this work. Obviously, this lexicon is in need of two complementary volumes:
one that records names of Jews from Palestine from 200 CE until 650 CE (end of the period of Greek influence in Palestine) and the other that records the names of Jews in the Greco-Roman-Byzantine Diaspora. I hope I will be able to master such enormous projects in the future.
Onomasticon: This study is both an onomasticon and a prosopography. It is an
onomasticon in as far as it is a collection of all the recorded names used by the Jews of Palestine in the above-mentioned period. It discusses the provenance of the names and attempts to explain them etymologically, given the many possible sources of influence for names at the time: the Bible, Hebrew, Aramaic, Nabatean, Idumean, Egyptian, Persian, Greek and Latin.
Prosopography: It is a prosopography, in as far as it collects not just names but also
the people who bore the names. In this respect it bears the character of a modern
telephone book. It is organized alphabetically according to names. Unlike a tele-
2 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE
phone book, however, it is not organized under family names, but rather under personal names, because family names were usually not in use at the time, and are basically very rare. Under every name are listed all the persons we know who bore it. As such, the lexicon is, more than a linguistic tool; it is a historical record.
Statistics: The most important results that can be arrived at from such a lexicon are of a statistical nature. This is a large corpus, with 3595 entries (see Table 2).
However, not all entries are clearly of personal names. Because this lexicon strives to be all encompassing, doubtful names of all sorts (see below section 6) each receives a line. With many doubtful entries, the statistical results one may arrive at can be gravely distorted. Thus, after a careful analysis, only 2826 names were found to conform to all statistical criteria and only these names are used in statis- tical calculations (see Table 2). Since even so, this is a large corpus, it is assumed, on the basis of the statistical theory of probability that such a record adequately demonstrates the patterns of name-giving that prevailed among Greco-Roman Palestinian Jews. A study of these patterns shows that the principles that guided Jews in name giving at this time were irredeemably changed compared to what we know or imagine about the Hebrew Bible period. I hope to show that the meaning of the name played only a small role in the considerations of the name givers (and thus we may assume that sounds became more important), that the biblical heroes were not necessarily the models for name giving and that new (particularly He- brew) names were not being invented. Instead we see the following tendencies: the pool of names in use was very limited and, as a result, an enormous portion of the population used only a few specific names. These names are principally Hebrew- biblical, but they are not the names of important biblical heroes but rather names of secondary characters. Most of them do, however, have in common their prove- nance in the Second Temple family of leaders - the Hasmoneans. This is true for male as well as female names. Foreign names were also adopted, but their influ- ence on the onomasticon is much greater than on the prosopography. By this I mean that we encounter many foreign, particularly Greek but later also Latin names, but they did not have a lasting effect and none of them was ever as popular as the biblical-Hasmonean names.
Index: The documents surveyed in this lexicon are varied and composed in differ- ent alphabets. Hebrew and Greek are the principal ones but some names have been preserved in Latin, Cyrillic, Coptic and Arabic. Nevertheless, because of the nature of this lexicon, I chose not to arrange it according to alphabets, but rather according to the origin of the name. Thus if a name such as Joseph is recorded both in Hebrew and Greek and even Latin, all persons by this name are recorded together under the Hebrew characters ^OV, because the name is originally biblical.
However, certainly in Greek, but even in Hebrew, many forms were used in
transcribing this name. Thus for example, in the epigraphic material the name is
Introduction 3
u s u a l l y r e c o r d e d as ^ Q l i T . In s o m e of the w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t s t h e s h o r t f o r m ,D V is r e c o r d e d . B o t h o b v i o u s l y r e f e r to the s a m e n a m e , as c a n b e c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d in s o m e c a s e . All t h e s e f o r m s are, listed u n d e r the s a m e n a m e . T h u s t h e c o r p u s is i n t e n s e l y a n a l y t i c a l . M a n y d e c i s i o n s w e r e m a d e a b o u t v a r i o u s f o r m s as to w h i c h o r i g i n a l n a m e t h e y r e p r e s e n t . T h e s e d e c i s i o n s , a r e , of c o u r s e all d e f e n d e d in f o o t n o t e s . H o w e v e r , an a l p h a b e t i c a l i n d e x is a p p e n d e d to this s t u d y so that w h e n s e a r c h i n g f o r a s p e c i f i c f o r m , a c o n s u l t a t i o n of the i n d e x will reveal i m m e d i a t e l y w h a t d e c i s i o n w a s t a k e n with r e g a r d to it. T h e i n d e x is a r r a n g e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y - G r e e k , L a t i n , o t h e r l a n g u a g e s w r i t t e n f r o m left to right a n d t h e n H e b r e w a n d o t h e r l a n g u a g e s w r i t t e n f r o m right to left.
Languages: T h e c o r p u s is a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to the v a r i o u s l a n g u a g e s in u s e at the t i m e . L a n g u a g e d o e s not n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n a l p h a b e t s . F o r e x a m p l e , a G r e e k n a m e can be w r i t t e n in H e b r e w letters, a n d v i c e v e r s a . T h u s the G r e e k n a m e A O Q T J | . I £ V T ] 5
is r e c o r d e d t w i c e in the l e x i c o n , b o t h in H e b r e w - O J O ~ H. A l s o , h a r d l y a n y of the Latin n a m e s are e v e r r e c o r d e d in L a t i n letters. T h e n a m e s a r e a r r a n g e d a l p h a b e t - ically, a c c o r d i n g to the c l a s s i c s p e l l i n g in e a c h l a n g u a g e . T h e r e are, t h e r e f o r e , six lists a l t o g e t h e r : 1. B i b l i c a l n a m e s , 2. G r e e k n a m e s , 3. L a t i n n a m e s , 4. P e r s i a n n a m e s , 5. O t h e r S e m i t i c n a m e s in the H e b r e w a l p h a b e t 6. O t h e r S e m i t i c n a m e s in the G r e e k a l p h a b e t . T h e rational f o r this a r r a n g e m e n t will be d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .
Gender: In e a c h l a n g u a g e a s e p a r a t e a l p h a b e t i c a l list f o r w o m e n ' s n a m e is p r e s e n t - ed at the end. T h i s is b e c a u s e w o m e n ' s n a m e s a r e d o c u m e n t e d in d i f f e r e n t w a y s f r o m m e n ' s n a m e s , d i f f e r e n t t e n d e n c i e s g o v e r n w o m e n ' s n a m e g i v i n g , a n d statis- tically the t w o d o not b e l o n g to the s a m e p o o l . W h e n a d a u g h t e r is b o r n a c o m p l e t e - ly d i f f e r e n t p o o l of n a m e s is c o n s u l t e d in h e r n a m i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e , w o m e n a r e g r e a t l y u n d e r r e p r e s e n t e d in this c o r p u s . T h u s , w i t h 2 5 0 9 n a m e d m e n a g a i n s t 3 1 7 n a m e d w o m e n , they c o n s t i t u t e o n l y 11.2% of all the p e r s o n s m e n t i o n e d in the c o r p u s (see T a b l e 4). T h u s , the p o p u l a r i t y of a f e m a l e n a m e s h o u l d be t e s t e d a g a i n s t the c o r p u s of w o m e n ' s n a m e s r a t h e r t h a n a g a i n s t the c o m p l e t e c o r p u s , s i n c e in the latter c a s e the s i g n i f i c a n c e of the r e s u l t s will b e lost. F o r e x a m p l e , t h e third m o s t p o p u l a r f e m a l e n a m e in this c o r p u s is S h e l a m z i o n (see T a b l e 6). It is d o c u m e n t e d 25 t i m e s . T h e r e a r e t w e n t y - o n e m a l e n a m e s that a re d o c u m e n t e d at least the s a m e n u m b e r of t i m e , a n d o f t e n m o r e ( s e e T a b l e 7). T h u s in a g e n e r a l c o u n t it w o u l d o n l y c o m e as the t w e n t y - s e c o n d m o s t p o p u l a r n a m e . T h i s w o u l d d i s t o r t t h e p i c t u r e i n d i c t i n g the e x t e n t of its p o p u l a r i t y f o r w o m e n .
Entries: E a c h p e r s o n is r e p r e s e n t e d by o n e entry. E a c h e n t r y is d i v i d e d into six rubrics: 1. O r t h o g r a p h y , 2. D e s c r i p t i o n , 3. Find, 4. S o u r c e , 5. E x c e p t i o n s , 6. D a t i n g . T h e r u b r i c s are i n t e n d e d to s u p p l y i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t e a c h p e r s o n . In s o m e c a s e s , h o w e v e r , no i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a c e r t a i n p e r s o n is a v a i l a b l e . In s u c h c a s e s , the r u b r i c is left e m p t y .
4 Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE
The remainder of the introduction is divided into seven parts. Part one deals with the names - the onomasticon - and details which sort of names are recorded under which language and why. The next six parts are divided according to the rubrics under each name and explain in detail why certain information is recorded under each rubric.
1. T h e N a m e s
1.1 Biblical names: are only names expressly mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, or
