Wir schaffen Wissen – heute für morgen

Wir schaffen Wissen – heute für morgen

Paul Scherrer Institut

Kathrin Volkart

Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology

• Life cycle assessment of CCS

• Conclusions

• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland

CCS as a key technology for climate protection

Technologies needed to achieve the 2DS

Swiss energy strategy: CO

emissions in Switzerland

Source: Prognos 2011 (new energy policy, supply 2, option C&E)

Electricity

Households Services Industry Mobility

Swiss energy strategy: Electricity production

Natural gas plants

Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology

• Life cycle assessment of CCS

• Conclusions

• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

CCS chain CO₂ sources

Power plants Coal: PC, IGCC Nat. gas: NGCC

Biomass: PC, IGCC Industrial sources Cement

Waste incineration Refineries

Oil & gas industry

CO₂ capture CO₂ transport CO₂ storage Pre-combustion

Post-combustion Oxy-fuel combustion

Pipeline Truck Ship

Onshore

Saline aquifers

Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM

Mineral carbonation Offshore

Saline aquifers

Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Niederaussem(brown coal, DE) Hamm-Uetrop(natural gas CC, DE) TamoilSA Raffinerie(Collombey) HolcimAG (Würenlingen) VigierCement AG (Péry) HolcimSA (Eclépens) HolcimAG (Untervaz) Jura Cement Fabriken(Wildegg) PetroplusRefining SA (Cressier) Les Cheneviers(Aire-la-Ville) KEBAG (Zuchwil) LONZA AG (Visp) IWB (Basel) ERZ KHKW Hagenholz(Zürich) VfA(BuchsSG) KEZO (Hinwil) SATOM (Monthey) ACR (Giubiasco) ERZ KHKW Josefstrasse(Zürich) TRIDEL (Lausanne) JuracimeSA (Cornaux) KVA Thurgau (Weinfelden) AxpoTegraAG (Domat/Ems) MonthelAG (Monthey) KVA (Turgi) GEKAL (BuchsAG) ZAB (Bazenheid) KVA Linthgebiet(Niederurnen) KVA (Bern) KVA (Winterthur) GEVAG (Trimmis) SAIDEF (Posieux) KVA (Emmenbrücke) KVA Limmattal(Dietikon)

Annual CO 2emissioninMt (2010) Refinery Chemical industry Waste incineration Cement production Power generation 28.1

Large Swiss CO

point sources (2010)

Source: E-PRTR (2012)

Large Swiss CO

point sources (2010)

Refinery

Cement production Waste incineration Chemical industry Power generation

Potential for geological CO

storage in Switzerland

Source: Diamond, Leu et al. (2010)

CCS technology choice for Switzerland

CCS chain

CO₂ sources Power plants Coal: PC, IGCC Nat. gas: NGCC Biomass: PC, IGCC Industrial sources Cement

Waste incineration Refineries

Oil & gas industry

CO₂ transport CO₂ storage Pre-combustion

Post-combustion Oxy-fuel combustion

Pipeline Truck Ship

Onshore

Saline aquifers Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM

Mineral carbonation Offshore

Saline aquifers

Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM

CO₂ capture

Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology

• Life cycle assessment of CCS

• Conclusions

• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland

LCA of power generation with CCS: Goal and scope

Fossil fuel mining

Power plant operation Fossil fuel

transport Fossil fuel

processing Resources

Electricity Materials Transports

Land use

1 kWh

Fuel mining and transport CO₂ transport and storage LCA system boundary Functional unit

Background LCI data:

ecoinvent v2.2

LCA of natural gas plants (2025)

Method: IPCC 2007

Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth

Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

without CCS with post-combustion

CO₂ capture Natural gas

combined cycle plant kg CO 2-eq./kWh el

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 upstream power plant operation direct operation indirect

CO₂ capture CO₂ transport CO₂ storage

0.41

0.13

LCA of natural gas plants (2025)

Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint

Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

Human Particulate Photochemical Terrestrial Freshwater

ReCiPe(Europe H) midpoint indicator results, relative to NGCC plant without CCS

NGCC, without CCS

NGCC, with post-combustion CO₂capture

LCA of cement production with CCS: Goal and scope

Source: figure from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zement

[CO₂]= 28-30%

[CO₂]= ~20%

→

steam and electricity

→

Lime stone

Clay / Iron ore Mining of raw materials

Storage and homogenisation

Pulverising and

drying

Flue gas cleaning

Crusher Blending bed

Storage pile

Storage and homogenisation Calcination

Fuel silos

Clinker

cooler Storage and homogenisation

Kiln with four-stage heat exchanger

Raw meal silos

Clinker silo

Additive storage (gypsum,

additives)

Cement grinding

Storage and homogenisation

Ball mill with sifter and cyclone separator

Cement silos and

distribution Electric filter Raw mill (vertical)

Cement Raw material

CO₂

LCA of cement plants (2025)

Method: IPCC 2007

Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth

0.67

0.41

0.31

0.23 0.2 0.15

0.4 0.6 0.8

kg CO 2-eq./kg cement

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Cement production Clinker: direct Clinker: indirect Clinker: primary raw material

Clinker: primary fuels CO₂capture: electricity CO₂capture: heat

CO₂capture: indirect CO₂transport CO₂storage

LCA of cement plants (2025)

Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint

Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth

Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Human toxicity

Particulate matter formation

Photochemical oxidant formation

Terrestrial acidification

Freshwater eutrophication

kg 1,4-DB eq kg PM10 eq kg NMVOC kg SO₂eq kg P eq

ReCiPe(Europe H) midpoint indicator results, relative to the maximum value in each midpoint impact category

no CCS

Steam: hard coal; Electricity: grid

Steam/Electricity: grid

Steam/Electricity: natural gas CHP Steam: waste heat; Electricity: grid

Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology

• Life cycle assessment of CCS

• Conclusions

• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland

Conclusions

• Conclusions on the life cycle assessment results

– CCS has the potential to strongly reduce life cycle GHG-emissions from natural gas electricity generation (by ~70%) and cement production (by ~40-80%).

– CCS can thus significantly contribute to both, low carbon electricity and low carbon cement production.

– Trade-offs related to other environmental aspects have to be kept in mind.

• Conclusions on CCS in Switzerland

– Future developments may lead to the need for CCS in Switzerland.

– The legal situation (CO₂ Gesetz) is – among other criteria – decisive.

– CO₂ capture and transport are proven technologies. CO₂ storage instead is subject to considerable uncertainties.

– To prove the feasibility of CCS in Switzerland a full cycle pilot project including an injection site is required.

Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology

• Life cycle assessment of CCS

• Conclusions

• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland

Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland

• Key issues for a CCS pilot project

CO₂ storage site, legal aspects (mining, waste, water protection, …), costs and acceptance

• Objectives of the CCS roadmap

– Adequacy of the target formations for CO₂ storage, demonstration of the safety of the CO₂ injection and storage, testing of predictive modelling results

– Assessment of the economics

– Knowledge transfer to the public, policy makers and licensing authorities

→ Provision of specific knowledge for a later planning & construction of a full CCS chain

• Tentative timeline

– Risk dialogue with authorities and public 2013/14

– Seismic exploration 2014/15

– Site acquisition & Drilling Permit 2015-17 – Drilling & Installation Operations 2017-19 – CO₂ Injection Operations 2019-22

– Monitoring 2022-min. 2032

I would like to thank

Christian Bauer (PSI), Ernst Bucher and Christian Zipper (Holcim)

This work was carried out as part of the project CARMA and funded by

Competence Centers of Environment and Sustainability (CCES) and Energy and Mobility (CCEM), the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) and Alstom Power Service.

Questions?