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Supplementary Materials
This document contains supplementary materials for the article “Quantitative Evaluation of Visual Guidance Effects for 360-Degree Directions” published in the
Virtual Reality Journal Yuki Harada1,2, Junji Ohyama1*
1 Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
2 Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
* Corresponding Author:
Junji Ohyama
e-mail: j.ohyama@aist.go.jp ORCID: 0000-0002-1208-7196
1. Details of statistical analyses of the eye movement data
To test for the effect of guidance designs, one-way within-participants ANOVAs were performed on the four dependent variables with a fixed effect of guidance designs (5). In this analysis, participants, target colors, and the order of guidance designs were entered as random effects, including intercepts. For the number of fixations per trial, the main effect was significant [F (4, 13.297) = 8.007, p = .00164].
A multiple-comparison test revealed that the fixation numbers were significantly larger in the spherical gradation than in the moving window (t = 5.30, p = .001, d = 0.968), 3D arrow (t = 3.493, p = .0264, d = 0.638), and radiation (t = 3.388, p = .0319, d = 0.619).
The fixation numbers were also significantly larger in the 3D radar than in the moving window (t = 3.553, p = .0238, d = 0.649). All other differences were not significant (ts <
1.914, ps > .357, ds < 0.349). For the duration of fixation, the main effect was
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significant [F (4, 29.291) = 7.143 p = .000285]. A multiple-comparison test revealed that the fixation duration was significantly shorter in the moving window than in the 3D arrow (t = 3.136, p = .0282, d = 0.573), spherical gradation (t = 4.077, p = .0027, d = 0.744), and 3D radar (t = 5.024, p = .0002, d = 0.917). All other differences were not significant (ts < 2.55, ps > .105, ds < 0.466). For the number of saccades per trial, the main effect was significant [F (4, 112.12) = 14.155, p < .0001]. A multiple-comparison test revealed that the saccade numbers were significantly larger in the spherical
gradation than in the moving window (t = 7.121, p < .0001, d = 1.300), 3D arrow (t = 4.853, p = .0001, d = 0.886), radiation (t = 5.568, p = .0001, d = 1.017), and 3D radar (t
= 4.204, p = .0005, d = 0.768). The saccade numbers were also significantly larger in the 3D radar than in the moving window (t = 2.919, p = .0339, d = 0.533). All other differences were not significant (ts < 2.277, ps > .160, ds < 0.416). For the length of a saccade, the main effect was significant [F (4, 23.847) = 3.835, p = .0152]. The saccade length was significantly longer in the moving window than in the 3D radar (t = 3.767, p
= .0077, d = 0.688). All other differences were not significant (ts < 2.432, ps > .141, ds
< 0.444).
2. Details of statistical analyses of the recognition time
To test for the effect of guidance designs, a one-way within-participants ANOVA was performed on the recognition times with the fixed effect of guidance designs (5). In this analysis, participants, target color, and the order of guidance designs were entered as random effects, including intercepts. A multiple-comparison test
revealed that the recognition times were significantly smaller in the moving window than in the 3D arrow [t (13.1) = 6.895, p < .0001, d = 1.542], spherical gradation [t (13.1) = 5.965, p = .0004, d = 1.334], and 3D radar [t (13.1) = 10.893, p < .0001, d = 2.436]. The recognition times were significantly smaller in the radiation than in the 3D arrow [t (13.1) = 4.157, p = 0082, d = 0.930], spherical gradation [t (13.1) = 3.228, p
= .0431, d = 0.722], and 3D radar [t (13.1) = 8.151, p < .0001, d = 1.823]. However, the recognition times were significantly larger in the 3D radar than in the 3D arrow [t (13.1)
= 3.995, p = .0109, d = 0.893] and spherical gradation [t (13.1) = 4.920, p = .0021, d = 1.100]. All other differences were not significant [ts (13.1) < 2.735, ps > .101, ds <
0.612].
