Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Finance and growth in a small open emerging market
Law, Siong Hook and Azman-Saini, W.N.W. and Smith, Peter
October 2006
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/715/
MPRA Paper No. 715, posted 09 Nov 2006 UTC
∗
∗∗
∗
! " # "
$ % %
%
" & %
% ' % % %
' ' "
( ) *
(
∗∗∗
∗+ ( , -. / , 0 1,"0"," -. '/ 2 3
4 1&*52 / / / 6 / / / 7 $8
69" 3' ( . : " " %
! "
3 % & % 1 2 * 1 2 ;
<
" - $ / 1 2
%
" 6
-9 & 1 =2
<
<
" * 1 )2
%
% "
'
" $
'
19 > = = < 4
? < > 7< 4 @A'9 % ! $ % "
2" > 1 =2 , 1 =2 4 - 1 )2
B
" $ $ % >
1 )2 % % %
"
" 0 B
% %
" C
D
D & % 1 2
' ' " 6
' %
" C
" - '
" #
"
9 > 1 = 2
B
"
" ?
"
4 ? 1 2
' " - 4 1 72
'
% ' E
F "
"
/ ' '
" / '
B " 4
? 1 2 *
% "
%
*4& % *4&"
1 B
2 " - - 4
1 72 ? 1 2 '
" / " 1 2
E F 3+4 + "
'
" ? 5 , 1 !2 '
"
> 9 1 2
" '
%
" > 9 1 2
1G-52 B
8 " #
' ' "
H B %
% ! ' " #
"
' " - %
% "
%
" C %
% % %
. " - C %
*4&
% " B
% "
/ " -
7 " # -
7' !
% "
% " 0
% "
IC#*653 ?353J IC#*653 ?353J
% " C
% % % " /
! ( ()
" -
% ' %
" C G-5
K 1 L2 G-5
#1 2 #1 2"
. " / ## B
" / ###
"
# $ % &' $#
#% (# ")" "
C > 9 1 2 B %
%
% ' "
9 1 7=2 ' / 1 7=2
(
C4 M 15*4& 52 1 2
C4 5*4& *4& 5
1 2"
% -9 (
5*4& M 192 1 2
9 % "
*# " # $ % &' !
# G-5 (
1C42< 15*4&2< % 192
152 B % "
#
" / G-5
"
+ +
=
4 3 2 1
4 , 4 1
, 4
4 , 1 1
, 1
4 3 2 1
) ( )
(
) ( )
(
ε ε ε ε
β β
β β
α α α α
t t t
t
i t t t
t
FD K R RGDP
L L
L L
FD K R RGDP
1=2
M "
'
8 '8 1 2 " '
. * '
' 1G3+ 2
1 * !!2"
1G-52 "
G-5
" # G-5
% / 1 ! 2"
" #
$ B
"
- 4 % 'C 1-4C2 & '& 1&&2 9 % % 1 2
1 9&//2
" # & 1 72 %
"
- B
% .
"
G-5 (
t k
i i t i
t
t
X X t
X = Π + Γ ∆ + µ + Θ + ε
∆
−= −
− 1
1 1
1)2
. 1 , , 1 for , and
,
1 1
−
= Π
− Ι
−
= Γ Π
− Ι
−
= Π
=
=
k
i
i
j j
i k
i i
$ 1 M ) 2 µ
ε
t* "
B Π ' B
'
" % 1 2 B
" # Π
B 1 % M 2" ? % Π
. " # M
I I ) "
1 A variable that is found to be stationary at level, or is I(0), is treated as an exogenous variable in the system.
"
# '
" Π B Π = αβ
Tα B H β B
" 8 8 %
B
" + '> 1 2"
> % "
% " & '
# ' * '
G3+ % 1 * !!2 "
G-5
="
* '
G3+ ' " G3+
* '
Φ Φ
Φ +
∆
∆
∆
∆ +
=
∆
∆
∆
∆
=
−
−
−
t t t
t t t
t t
t
t t t
t
t
L L
L
z z z
FD K R RGDP
L L
L
L L
L
L L
L
FD K R RGDP X
, 4
, , 2
, 1
1 , 4 4
1 , 2 2
1 , 1 1
t 44
42 41
4 2 22
21
4 1 12
11
4 3 2 1
) ( 0
0
0 0 ) ( 0
0 0 ) (
+
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
ε ε ε
γ γ γ
β β
β
β β
β
β β
β
α α α α
1L2
2 If the variables in a system are cointegrated, then the short-run analysis of the system should incorporated the error-correction term (ECT) to model the adjustment for the deviation from its long- run equilibrium.
3 When an ECT is added to the VAR model, the modified model is referred to as the VECM. VECM is thus a special case of VAR.
$ 1 ) B 2 α (
β ( ∆
β 1>2 Φ1 2 )
*F '
ε F "
* C'
;
. " # H
" C &' &+ 1&+
2 LN 1 " " ? ( β 1>2 M
&+ H LN 2 5*4&
'
&+ !%+ " $ ' G3+
B H
' 3+
"
# *, !
- K 1 L2 5 4 1 2
O 5 1 72
3+ G3+
" # '
% G3+ " * '
K 1 L2
E F G-5
, 1 ,->42
" K
" -
B
-B
G-5
M 1' P
-2 " ?
%
. ' . " K
M ' " M / # M
' M "
K ,->4 #1 2 #1 2
#1 2 ' "
5 4 1 2 ,->4
* ' /
6 5 1/652" C K 1 L2 * '
/65 (
+ +
+ +
+
=
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
ti FD
Kt Rt RGDPt
i t t t
t
i t t t
t
i t t t
t
i t t t
t
i t t t
t
A FD
K R RGDP A
FD K R RGDP A
FD K R RGDP A
FD K R RGDP A
A FD
K R RGDP
ε ε ε ε
5
4 4 4
4
4
3 3 3
3
3
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
1
1 0
1 2
B"
C Q * !%+
&+0 ? (
)
0
41 ( 3 ) 41 ( 2 ) 41 (
1
= α = α =
α α
i(41)!%+
*1!%+
*2!%+
*33 )
G-51)2" + !%+ &+
H ,->4
" -
Q * &+ !%+ R B
? ( α
1(14)= α
2(14)= α
3(14)= 0 α
i(14)C4
'C4
'C4
'=3 "
# !
" *4& '
B " -
4 4 ' 1+$ 2
5 & 1#C/2" %
B " #
%
" - N
=
%
)" + % %
"
% % % " %
% 1$4>2
1&5#2 % 14+2 %
% % % . 1/ +2
" - B *4&"
S $
+$ #C/ / % 3B 1 % 9
> / % 3B 2"
- B -"
4See Hall and Jones (1999) and Bernanke and Gurkaynak (2001). The initial capital stock is defined as K = I/(g+ ).
# !% " ! "
! #
-4C && 9&//
*4& % "
B
#1 2 -4C &&
" /
#1 2 #1 2
" # 9&// 9 % % " 1 2
#1 2"
"
I -$>3 ?353J I -$>3 ?353J
= & 1 72 %
% %
% " %
% B . H
" & 1 72
"
% T L
"
I -$>3 = ?353J
" #
8 B
5*4&
% "
)
B ) %
% *4&"
B "
I -$>3 ) ?353J
% " 6
* G3+ %
L " - 8
B
B % % *4&" /
%
" *
*4& < '
% % *4& <
*4& % "
* "
I -$>3 L ?353J I -$>3 ?353J
G3+
'
H '
"
G3+
1 72"
H S $4> / + " #
-5+? % $4> " 0
5*4&
"
G3+
"
I -$>3 7 ?353J
# , !
' K 1 L2
!"
*4&
< ' %
% % *4& "
G-5 "
I -$>3 ! ?353J I -$>3 ?353J
G3+ G-5
% %
*4& " %
% ' ' " ?
%
" C B '
*4& % '
' ' "
> 9 1 2 ?
1 2 / 1 2" C > 9 1 2
B ' '
% B
8 ' %<
? 1 2
'
B "
+ %! "
B %
! " 6
B
' *4&
% "
' '
"
' G3+ %
% %
*4& ' ' "
' B K
1 L2 G-5 "
H '
"
" & %
% ' % % % '
"
((# ", #)" " " ! # ) $#
+ " %# #)" " " ! #
$ % 4
> T*4& 1N2
$ %
"
#C/
& /
+ T*4& 1N2
C '
"
#C/
4 +
& $ %
/ 1N2
#
" %
% %
1
2"
#C/
/ % %
+ T*4& 1N2
% . 1 % %
2
"
/ %
3B
/ $
+$ "
/ G
T*4& 1N2
/ %
"
/ %
3B
/ $
+$ "
#)# # #
- &" 4 &" " 1 72 C 4 3
* ( - 3 " -./1)) 2 7!='7 "
$ % " > 5" > . 0" 1 2 C / * "
& 01 ; = "
$ % " > 5" 1 )2 / % % $ % * ( & 3 "
4 ' " & 21 ) = ; )) "
$ G"5" / $" 1 2 C # 3
* " ! 01 L ; "
$ % $" * % % 5" /" 1 2 # * 3B D % %
5 , / " 0 $ 3 5 , %
& 0 " != L"
4 &" " ? 9" 1 2 4 C 4 +
3 * D / 3 + "
+ 0- =!7') "
4 &" - /" 1 )2 C * ( , , 9
, , 0 9 & + % 7
- " ' 13 2 +" * & $ % 38 .
9:
4 @A'9 -" % G" 1 !2 > C C * "
& 03 7 ; =7"
* +" ," 8" 1 !!2 + + + "
+ -2 LL ; LL "
* 5"," 1 2 & + K 6 & "
* +" -" 3" 1 )2 & + % 7 - " ' /
& "
? "/" 1 2 C 4 3 * -
+ ( C '> * ? " "
+ 23 7 ; "
? 5" 8 +" 1 2 , 4 / + & /
, % D ; --4 != ;
"
8 /" 8 9" 1 2 B > % 3 #
+ ; - 4 " <-
4 02 ; "
9 5" 5" > 1 = 2 C * ( / 5 "
; -.1 7 7'7=7"
9 5" 5" > 1 = 2 C 3 * (
3 " 32 L ='L) "
9 % % 4" & &"+"$" / &" / K" 1 2 0
? / - 6 5 "
04 L ' 7!"
> 5" 1 72 C 4 3 * ( G
- " 305 !!'7 "
> 5" 1 =2 C * ( C * D
& ! 4 ' / ! 10 = ; ) "
> 9"$" 9 " 1 2 - S 5 C '
* 0 B ( 3 G-5" +
6. =! ') L"
9 5" #" 1 7=2 + ,
4"+"( $ % # "
'> " 1 2 - 0 S - 4
B > % + 5 % / " <- 4
04 ) ; )7 "
& " 1 =2 C % * ( - "
! 3/ = ; "
& % ?" " 1 2 C 4 3 *
6 + " + " -4
7)' ! "
& &" 1 72 C 3 $ % C
G 1. =LL ; =!L"
5 -" 0" 4 ?" 3" 1 2 * '
= ' "
4 3 6 0 3 0 "
!! "
5 &" , &" 1 !2 C # 3
& ( ? 3 C # + "
4 ' " 3. L7 ; 7!"
/ 8"O" -"*" / C" 1 2 C 4 3
* ( - 3 ' '+ % & D ! 5 7
))=' )L)"
/ 3 /" 1 7=2 & + " + 0 K %(
B 6 & "
/ 4" 8" 1 2 C 4 3 * (
+ 3 - + " *5 ) 04 ; =)"
/ +" -" 1 ! 2 5 41 ; )!"
/ . 8"3" 1 !L2 + % + + "
4 ' 5 -/ == ; L "
?" K" K " 1 L2 / # G -
& # & " 66 L ; L "
, &" 1 =2 ? 4 , 5 9 * C D
& ! 4 ' ! 11 == ; )7"
O ?" " 5 -"0" 1 72 E + 3 +
+ F" <- 4 07 !L ; !"
"&! # - "8 # # # " # % & 9 $ -71. 2..-
Argentina Nigeria Peru Ghana
Turkey Syria Sri Lanka
Iran Morocco Pakistan
India
Indonesia
Hungary Uruguay Egypt
Brazil
Tunisia Jordan Chile
Malta
Thailand
South Africa Malaysia
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Private Sector Credit/GDP (%)
Real GDP Growth (%)
"&! # 2 : * :# (" %"; " # % & 9 $ -711 2..-
Venezuela Indonesia
Mexico
Zimbabw e
Hungary
Thailand
Iran Malta
Malaysia
South Africa Chile
Jordan Philippines
Jamaica India
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 50 100 150 200
Market Capitalisation/GDP (%)
Real GDP Growth (%)
%# - < " #
-4C &&
0 0
>
5 *4& & + ' "L = 1!2 "L= 1!2 ' "))L= 1 2 ' ") = 1 2
5 # 5 '="! ) 1!2UU '="L7)L 1!2UU ' " !) 1 2 ' "L L 1 2
+ / % & + ' "L L 172 ' " 172 ' " = 1 2 ' ")L) 1 2
C 4
# (
$ % 4 > ' " 1!2 ' "L 1!2 ' " !7! 1 2 ' " = 1 2
& / + T*4& ' "LL ) 1 2 ' "7!! 1 2 ' " != 1 2 ' "! L! 1 2
4 + T*4& ' " =L 1 2 ' "LL L 1 2 '!" )L 1 2UU ' ")! 1 2UU
/ % % +
T *4&
' "7= 1 2 ' ")! 1 2 ' " ) 1 2 ' " !! 1 2
/ G
T*4&
' "= 77 1L2 ' "L 1L2 ' " ) 1 2 ' ")7= 1 2
C 4
5 *4& & + '=" 77 1!2UU '=" =L 1!2 '!" L 1 2UU '!"!! 1 2UU
5 # 5 '="= ! 1 2UU '=")! 7 1 2UU ' " L 1 2UU ' " L) 1 2UU
+ / % & + ' "! = 1 2UU '="L ) 1 2UU ' " = 1 2UU ' " = 1 2UU
C 4
# (
$ % 4 > '=" = 1!2UU '=" !7 1!2UU '!" L 1 2UU '!" 1 2UU
& / + T*4& '=" 1!2UU '="== 1!2 '!" 1 2UU '!" !) 1 2UU
4 + T*4& '7"L77 1 2UU '7"L! 7 1 2UU ' "7L= 1 2UU ' "7 1 2UU
/ % % +
T *4&
'=" = 1 2UU '=" 7 1 2 ' " = 1 2UU ' " ) 1 2UU
/ G
T*4&
'L" L= 1L2UU 'L" ) 1L2UU ' "L7 1 2UU ' "L= 1 2UU
0 ( #1 2" H ; "!
LN ;=")
" /?-O- 9 1 2"
%# 2 ! " #
ηµ' ητ'
G V = ) = )
>
5 *4& & + !"7!=)UU )")LL7UU =" ) UU " 7= UU "!=) UU " UU ")77)UU "==L UU " )UU " !UU
5 # 5 "7! UU " )!=UU " L=UU "L )7UU ")) " )=UU "L !=UU ") )UU "= 7 UU " 7 UU
+ / % & + " LUU " L!)UU ")L "=)7 " ! " )UU ")7 !UU "= !=UU " L )UU " 7=UU
C 4 # (
$ % 4 > !" ! )UU )" !!UU "! ) UU " =! UU "7=7 UU "! =LUU ") = UU "== UU " L UU " L7UU
& / + T*4& !" == UU )" LUU "! =UU " ) UU "7) UU ") L UU " L7UU " ! UU " L UU " )
4 + T*4& "!L7 UU "77 =UU "L!)=UU ")! =UU ") " UU " )UU " ) UU " ! " L
/ % % + T
*4&
!" 7L UU )"= UU " 7UU " )) UU "! L UU "7 UU "= 7 UU " 7=)UU " LUU " 7 !UU
/ G T*4& ="! ! UU " LL)UU ") )=UU " ) UU " = UU "!!))UU ")!) UU "=) UU " LUU " 7 UU
C '4
5 *4& & + " !!) " != " = " ) " ) " 7=! " 7 " L! " " )
5 # 5 " L " " " " =7 " ! " " ) " = 7 " =7
+ / % & + " 7 " == " 7 " !) " )) " = " L " " =L "
C 4 # (
$ % 4 > " L " L ! " " !=7 " 7 L " LL) " )!L " )! " 7!7 " !
& / + T*4& " = " " L " L= " ) " ! " 7 ) " ! " != " 7 7
4 + T*4& " " L " 7 " 77 " ! " L " " =L= " )) " )
/ % % + T
*4&
" " ! " =! " = " 7 " 7 7UU " UU " ) " " !!=
/ G T*4& " L ! " L= " 7 " 7 " 7 " =7= " )7 " L = " )! " L
0 (UU " L " ηµ ") = ητ
" ) "
%# 3 # =-77/> ! " # 9" $ ! ! % # :
%
t
αˆ5 *4& & + ! "S) L ' "7=
5 # 5 !)"S ')"7!)
+ / % & + "S) ' "! !7
C 4 # (
$ % 4 > ! "S= ! ')" 7 !
& / + T*4& ! "S= '=" !
4 + T*4& "S ! ')") )
/ % % + T
*4&
"S) ')"
/ G T*4& "S= ')" )!
0 ( 1 " " 2"
" " L ; " ;L"LL &
1 72"
%# 4 " #& " #
. λ λ
( $ % 4 > W> M )X
M L=" U = " U
≤ =" L L"
≤ 7"7 7"L
≤= " L " L
& / + W> M =X
M )" =U ) "! U
≤ " = ="!
≤ !" ) 7"=
≤= "! "!
= 4 + W> M )X
M ) " 7U "
≤ "=L )" !
≤ !" 7 !" 7
≤= " "
)( / % % + W> M =X
M =!"! "L
≤ " "
≤ =" = "!
≤= "77 "77
L( / G W> M )X
M )!"!)U = " =U
≤ L" "=
≤ ="L =")
≤= " "
L N +
M )7" 7" 7
≤ " ! " 7
≤ L") )" 7
≤= ="7 ="7
0 (U LN " > "
%# 0 &# ! %" ' # # +
∆5*4& ∆5 ∆9 ∆C4 3+ '
( $ % 4 > 1$4>2
∆5*4& ' "L 1 " !2 "7 1 "L=2 " ) 1 "= 2 ' " ! W'=" 7XUUU
∆5 ")= 1 " =2 ' ") 1 "7)2 "= 1 " L2 " W " 7X
∆9 "L 1 "7 2 "7= 1 " L2 ' " L 1 " 2 ' " 7 W' " LX
∆$4> L" 1 " 2UUU "! 1 ") 2 "=7 1 "! 2 ' " L WL" XUUU
( & / + 1&5#2
∆5*4& ' "=) 1 " L2U ")) 1 " 2 ") 1 " L2U ' " W'L"= XUUU
∆5 " 1 "L 2 ' "= 1 "!=2 " 1 ")=2 ' " W' "7 X
∆9 " L 1 " 2 ")! 1 " 2 ' " = 1 "))2 ' " W' ")7X
∆&5# =")) 1 " 2UU =" 1 " 2UU "L 1 "7 2 ' " ! W "= XUUU
=( 4 + 14+2
∆5*4& ' " 1 ") 2 "7 1 "L72 ")) 1 " 2 " W " X
∆5 " 7 1 "! 2 ' " 1 " 72 "L 1 " !2 " W "7)X
∆9 " ! 1 " 2 "! 1 "L 2 ' ") 1 " 2 " W=" LXUUU
∆4+ )") 1 " 2UUU " 1 "= 2 " 1 " =2 ' " W "= XUU
)( / % % + 1/ +2
∆5*4& ' "L 1 " !2 "=7 1 "! 2 " = 1 " )2UU
∆5 " 1 " =2 ' " L 1 " 2 ")= 1 "7!2
∆9 ") 1 "7)2 "L! 1 " !2 ' " = 1 " 2
∆/ + =" 1 " 2UUU "7! 1 "L=2 "= 1 "! 2 '
L( / G 1/G 2
∆5*4& ' " ) 1 " 2 ") 1 "! 2 =" ! 1 " 2UU ' " = W' " XUUU
∆5 " 1 " 72 ' " ) 1 " 2 "=) 1 " 2 " W "!LX
∆9 " 1 " )2 "7 1 " )2 ' " L 1 " !2U ' " ) W' " XUUU
∆$+ " ! 1 " 2 "=! 1 "! 2 "7L 1 "LL2 ' "7 W "! X
0 ( 1 2 % W X ' ' " %
( U N UULN UUU N" C4
"
%# 6 !** ' ) $ ! ! %" '
C # + 5 %
$ % 4 > 1$4>2 $4> Y 5*4& 3 $4>
& / + 1&5#2 &5# Z 5*4& $ '
4 + 14+2 4+ Y 5*4& 3 4+
/ % % +
1/ +2
/ + Z 5*4& $ '
/ G 1/G 2 /G [ 5*4& /G 3
%# / " & " #
C # 4 G S1)2 S 1)2 -5+? >
$ %4 > 5*4& " 1 "7 2 =" 1 ")L 2 ="=! 1 ") 2
1$4>2 5 " 1 " L2 " L 1 " 2 " ! 1 " 2
9 " 7 1 " 2 )"L 1 " 2UUU " 1 " 2UU
$4> " 7 1 "! 2 " = 1 "L 2 "LL 1 " =2
& / + 5*4& " 1 "! 2 )")! 1 "=)2 ="7) 1 "))2
1&5#2 5 " 1 " 2 "= 1 " !2 "= 1 " !2
9 7"LL 1 ")72 " 1 " !2 !" L 1 " !2
&5# "7= 1 "7!2 "7 1 "L 2 " 1 " 2
= 4 + 5*4& L" 7 1 " 72 =" 1 "LL2 "!) 1 "L!2
14+2 5 " 1 " 2 "L= 1 " 72 "L= 1 " 2
9 "7 1 " )2 ="L 1 ")72 " 1 "L72
&5# "7 1 " )2 " 1 " 2 "7 1 " =2
) / % % + 5*4& )" 1 " !2 "7 1 "7!2 ") 1 "! 2
1/ +2 5 " 1 " 2 ") 1 " !2 ") 1 " !2
9 " L 1 " 2 " 1 " )2UU !"7 1 " 2
/ + " = 1 "! 2 )" 1 "= 2 =")7 1 ")!2
L / G 5*4& )"= 1 "= 2 L" 7 1 " 72 )"L 1 "==2
1/G 2 5 "== 1 "!L2 ")L 1 " 72 "L 1 " 72
9 "=L 1 " !2 " = 1 " L2 " ! 1 " 2 /G "=! 1 "!)2 " ) 1 "7 2 " ! 1 "7=2
0 ( % (U N UULN UUU N"
%# 1 ? * * =-770> &# ! %" ' #
5*4& 5 9 C4
( $ % 4 > 1$4>2
5*4& ' L") 1 " )2 )")!1 "=)2 "7 1 " 2UU
5 7") 1 " 2 ' " 1 "!72 " =1 " =2
9 " 1 "! 2 "=L1 " 2UU ' "= 1 " 72
$4> )"L1 " 2UUU 7"! 1 " 2 " 71 "7 2 '
( & / + 1&5#2
5*4& ' " 1 " 2UUU "= 1 " )2U 7"= 1 " 2UUU
5 =" 71 ")L2 ' " 71 "!!2 )"7 1 "= 2
9 "! 1 " 2 " 1 " =2UU ' L"=!1 " )2
&5# " 1 " 2UU " 1 " 2UUU "7=1 " )2UU '
=( 4 + 14+2
5*4& ' 7" 1 " =2 ="L 1 ")72 !") 1 " 72U
5 " 1 "!72 ' "))1 "!=2 " !1 " L2U
9 "=71 " !2 L"! 1 " 2 ' "!=1 " 2UU
4+ ="!1 " 2UUU " 1 " )2UU "! 1 "772 '
)( / % % + 1/ +2
5*4& ' "7 1 "772 "7L1 " )2 " 1 " 2UUU
5 "L 1 "! 2 ' " 71 " 2 ="LL1 ") 2
9 " 1 "!72 !"L=1 " 72U ' " 71 " L2U
/ + " 1 " 2UUU )" =1 ") 2 " 1 "7L2 '
L( / G 1/G 2
5*4& ' ="L= 1 ")72 "=7 1 " !2 L"=) 1 " 2UUU
5 =" 1 "L 2 ' )" 1 "= 2 7" 7 1 " 2
9 "L) 1 "! 2 "! 1 " =2UU ' =" 1 " 2UUU
/G =" 1 ") 2 ="7 1 ")=2 " 1 "! 2 '
0 ( ' " - %
(U N UULN UUU N" C4 "
%# 7 !** ' ) % & ! ! %" '
C # + 5 %
$ % 4 > 1$4>2 $4> Z 5*4& $ '
& / + 1&5#2 &5# Z 5*4& $ '
4 + 14+2 4+ Z 5*4& $ '
/ % % + 1/ +2 / + Z 5*4& $ '
/ G 1/G 2 /G [ 5*4& /G 3