Forster, B.; Knizek, M.; Grodzki, W. (eds.) 1999: Methodology ofForest Insect and Disease Survey in Central Europe.
Proceedings ofthe Second Workshop ofthe IUFRO WP 7.03.10, April20-23, 1999, Sion-Chateauneuf, Switzerland.
Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) 198-204.
COLLECTION OF DATA AND SAMPLES ON DISEASES OF FOREST TREES IN SLOVENIA
Maja Jure*, Dusan Jure**
* University of Ljubljana, Biotehnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Vecna pot 83, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
** Slovenian Forestry Institute, Department of forest protection and wildlife ecology, Vecna pot 2, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Abstract
In this article we present fungi collections containing material from the territory of Slovenia. The article gives a description of the founding of the mycological collection at the Slovenian Forestry Institute, which is a part of the Herbarium of the University of Ljubljana, as well as the computer program that supports it. An inventory of fungi and living fungal culture collections as of the end of 1998 is included.
Key words: fungal collection, living fungal culture collection, data bank, Slovenian Forestry Institute
1. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM PRESENTATION
Forest ecosystems are highly structured and multilayered systems in which complicated processes of organic compound synthesis and degradation take place. Investigation of forest biocenosis is based on understanding of the integral parts of the living environment: bacteria, lichens, fungi, pedofauna, plant symbionts, ground vegetation, trees and entire stands. Knowledge of all living organisms in the ecosystem is the basis for biodiversity preservation, as well as environmental protection and preservation.
1.1 Collections of fungi from the territory of Slovenia
Research into the fungi found on Slovenian territory began almost 400 years ago. The first written records on fungi from the Slovenian territory are found in the book of Carolus Clusius, Rariorum Plantarum Historia (1601). This book includes a forty page discussion of fungi found on the Pannonian plane entitled Fungoru in Pannoniis observatorum brevis Historia ... (PETKOVSEK
1973). This work still inspires the admiration of experts and is viewed as the beginning of
scientific mycology. A collection of aquarelles by an unknown French artist is also preserved; this collection is better known as the Clusius Codex. Clusius himself wrote the common names of some fungi on these originals. Some names are of Slavic origin, such as gomba, galambicza, varganya, choporke (from pecurka), szemerchyek, etc, and were adopted by Hungarians from the south Slavs centuries ago. The first book with a shortened title Rariorum aliquot Stirpium ... from 1583 had an added list (Stripium Nomenclator Pannonicus ... ) with approximately three hundred Latin, Hungarian, and German, as well as Slovenian and Croatian, names for plants and fungi.
The list merits being called the first dictionary of plant names in the world (GOSAR I PETKOVSEK 1982).
The publications of I. A. Scopoli are of great importance for fungi research. In his works (Flora Carniolica - 1st edition, Viennae, 1760; Flora Carniolica - 2nd edition, Viennae, 1772) he describes a number of fungi. The illustrations of Carniolian fungi, found in Carniolian Flora (Icones Fungorum Carnioliae qui in Flora carniolica numerantur. Edit. 1760, Viennae), which are kept in the Natural History Museum in Paris, refer to the first edition of Carniolic Flora from 1760 (PILTA VER 1995). The works include 45 pictures of 189 different fungi painted on canvas by the Idrian painter Thomas Hormann. Scopoli is the author of the text giving fungi descriptions and comments (PILTA VER 1995). Scopolis' discussion, Plantae subterraneae (Pragae, 1772), of fungi which grow on wood in the Idrija mines (GOSAR I PETKOVSEK 1982) is also of
importance for mycology.
Wilhelm Voss (1849 - 1895) was the first scientist to take a systematic look at fungi on Slovenian territory. During his studies in Vienna he became interested in fungi, especially in micromycetes (especially Uredinales- rusts). He collected the then current knowledge of fungi into a book called Mycologia carniolica, which catalogued Carniolian fungi. In Mycologia carnolica, Voss mentions 78 polypores. He collected rich herbarium materials and published in Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesselschaft in Wien and Osterreichische botanische Zeitschrift. His final results were collected in a four-part discussion published in Mitteilungen des Musealvereins fiir Krain in 1889-1892 (TORTIC et al. 1975, WRABER 1969). From the thus far analysed bibliography of older mycology literature for the territory of Slovenia (MACEK 197 4) it is clear that parasitic micromycetes were researched by several authors, but few dried fungal samples were archived.
In the Natural History Museum of Slovenia fungi are kept in the following herbaria: Herbarium W. Voss (Fungi); HerbariumS. Robic (Fungi); HerbariumS. Robic & V. Plemel (Fungi); Flora exsiccata Austro-Hungarica (Fungi); Fungi europaei; Models of domestic toxic and nontoxic fungi by H. Arnold- 13 boxes (PRAPROTNIK 1994).
The herbarium of the University of Ljubljana (LJU) contains fungi from valuable collections (WRABER 1994, personal communication): Mychoteca Universalis by F. de Thiimen (XXIII centuria, collected from 1875 to 1884); The Thtimen-Voss collection (348 family sheets, collected from 1873 to 1888); part of the herbarium of Dr. F. DolSak (Flora Carniolica 11934,
1935 I Polyporaceae, Fomes, Addit. ad XXII. Basidiomycetes; Flora Carniolica I 1924, 1925, 19331 and Flora Sloveniae I 1937, 19381 Auriculariaceae-Corticiaceae, Addit. ad XXII.
Basidiomycetes; fungi from the collection Flora Romania from 1932; Flora Carniolica I 1930, 1931, 19331 Clavariaceae, Basidiomycetes, I 1923 19371 Hydnaceae, I 1933, 1934, 19371 Agaricaceae, from 1927-1937 fungi from the group Discomycetes and Helve/lineae as well as several others; and the fungi collection Plantae Graecenses (Institut fiir Systematische Botanik Graz) from 1975 onward.
There are also collections of living fungal cultures located at various institutions: at the National Institute of Chemistry (CIMERMAN et al. 1992); within the ZIM (Industrial Microorganism Collection) (RASPOR et al. 1995); at the biotechnology section of the Food department at the Biotechnical Faculty; at the section for Pathology and Wood Protection at the Department for wood research of the Biotechnical Faculty; at the Plant Physiology section of the Biology Department of the Biotechnical Faculty and at various other locations.
1.2 Development of the fungal collection at the Slovenian Forestry Institute
Since its establishment in 1947, the Slovenian Forestry Institute has been responsible for complex research into forest ecosystems. As a result of numerous research projects, a vast amount of data has been collected, although more in terms of literature than in herbarium entries. Our goal was to preserve the herbarium materials and to establish a database. In 1994 computer software was written and the HERBARIT (Herbarium of the Slovenian Forestry Institute) program was created.
It is written in the Microsoft Access 2.0 database for a personal computer with a 486 processor and 8MB RAM. Programs were written for database formation and cartographic site-finding data, while catalogues of collected fungi and live fungi cultures were established.
2.METHODS 1.2. Data Collection
The herbarium collection is the most reliable source of reference materials for the taxonomic verification of collected material. Its quality depends on the quality of sample preservation and the data that accompany each entry.
The material for our collection comes from fieldwork and the basic data is entered in a field form (Figure 1).
SLOVENIAN FORESTRY INSTITUTE, Ljubljana- HERBARIUM LJU ful-fungi
01. serial number (consecutive number of taxon)
02. taxon name (Latin name of fungus with authors name)
03. genus (genus of fungus)
04. suborder (suborder of fungus)
05. key (key according to which fungus was determined)
06. type (type, variety, stain)
07. quotation (references to expert opinion on material under consideration) 08. replicate (herbaria to which fungus samples have been sent and in which they stor_ed) 09. country, region (name of country, region or geographic area)
10. location standard name of location)
11. altitude (height above sea level)
12. X, Y (horizontal and vertical cordinate of location)
13. date (date of collecting fungus sample)
14. site (site description of fungus host)
15. substrate (substrate in which fungus was found)
16. host (Latin name of host on which fungus was found)
17. finder (surname and name of person who found the fungus)
18. determiner (surname and name of person who determined the fungus) 19. reviser (surname and name of person who revised the piece of data) 20. sample description (description of mode of sample storage) 21. chronological data (determination of fungus in chronological order)
22. notes (personal observations)
23. herbarium (sample of fungus is included in herbarium or not)
24. mycorrhiza (fungus is mycorrhizal or not)
25. link-up (make a note ifthere is a link-up to the data base of mycorrhizae "fu2") TO BE FILLED IN BY THE AUTHOR -DETERMINER OF FUNGUS
Figure 1. Field form for data on collected fungi
The sample is identified, pressed, dried and stored. The techniques of pressing and storing differ for different taxonomic groups and we rely on the experience of the world's largest herbariums to determine the technique used for a given sample (HOLDENRIEDER 1967, HAWKSWORTH 1974, WOMERSLEY 1981, ROLL-HANSEN I ROLL-HANSEN 1982, JOHNSON I BOOTH 1983, BAZZIGHER I KANZLER 1985, Plant Pathology ... 1987, Culture Collection ... 1987, SMITH I ONIONS 1983, CIMERMAN et al. 1992). Prior to storage the dried samples are frozen at -20°C for three days, which eliminates any possible infestation. Every 2-3 years all samples are refrozen. The described form is used also for data on isolated and identified endophytic fungi.
Fungi identification is carried out using classical identification keys (GAUMANN 1959;
KREISEL 1961; AINSWORTH et al. 1973a, 1973b; DOMANSKI 1972, 1973; ERIKSSON I RYV ARDEN 1973, 1975, 1976; ERIKSSON et al. 1978, 1984; RYV ARDEN 1978; SUTTON 1980; ELLIS I ELLIS 1985; MOSER 1978; BON 1987; JULICH 1984; BREITENBACH I KRANZLIN 1981; ARX 1987) and keys for endophytes identification (ELLIS 1971, 1976; ARX 1981).
Over the past few years, our institute has begun research on several important phytopathological and symbiotic-mutualistic relationships between fungi and higher plants, such as endophytic fungi. We have, therefore, begun to develop methods of storing living cultures (SMITH I ONIONS 1983). Apart from living cultures, we also keep samples of fungi on dessicated plants, entire dried sporocarps of higher fungi, microscopic preparations, and dried fungal cultures on growing substrates soaked with glycerol (mostly endophytes).
2.2. Data Processing
Experts from various areas were involved in forming the content structure of databases and the designs of similar databases in Slovenia and abroad were taken into consideration (SMITH I ONIONS 1983, WRABER I SKOBERNE 1989, CIMERMAN et al. 1992). The location of each sampling site is defined by seven digit X and Y coordinates read from a topographic map on a scale of 1:25000 (published by the Geodesy Administration of Slovenia). On the basis of these coordinates the computer program calculates the corresponding basic field, the quadrant of the Central European flora map, and the quadrant of the UTM grid. The data are printed on a herbarium label or on a map of taxon range. The X, Y coordinate system and the computer transformation of the location into the Central European flora and UTM grids made our database compatible with European databases for the mapping of flora and fauna.
Each sample should be equipped with a minimal set of data that are then entered in a form in the field. Later, each author will add additional information concerning the sample: data from reference materials (literature, herbarium, oral communications etc.), the identification method, the process of identification, method of sample storage in our herbarium, collections where the sample was sent and stored, etc. Each sample is identified by a reference number, taxon name, site, data about the site and growing area, altitude and with a description of the storage , method (natural sample, sporocarp, laboratory culture, microscopic preparation, living culture). Detailed instructions are made on how and what data should be entered in the database mask (JURC et al.
1994).
2.2.1. HERBARU Program
The HERBARU (Herbarium of the Forestry Institute of Slovenia) program is written in the Microsoft Access 2.0 database and is designed for an AT 486 8Mb RAM system.
The HERBARU program contains the following menus: Databases (choices: Copy, Export, Import, Exit), Entry mask (choices: Fungus, Living fungal collection), Content overview (choices: Fungus, Living fungal collection), Print (choices: Fungus, Living fungal collection and sub-choices: Index, Book, Labels, Concise report). The program allows data entry - simultaneous database formation, overview of database content, efficient searching and verifying of entered data by filters, several methods of data export, printouts of herbarium labels, and location maps for several herbarium samples simultaneously.
Within the Entry mask menu that has the fungus and living fungal collection options we enter data into the collections databases.
The Fungi database ('fu 1 ') is based on the fungi entry mask. The mask has 25 entry fields for entering data about the site, host, types and mycorrhizal potential of fungi, growing conditions, the collection date, process of identification, storage method, finder, identifier, data reviewer, literature data on the taxon concerned, keys that were used for identification, filters (family, sub- division) for different reviews and other data.
3. RESULTS
The menu Entry mask of the HERBARUM program contains the data in Mikoteka bases (Fungi, Living fungal collection).
The Mikoteka is composed of two databases: Fungi ('fu1 ')and Living fungal collection ('fu 3').
At the end of 1998 Fungi ('fu 1') contained 1.291 samples (279 different families, 613 different species) with 32.175 data of related information. It is supplemented with a code of fungi 'Imetafu 1', code 'Host' and codes of site, finder, identifier, data reviewer, identification key (38 keys) and literary sources that are all constantly upgraded.
At the end of 1997 Living fungal cultures ('fu 3') contained 154 samples (54 different families, 91 different species) with 3.388 data of related information. It is supplemented with corresponding codes but mainly contains data concerning data on living culture storage.
It is supplemented with a 'Host' code as well as codes for sites, parent rock, soil types, damage, coverage, phytogeographical areas, identification keys, sources, finders, identifiers, data reviewers which are all upgraded.
Each identification needs to be authorized and each herbarium sample is marked with a number (current number) that is marked on the sheet (herbarium labels) and a code of literature sources.
At the Slovenian Forestry Institute we are also establishing a collection of lichens and higher plants. For this purpose data forms and computer programs were also prepared.
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