The Impact of Human Ac- tivities on Soil Organisms of the Maritime Antarctic and the Introduction of

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The Impact of Human Ac- tivities on Soil Organisms of the Maritime Antarctic and the Introduction of

Non-Native Species in Antarctica

22/2013

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The Impact of Human Activities on Soil Organisms of the Maritime Antarctic and the Introduction of Non-Native Species in Antarctica

by

Dr. David J. Russell, Dr. Karin Hohberg, Dr. Volker Otte, Dr. Axel Christian

Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz Dr. Mikhail Potapov

Pedagogical State University Moscow, Russland Prof. Dr. Alexander Brückner

Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Österreich Dr. Sandra J. McInnes

British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK

On behalf of the Federal Environment Agency (Germany)

UMWELTBUNDESAMT

| TEXTE | 22/2013

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY Project No. (FKZ) 3709 85 157

Report No. (UBA-FB) 001739/E

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German version.

The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions.

ISSN 1862-4804

Study performed by: Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz Am Museum 1

02826 Görlitz Study completed in: March 2013

Publisher: Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) Wörlitzer Platz 1

06844 Dessau-Roßlau Germany

Phone: +49-340-2103-0 Fax: +49-340-2103 2285

Email: info@umweltbundesamt.de

Internet:

Edited by: Section I 3.5 Protection of the Antarctic

Fritz Hertel

Dessau-Roßlau, April 2013

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Kurzbeschreibung

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I

(7)

II

(8)

III

(9)

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(11)

(12)

VII

(13)

(14)

IX

Table 2: The localities actually sampled during the austral summers 2010 und 2011 ... 23

Table 3: Time period between sampling in the Antarctic study sites and begin of extraction of the soil animals ... 25

Table 4: Shipping dates of the extracted and sorted soil animals to the taxonomists ... 27

Table 5: Plant communities (and their characteristics) identified during the present study ... 29

Table 6: Floristic community parameters of the study plots (=areas) of the different investigated localities ... 46

Table 7: Number of collembolan species in different sampling locations. ... 58

Table 8: Indigenous and non-indigenous Collembola in the maritime Antarctic ... 63

Table 9: The literature used for the identification of the species of Oribatida r ... 127

Table 10: Table of results of a PERMANOVA of the collembolan communities ... 168

Table 11: Table of the PERMANOVA results for the Actinedida communities ... 170

Table 12: Table of the PERMANOVA results for the Oribatida and Gamasina communities ... 171

Table 13: Table of the PERMANOVA results for the nematode communities. ... 173

Table 14: Table of the PERMANOVA results for the Tardigrada communities ... 175

Table 15: Table of PERMANOVA results for the combined data of all investigated animal groups ... 177

Table 16: Results of the test of significant differences in -Diversity between anthropogenicaly influenced and non-influenced areas... 180

Table 17: Total number of individuals found in the samples of the „control cleaning” of passengers’ footwear ... 181

Table 18: Microarthropod species numbers recorded in previous studies in maritime Antarctic localities. ... 184

Table 19: Microarthropod densities recorded in previous studies in maritime Antarctic localities ... 187

Table 20: Densities of potentially non-native species ... 207

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X

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1

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

Tourism with land excursions Total Antarctic tourism

1992 -1993 1993 -1994 1994 -1995 1995 -1996 1996 -1997 1997 -1998 1998 -1999 1999 -2000 2000 -2001 2001 -2002 2002 -2004 2004 -2005 2005 -2006 2006 -2007 2007 -2008 2008 -2009 2009 -2010 2010 -2011

Number of tourists in Antarctica

(17)

2

Table 1: Number of visitors in selected Antarctic locations in the season 2010/2011 (the 20 most frequently visited sites plus a number of potential study sites in the present study). Source: IAATO 2011

Season 2010-2011 Total

Cuverville Island 29,690

Neko Harbor 25,264

Lemaire Channel 22,504

Whalers Bay 19,477

Elephant Island 19,326

Goudier Island 19,000

Gerlache Strait 18,007

Neumayer Channel 17,312

Paradise Bay 16,273

Palmer Station 15,789

Half Moon Island 15,509

Antarctic Sound 14,895

Petermann Island 12,982

Deception Island 12,264

Pléneau Island 11,317

Jougla Point 11,303

Bismarck Strait 10,715

Almirante Brown 10,200

Aitcho - Barrientos Island 9,591

Vernadsky Station 9,517

Paulet Island 5,301

Telefon Bay 5,101

Melchior Islands 5,066

Detaille Island 4,024

Admiralty Sound 3,555

Devil Island 3,224

Hannah Point 2,719

Point Wild 2,607

Lemaire Island 1,899

Yalour Islands 1,889

Arctowski Station 960

Ardley Island 524

Laurie Island 425

South Orkney Islands 60

(18)

3

(19)

4

(20)

5

(21)

6

(22)

7

(23)

8

(24)

9

(25)

10

(26)

11

a

„tourists“

no „tourists“

„Treatment“:

„Location“ :

c b a c b

„Area“

:

„Core“

(27)

12

(28)

13

(29)

14 Aa Ac

Bb Bc

Aa

Ac Ba

(30)

15 Ab

Aa

Ba

(31)

16 Aa

Ab Bb

Aa

Ab Bb

(32)

17 Aa

Ab Bb

(33)

18 Ba

Ab Bb

(34)

19 Aa Ba

Ab

Aa Ba

(35)

20 Ab Bb

Ba

(36)

21 Aa

Ba Bc

(37)

22 Bb

Aa Ba

Aa

Aa Ba

(38)

23 Table 2:

The localities actually sampled during the austral summers 2010 und 2011, their exact positions, sampling dates, person actually performing the sampling („Sampler“) as well as the number of sampling plots (= areas) per locality and the total number of soil cores taken per locality.

Locality Coordinates Date „Sampler“ Nr. of plots Nr. of

samples Devil Island 63°47'54.0" S

57°17'24.6" W 17.I.2010 A. Kertelhein 4 16

Halfmoon Island 62°35'42.7" S

59°53'54.8" W 19.I.2010 A. Kertelhein 3 12

Halfmoon Island 62°35'43,9" S

59°54'07,7" W 09.II.2010 H.-J. Spitzenberger 6 24

Whalers Bay (Deception Island)

62°58'43.8" S

60°33'24.4" W 19.I.2010 A. Kertelhein 4 16

Whalers Bay

(Deception Island) 62°58'43,5" S

60°33'24,5" W 09.II.2010 H.-J. Spitzenberger 6 24

Petermann Island 65°10'29.3" S

64°08'10.7" W 20.I.2010 A. Kertelhein 2 8

Neko Harbour 64°51'45.9" S

62°26'47.5" W 21.I.2010 A. Kertelhein 4 16

Arctowski Station (King George Island)

62°09'32.6" S

58°27'58.1" W 25.I.2010 K. Pütz 6 24

Biologenbucht (King George Island)

62°11'48.3" S

58°59'28.8" W 21.I.2010 H.-U. Peter 6 24

Punta Cristian (King George Island)

62°11'50.7" S

58°56'33.2" W 22.I.2010 H.-U. Peter 6 24

Punta Cristian II (King George Island)

62°11'53.0" S

58°56'47.5" W 12.II.2010 A. Nordt 6 24

Whalers Bay (Deception Island)

62°58'42.96"S

60°33'29.34"W 02.I.2011 A. Kertelhein, M. Steinhof 6 24 Whalers Bay

(Deception Island)

62°58'42.96"S

60°33'29.34"W 07.II.2011 D. Russell 2 8

Telefon Bay (Deception Island)

62°55'43.03" S

60°40'48.83"W 02.I.2011 A. Kertelhein 6 24

Neko Harbour 64°50'41.10"S, 03.I.2011 A. Kertelhein, H. Fries 4 16

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24

62°31'53.46"W

Neko Harbour 64°50'41.10"S,

62°31'53.46"W 21.I.2011 A. Kertelhein 2 8

Neko Harbour 64°50'41.10"S,

62°31'53.46"W 10.II.2011 D. Russell 2 8

Halfmoon Island 62°35'45.84"S,

59°54'6.84"W 20.I.2011 A. Kertelhein,

H. Fries 6 24

Ardley Island (King George Island)

62°12'38.40"S,

58°56'40.62"W 15.I.2011 H.-U. Peter,

S. Janowski, A. Nordt 6 24

Paulet Island 63°34'30.36"S,

55°46'59.04"W 06.I.2011 D. Russell 3 12

Hannah Point 62°39'14.94"S,

60°36'39.84"W 07.I.2011 D. Russell 4 16

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25

Table 3: Time period between sampling in the Antarctic study sites and begin of extraction of the soil animals from the samples in Görlitz, Germany.

Locality Sampling Sample arrival in Görlitz

Begin sample extraction

Time elapsed after sampling

Devil Island 17 Jan. 2010 28 Jan. 2008 28 Jan. 2010 11 days

Halfmoon Island 19 Jan. 2010 28 Jan. 2008 28 Jan. 2010 9 days

Deception Island 19 Jan. 2010 28 Jan. 2008 28 Jan. 2010 9 days

Petermann Island 20 Jan. 2010 28 Jan. 2008 28 Jan. 2010 8 days

Neko Harbour 21 Jan. 2010 28 Jan. 2008 28 Jan. 2010 7 days

Arctowski Station 25 Jan. 2010 09 Jan. 2010 09 Feb. 2010 15 days

Biologenbucht 21 Jan. 2010 09 Feb. 2010 09 Feb. 2010 19 days

Punta Cristian 22 Jan. 2010 09 Feb. 2010 09 Feb.2 010 18 days

Punta Cristian II 12 Feb. 2010 09 Mar. 2010 09 Mar. 2010 15 days

Whalers Bay 02 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 27 days

Whalers Bay 07 Feb. 2011 16 Jan. 2011 16 Feb. 2011 9 days

Telefon Bay 02 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 27 days

Neko Harbour 10 Feb. 2011 16 Feb. 2011 16 Feb. 2011 5 days

Halfmoon Island 20 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 9 days

Ardley Island 15 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 29 Jan. 2011 14 days

Paulet Island 06 Feb. 2011 16 Feb. 2011 16 Feb. 2011 10 days

Hannah Point 07 Feb. 2011 16 Feb. 2011 16 Feb. 2011 9 days

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26

(42)

27

Table 4: Shipping dates of the extracted and sorted soil animals to the taxonomists of the present project.

Animal group Taxonomist Date Samples

Oribatida A. Bruckner, Vienna 27 Mai, 2010 Complete

Collembola M. Potoapov, Moscow 24 March, 2010 Sample charge I 04 June, 2010 Sample charge II Tardigrada S. McInnes, Cambridge 07 July, 2010 Sample charge I

20 Aug., 2010 Sample charge II

Oribatida A. Bruckner, Vienna 24 Aug., 2011 Complete

Collembola M. Potoapov, Moscow 15 Oct., 2011 „picked up personally“

Tardigrada S. McInnes, Cambridge 18 June, 2011 Complete

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28

(44)

29

- -

- - -

Table 5: Plant communities (and their characteristics) identified during the course of the present study in the sampled areas.

Plant community Characteristics

1 Prasiola-crispa community Ornithocoprophilous (Pereira et al. 2007, Schaefer et al.

2007), in the most fertilised sites (Olech 2004) 1a Deschampsia antarctica – Prasiola

crispa community

Near penguin colonies on gentle slopes of moraines or hills, where water runs off with bird faeces (Olech 2004) 1b Algal crusts Not further differentiated; in places and areas where

higher vegetation is absent

2 Bryum pseudotriquetrum formation In flooded areas and within meltwater drainage streams (Victoria et al. 2009)

2a Bryum pseudotriquetrum - Sanionia –

association Habitats subjected to flowing water (Ochyra et al. 2008) 3 Leptogium puberulum stands Barren soil substrates of coarser textures in the more

hydric sites (Cannone et al. 2006)

4 Sanionia uncinata formation A number of associations, partly with Deschampsia (next community); in flooded areas (Antarctic swamp) (Victoria et al. 2009, Cannone et al. 2006); wet habitats with impeded drainage (Ochyra et al. 2008)

4a Deschampsia - moss On coastal plains or gentle slopes with a northern exposure; on gravel and moderately moist soils; in sites with an influx of organic matter (Olech 2004)

4b Sanionia georgico-uncinata In drier sites on the edges of boggy areas, usually on gravely substrates, along coasts or in valleys between glacial moraines (Olech 2004)

4c Brachythecium austrosalebrosum association

On wet soils and along meltwater streams (Ochyra et al.

2008) 5 Short moss torf and cushion

subformation

The most diverse and disparate moss-dominated

communities, typical for fellfields on drier stone substrata (Ochyra et al. 2008)

(45)

30

5a Andreaea community with Ceratodon

and lichens, dominance of Ochrolechia frigida

On scree slopes covered with boulders (Olech 2004)

5b Polytrichastrum alpinum formation, with Ochrolechia frigida, Psoroma etc.

On well drained sites, on rocky substrates (Victoria et al.

2009); tall moss turf on well drained soils and slopes (Ochyra et al. 2008); near the summits of glacial moraines (Olech 2004). Epibryoic crustose lichens in the later stages of succession, or in drier places (Olech 2004) 5c Chorisodontium aciphyllum stands Moss turf subformation; on moist, well drained rocky hillsides, forming tall moss banks up to 5500 years old (Ochyra et al. 2008)

5d Usnea antarctica – U. aurantiacoatra community and Usnea–Andreaea community

In well drained sites (Schäfer et al. 2007); drier and more exposed stands (Cannone et al. 2006), on the summits of predominantly younger moraines (Olech 2004)

6 Species-rich tundra with fruticose lichens

On sites with particularly advantageous, wind-sheltered conditions (Olech 2004)

- - - - - -

(46)

31

(47)

32

(48)

33

χ²

(49)

34

(50)

35

(51)

36

(52)

37

(53)

38 2010

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

***

(*)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

*

2011

(54)

39 2010

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

*

2011

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

*

* *** *

2010

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

*

2011

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

*

No soil, only vegetation

(55)

40 2010 2011

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

*

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

*

* *

*

(56)

41

Soil Ntot[%]

Soil Ctot[%]

2010 2011

Soil Ntot[%]

Soil Ctot[%]

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

*

**

***

(*)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

*

**

*

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

* *

***

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

**

*

No soil, only vegetationNo soil, only vegetation

Soil C/N - Ratio Soil C/N - Ratio

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

*

**

*

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

**

(57)

42

(58)

43

(59)

44

(60)

45

(61)

46

Table 6: Floristic community parameters of the study plots (=areas) of the different investigated localities. Sums (species number) and average values (vegetational cover and plant society). Vegetational cover in categories: 0 = no vegetation, 1 = cover up to 25%, 2 = 25-50%, 3 = 50-<100%, 4 = 100%. For the plant societies, see Table 5 (Materials and Methods).

Locality:

Arctowski Station Biologenbucht Punta Cristian Punta Cristian II Ardley Island Halfmoon Island Halfmoon Island Hannah Point Telefon Bay Whalers Bay Whalers Bay Paulet Island Devil Island Neko Harbour Neko Harbour Petermann Island

Area 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2010 2011 2011 2011 2010 2011 2011 2010 2010 2011 2010

Number of species influenced

Aa 3 1 4 3 5 ? ? 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ab 5 4 7 3 2 ? ? 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ac 1 6 7 4 5 ? 0 0 0

Ad 0 0

non-influenced

Ba 2 6 5 3 2 ? ? 2 0 ? ? 0 0 0 0

Bb 2 4 6 9 6 ? 2 0 1 ? 1 0 0 0

Bc 3 3 6 3 7 ? 0 0 0

Bd 0 0

Vegetational cover influenced

Aa 3.3 3.8 1.8 2.5 3.8 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ab 3 3.3 2.8 3.5 4 1.8 2 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ac 0.3 3.3 3.3 1.8 4 1 0 0 0

Ad 0 0

non-influenced

Ba 3.5 4 3 3.3 4 1 1 3 0 1.8 1 0 0 0 0 0

Bb 4 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.8 1 2.8 0 1.8 1 4 0 0 0

Bc 3.5 2.5 3 3.3 4 2 0 0 0

Bd 0 0

Plant society influenced

Aa 4a 4b 5 4b 4b 1 1 1a 1b 1a

Ab 4a 4b 5 4b 4b 1 1 1a

Ac 4a 4b 5 5b 4b 1 1

Ad

non-influenced

Ba 4a 4c 5a 4b 4c 5 1 1a 2

Bb 4a 4 5 5b 4b 5 1 1a 2 1

Bc 4a 2a 5d 4b 4b 5 1

Bd

(62)

47

(63)

48

(64)

49

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

2010 2011

a a b b b b,c b,c c b,c a a,d a,c b,c,d c a b

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

0 50 100 150 200

a,c a b,c a b a,c b b b 250 a b b,c d a,c b,d b,d

Densities[Ind./100cm³]Densities[Ind./100cm³]

Tardigrada Nematoda

Gamasina Oribatida Actinedida Collembola

(65)

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

16 b a a,e b,e b c d d c a a,c b,c b,c b,c b b,c

Tardigrada Nematoda

Gamasina Oribatida Actinedida Collembola 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0

a a a,b a b,c b b,c c b,c 4,5 a b,c a,c b,c a b b,c

2010 2011

Species/ „Area“ (Plot)Species/ „Area“ (Plot)

(66)

51

500 100150 200250 300350 400450 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

16000 2010 2011

Densities[Ind./100cm³]Densities[Ind./100cm³]

(67)

52

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0 12 3 4 56 7 8 9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 02 4 68 1012 1416

18 2010 2011

Species/ „Area“ (Plot)Species/ „Area“ (Plot)

(68)

53

(69)

54

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

700 a,b a b,c a c a,b c c c

0 50 100 150 200

250 a c,d b,d c,d a,b b,d c,d

(70)

55

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Whalers Bay Halfmoon Island Neko Harbour

2010 2011

(71)

56

2010 and 2011 total Collembola

0 1 2 3 4

62 62 63 64 65 65 66

Latitude

Log Collembola total (log(densities+1))

2010 and 2011 total Collembola

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

62 62 63 64 65 65 66

Latitude

number of species per a core

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

2010 450 2011

(72)

57

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

log CollembolaTotal: = Log10(densities+1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(73)

58

Table 7: Number of collembolan species (N) in different sampling locations.

Area Location N

King George Island Arctowski station 6

Biologenbucht 6

Punta Cristian 4

Punta Cristian 3 5

Ardley Island 5

all locations together 6

Livingston Island complex Halfmoon Island (2010) 3

Halfmoon Island (2011) 2

Hannah Point 3

Deception Island Whalers Bay (2010) 6

Whalers Bay (2011) 7

Telefon Bay 2

all locations together 8(11)*

Antarctic Peninsula Petermann Island 0

in Danco and Graham Neko Harbour (2010) 1

coast areas Neko Harbour (2011) 2

Weddell Sea Devil Island 4

Paulet Island 1

* value including literature data is given in parenthesis -1.0

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

log Collembola Total: = Log10(densities+1)

b a b a, b b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(74)

59

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

4.0 a,c a b,d a,c b,d b,c b,d d b,d

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

2.5 a,c b,c a,d b a,d b,d b

(75)

60

Dependence of number of species in area on coordinates (basing only on data of project)

King George

Peninsula coast Deception Island

Livingston Island

Weddell Sea

61,6

62,1

62,6

63,1

63,6

64,1

64,6

65,1

65,6 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Longitude

Latitude

Dependence of number of species in area on coordinates (basing on project and literatura data )

King George

Peninsula coast Deception Island

Livingston Island

Weddell Sea

61,6

62,1

62,6

63,1

63,6

64,1

64,6

65,1

65,6 54 56

58 60

62 64

66

Longitude

Latitude

(76)

61

2010: total non-indigenous Collembola

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Vegetational cover (categories) Log Collembola total (log(densities+1))

2010: total indigenous Collembola

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Vegetational cover (categories) Log Collembola total (log(densities+1))

(77)

62

2010 2011

0.00.5 1.0 1.52.0 2.5 3.0 3.54.0 4.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

(78)

63

Table 8: Indigenous and non-indigenous Collembola occurring in the maritime Antarctic Cryptopygus antarcticus Willem, 1901 widely distributed Friesea grisea (Schäffer, 1891)

Archisotoma brucei (Carpenter, 1907)

Indigenous species Cryptopygus badasa Greenslade, 1995

locally distributed Tullbergia mixta Wahlgren, 1906 Friesea woyciechowskii Weiner, 1980 Folsomotoma octooculata (Willem, 1901) high risk status Hypogastrura viatica (Tullberg, 1872)

Protaphorura fimata * (Gisin, 1952)

Non-indigenous species Folsomia candida * Willem, 1902

middle risk status Mesaphorura macrochaeta ** Rusek, 1976 Proisotoma minuta ** (Tullberg, 1871) Deuteraphorura cebennaria ** (Gisin, 1956) group and status unclear Cryptopygus caecus *** Wahlgren, 1906

* species recorded from the maritime Antarctic in the literature and not identified in the present project

** species recorded for the first time in the maritime Antarctic during the present project

*** placed in intermediate position between indigenous and non-indigenous species (see the remarks to the individual species)

(79)

64

(80)

65

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0 10 20 30 40 50

2010 60 2011

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

log Cryptopygus antarcticus: = Log10(densities+1)

a a, b a, b b b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(81)

66

-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

log Cryptopygus antarcticus: = Log10(densities+1)

a b a a, b a

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(82)

67

(83)

68

05 1015 2025 3035 4045 50

0.00.5 1.01.5 2.02.5 3.03.5 4.0 4.55.0

2010 2011

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

logFriesea grisea: = Log10(densities+1)

a b a, b b b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(84)

69

-0.2

-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

logFriesea grisea: = Log10(densities+1)

a. c a, c b, c b c

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(85)

70

(86)

71

(87)

72

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2010 70 2011

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

log Cryptopygus badasa: = Log10(densities+1)

a a a, b b, c c

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(88)

73

-0.15

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

log Cryptopygus badasa: = Log10(densities+1)

a a a b a

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(89)

74

2010 2011

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

(90)

75

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

log Tullbergia mixta: = Log10(densities+1)

a a.,b a, b b c

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(91)

76

² ² ²

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

1.6 2010 2011

2011 not registered

(92)

77

³ 0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0 2 4 6 8 10

2010 12 2011

(93)

78

-0.4

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

log Folsomotoma octooculata: = Log10(densities+1)

a a a a b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(94)

79

2010 2011

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

(95)

80

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

log Hypogastrura viatica: = Log10(densities+1)

a b b, c b, c c

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

log Hypogastrura viatica: = Log10(densities+1)

a b a a a

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(96)

81

(97)

82

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.000.01 0.020.03 0.04 0.050.06 0.070.08 0.09

2010 0.10 2011

(98)

83

-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

log Mesaphorura macrochaeta: = Log10(densities+1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(99)

84

(100)

85

(101)

86

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

2010 0.45 2011

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

logCryptopygus caeacus: = Log10(densities+1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(102)

87

(103)

88

(104)

89

-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

a a, c b, c b b

log Total Actinedida: = Log10(Densities+1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(105)

90

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3.5 a a,c a,d a b,c b,c,d b b b,c,d

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

1.6 a b b,c b,c a c b,c

(106)

91

0.0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

2010 2011

2010 2011

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

(107)

92

-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

log Actinedidaspeciesrichness= Log10(Arten/Probe+1):

a b b b b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(108)

93

(109)

94

Tower Island

Signy Island

Adelaide Island

King George Island

Paulet Island

Laurie Island Ardley Island

Anvers Island

Lavoisier Island

Charcot Island

Brabant Island

Elephant Island

Deception Island

Alexander Island

James Ross Island

Coronation Island

Bioscoe Islands

^

^_ _

^ _

^

^_ _

^

^_

^_ _^_^_

^

^ _ _

^

^ _ _

Records in present project Previous records

(from Literature and EBA Database)

(110)

95

^

^_ _^

^_ _

^ _

(111)

96

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

1.4 2010 2011

not recorded in 2011

(112)

97

^ _

^

^_ _^ _

Previous records (as „N. antarcticus“) Records in present project Previous records

(113)

98

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

log Nanorchestesberryi: = Log10(Densities+1)

a a, c a, c b b, c

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(114)

99

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

log Nanorchestesberryi= Log10(Densities+1)

a a a a b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(115)

100

^

^_ _

^ _^_

^

^_ _

(116)

101

³ 0.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

4.0 2010 2011

not recorded in 2011

^

^_ _

^ _

^ _^_

^ _^ _

^ _

(117)

102

0 5 10 15 20 25

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

2010 3.5 2011

-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

log Eupodesexiguus: = Log10(Densities+1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(118)

103

^

^_ _^_

(119)

104

0.00.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.21.4 1.6 1.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2010 9 2011

(120)

105

^

^_ _

^ _^_

^ _

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

3.0 2010 2011

not recorded in 2011

(121)

106

^ _^_

(122)

107

^

^_ _

^ _^_

^

^_ _

(123)

108

02 46 108 1214 1618 20

0.00.5 1.01.5 2.02.5 3.03.5 4.04.5

2010 5.0 2011

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

log Ereynetesmacquariensis: = Log10(Densities+1)

a a a b b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(124)

109

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

log Ereynetesmacquariensis: = Log10(Densities+1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(125)

110

^

^_ _^ _

^ _

(126)

111

0 5 10 15 20 25

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

2010 1.6 2011

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

log Apotriophtydeusscotia: = Log10(Densities+1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(127)

112

^

^_ _

^ _

(128)

113

^ _

^ _^ _

(129)

114

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

2010 2.5 2011

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

log Bakerdaniaantarcticus: = Log10(Densities+1)

a a, b a b b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(130)

115

-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

log Bakerdaniaantarcticus= Log10Densities+1)

a b a a a

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(131)

116

^

^ _ _^_

^

^ _ _

Records in present project No previous records

(132)

117

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

2010 4.5 2011

Hardly recorded in 2010

(133)

118

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

log Coccotydaeoluskrantzii= Log10(Densities+1)

a b b b b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(134)

119

^

^_ _^_

^

^_ _

^

^ _ _

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.140.16

2010 0.18 2011

(135)

120

^

^_ _^_

^ _

(136)

121

³

0 20 40 60 80 100

120 a,b c a,b,d c a c,d c,d c,d c,b

0.00.5 1.01.5 2.0 2.53.0 3.5 4.04.5

5.0 b,d a a,c b,d b c,d b,d

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2010 2011

(137)

122

2010 2011

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(138)

123

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

log Oribatidadensities= log10(densities+ 1)

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

a b a a a

-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

log Oribatidadensities= log10(densities+ 1)

a b c c b

0% <25% <50% <100% 100%

Vegetational cover

(139)

124

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.6 a b a,c b a,c b b b b,c

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.9 b,c a a b,c b c b,c