Waste Incineration
Combustion of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant in Izmit
Sahan Dede
1. Introduction ...343
2. Hazardous waste incineration plant ...345
3. Disposal of POPs ...346
4. Conclusion ...349
5. References ...349 Many chemical products were discovered and produced from the end of the 19th century to the last quarter of the 20th century. These products were used in many branches of agriculture, animal husbandry and industry. Because of the negative effects of human and environmental health, the production and some of them began to be restricted or prohibited. One of these pollutants, classified as persistent organic pollutants, is hexachylcyclohexane (HCH). Use of this product in conjunction with the production has been realized, the production was stopped after the prohibition in Turkey. In the province of Kocaeli there are 2,500 tons of HCH which has been kept in warehouse for long years. In this article, persistent organic pollutants and the trial burning results were commented.
1. Introduction
The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants is an international agree- ment that aims to protect human health and the environment from the negative effects of these chemicals, to prevent, limit, prohibit or prevent the production, use, trade and oscillations. Turkey has been a party to these agreements and meet the requirements in 2010. In this context Elimination of Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs) Remnants and Reduction of POPs Release is carried out jointly by the The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO).
The aim of the project, with the elimination of stocks of POPs in Turkey, mainly to protect human health and the global environment, cleaning of areas contaminated by the relevant, reducing POPs emissions and increasing technical capacity. In Turkey, one of the main pops storage area located within the boundaries of Kocaeli Derince district is the field that stores the BHC pesticide products. These products used in agriculture were banned and kept in the facility warehouses until today.
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Waste Incineration
Persistent organic pollutants; toxic, long time around, semi-volatile and crosses the borders of the country, readily soluble in fat tissues and it’s usually cyclic organic compounds. They can be folded in the food chain and reach high amounts in animals and humans. The combination of these features has made them a global problem.
Permanent organic compounds such as dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) have been synthesized in the late 19th century and between 1948 and 1962, it is observed that the usage is very high. According to the Stockholm Convention, which entered into force in 2001, the prohibition and restric- tions of permanent organic pollutants are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Persistent organic pollutants
Annex A Aldrin Chlordane Chlordecone
(Prohibition) Dieldrin Endrin Heptachlor
Hexabromobiphenyl Hexabromodiphenyl ether andheptabromodiphenyl ether Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane Beta hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane
Mirex Pentachlorobenzene Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB)
Technical endosulfan Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and Toxaphene and its related isomers pentabromodiphenyl ether
Annex B
DDT Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts (Restriction) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride
Annex C Polychlorinated Polychlorinated Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (Mitigation) dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) dibenzofurans (PCDF)
Pentachlorobenzene Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
Persistent organic pollutants Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Lindane has been used ex- tensively throughout the world until 1990 after World War II due to its toxic properties.
Lindane has been used together with fungicides for the control of insect-borne diseases and in the treatment of insecticidal diseases in agriculture and animal husbandry, households and in the waste of many soil hosts and plant-eating insects and their use is restricted by detecting accumulation in the human body and is prohibited thereafter.
The total usage amount is estimated to be around 10 million tons between 1948–1997.
The chemically synthesized HCH consists of a total of eight stereo isomers named ac- cording to the sequence of chlorine atoms. Only alpha (α-), beta (β-), gamma (ε-), delta (δ) and epsilon (γ-) isomers can be detected in the mixture because they have stable properties. The HCH and/or γ-HCH production sites are located in many European countries. Including Turkey, China Russia, India, Czech Republic, Spain, France, Ger- many, Britain, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland are the main producing countries in the past. α-, β- and γ -HCH have been classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their persistence in the environment, long distances, bioaccumulation properties and threatening human and environmental health at 2009. In addition, the European Union in the production of chemical processes or use of HCH by the end of 2007 until the end of the prevention of POPs 850/2004/EC is decided by the directive and
Waste Incineration
Environmental pollution caused by HCH is one of the most important priority items of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. In addition, HCH-isomers are included in the priority list by the Commission for the Protection of Northeast Atlantic Marine Environment (OSPAR) Commission for the Protection of Northeast Atlantic Marine Environment. Lindane has been listed as a pollutant for EPA’s Large Water Program due to its environmental stability, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity to man and the environment. The pollution caused by HCH isomers today is caused by the amount of residues and production stocks that are exposed as a result of the widespread use of this pesticide in the past.
The effects of Lindane on health Lindane is used as a pesticide for fruit and vegetable crops, seed processing, forestry, livestock and pet care. The reason for exposure to Lindane is air inhalation, skin contact, and contaminated food and drinks. As a result of exposure to breathing cause irritation of nose and throat and poisoning with effects on the blood. Long-term exposure has been associated with effects on the liver, cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems.
In animal studies, to Lindane showed negative effects on the reproductive system, while developmental effects were not noted. It has a negative effect on the nervous system and its effects on vomiting, nausea and musculoskeletal system have been reported. It has reported effects on the liver, kidney, immune and nervous systems even in short-term exposures. Carcinogenic effects, especially on the liver (EPA).
2. Hazardous waste incineration plant
In this section, information about incineration plant in Izmit is given.
Izaydaş, Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant, high-temperature incineration of haz- ardous waste which is the first licensed disposal facility in Turkey. The facility has a capacity of 35,000 tons/year and it was commissioned in 1997 and continues its activities.
The facility consists of six main sections:
• Waste Storage Units,
• Incinerator,
• Steam and Energy Generation System,
• Waste Gas Cleaning System,
• Ash/Slag Collection System,
• Physical Chemical Wastewater Treatment System.
Wastes are burned in the rotary kiln at 1,000–1,100 °C and in the second combustion furnace at 1,100 to 1,200 °C. Combustion gas is directed to the boiler which consists of the suction fan and the second combustion furnace in the chimney part and the radiation, super heater and economizer sections. Electrical energy is produced by 40 bar 350 °C of superheated steam produced in the boiler. Turbine capacity is 5,2 MW.
Waste Incineration
The waste gas whose temperature is lowered at the out of the boiler, is treated by elec- trostatic filter, venturi-scrubber, desulfurization and dioxin-furan unit, respectively, from the flue to the atmosphere.
Figure 1:
Hazardous waste incineration plant in Izmit
The electrostatic filter is a unit that effectively removes dust and particles in the exhaust gas, which operates at an efficiency of 99.99 %. After dust removal, SO2, heavy metal and halogens are removed by passing through the waste gas venturi and lime spray wet scrubbers. The cleaned flue gas is passed through the dioxin-furan unit to the atmosphere from the stack. Flue gas emissions are monitored by continuous measurement system and all values are followed by related institutions.
3. Disposal of POPs
Within the scope of the project of eliminating POPs residues and reducing POPs emis- sions, trial burning process was carried out for the disposal of Lindane and PCB oils at the Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant. The incineration plant is a process to treat the flue gas by burning the hazardous wastes at a high temperature and main units are dry and wet treatment units that provide incinerator, power generation and flue gas treatment. Fly ash is remove in the electrostatic filter, halogen, heavy metal, TOC and SO2 are in wet scrubbers and dioxin furans are kept in activated carbon adsorption unit.
Four different menus were created and tested in trial burning and, in this study, a total of 69 samples were collected from seven different points consisting of incineration plant stack, physical chemical wastewater treatment effluent, filter cake, slag, fly ash (boiler and electrostatic filter ash) and activated carbon. Dioxin furan, PCB, HCH, DDT, OCP and heavy metal analyses were analysed in each sample. In addition, the content of the waste fed to the furnace was analysed by analysing the efficiency of disposal disposal.
Four separate tests: between 1 % and 3 % chlorine content was prepared by incinera- tion, during each test, both the feed characteristics and the flue gas, slag, ash, flue gas treatment, wet scrubber and activated carbon adsorption unit were taken from the outputs. A wide variety of analyses were made and taken into consideration.
During the trial burning, temperature, pressure, pH, velocity, flow and flue gas emis- sions of many points of the plant were recorded. Trial burning took 6 days, waste menu preparation, based on the menu of the incineration disposal process in the range of 1,100–1,200 °C, the resulting solid and liquid wastes from the flue gas sampling, analysis and reporting was made after the evaluation.
dioxin-furan
unit venturi and
lime SS electrostatic
filter rotary kiln and pos
Waste Incineration
(1)
(2) DRE is an additional performance parameter that takes into account only airborne emissions. A higher DE value of 99.9999 % is recommended for the implementation criteria for implementation in global environmental fund projects, with DE> 99.99 % and with DRE > 99.9999 % in Basel Guide Documents.
The limit values to be postponed according to national and international standards and regulations are given below.
• Destruction Efficiency – DE ≥ % 99.99,
• Destruction Removal Efficiency – DRE ≥ % 99.9999,
• Flue gas dioxin furan < 0.1 ng/Nm3,
• Waste water treatment dioxin furan < 0.3 mg/m3.
Evaluation of samples from different points; Regulation on the Incineration of Wastes, General Technical Guidelines for Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Basel Convention, EU 2010/75/EU Directive and the Global Environment Fund have been made on the basis of the selection technology of permanent organic pollutants.
In addition to Lindane, PCB transformer oils that another persistent organic pollutant, were burned in the trial. 4 separate menus were created and each menu was tested in two different periods of 8 hour. Test 1A 8 Test 4B described in Table 3 and Table 4 gives the results of burning in 8 different periods. Table 2 shows the amounts of these organic pollutants in the waste menu.
According to the results of the samples analysed by TUBITAK-MAM, DE destruction and DRE purification efficiency are given in Table 3, the results of flue gas and treatment effluent dioxin-furan are given in Table 4.
Figure 2:
A view of trial burning
DE = POPsinput – POPsoutput – combustion unit
POPsinput • 100
DRE =POPsinput – POPsoutput – flue gas treatment
POPsinput
Disposal efficiency (DE), meaning the percentage of persistent organic pollutant (POPs) product or permanently converted pollutants destroyed after incineration, is a reliable and comprehensive disposal measure. Disposal and purification efficiency (DRE) is the percentage of elimination of original POPs, permanent conversion or de-flue degassing.
Waste Incineration
For each test given in Table 3, it is seen that the results of destruction and destruction treatment provide the proposed Basel Guidance documents data (99.9999 %). (DE and DRE are not calculated because POPs waste is not fed in test 1 study.)
Table 2: Trial burned waste feed menu and burning tests
TEST | 1A-TEST | 1B TEST | 2A-TEST | 2B TEST | 3A-TEST | 3B TEST | 4A-TEST | 4B Standard Waste Supply HCH-FEED HCH-FEED PCB Oil FEED
Waste (2.23 % Halogen) (2.98 % Halogen) (2.03 % Halogen)
Streams Waste Chlorine Chlorine Waste Chlorine Chlorine Waste Chlorine Chlorine Waste Chlorine Chlorine Feed Ratio Entry Feed Ratio Entry Feed Ratio Entry Feed Ratio Entry
Rate Feed Rate Feed Rate Feed Rate Feed
kg/h % kg/h kg/h % kg/h kg/h % kg/h kg/h % kg/h Bunker 3,337 0.5 16.69 3.125 0.5 15.63 3.125 0.5 15.63 3.429 0.5 17.15 Barrel 328.67 8.39 27.57 320.34 24.66 79.01 330.50 35.26 116.54 222.29 0.90 2.01 PCL 665 0.16 1.06 609.37 0.16 0.97 624.54 0.16 1.00 443.7 0.16 0.71 Aqueous
Liquid 392 0.16 0.63 414 0.16 0.66 418 0.16 0.67 397 0.16 0.64 Special
Liquid 244 0.16 0.39 250 0.16 0.40 250 0.16 0.40 145 48.27 69.99 Fuel 95.87 0.27 0.26 144 0.27 0.39 31 0.27 0.08 61.91 0.27 0.17 TOTAL 5,062.5 0.92 46.59 4,862.7 2.00 97.06 4,779.04 2.81 134.31 4,698.901 1.93 90.65
Table 3: Destruction efficiency and destruction removal efficiency result
DE DRE
TEST OCP HCH PCB TEST OCP HCH PCB
% %
TEST2A 99.9999894 99.9999894 – TEST2A 99.9999991 99.9999991 – TEST2B 99.9999857 99.9999857 – TEST2B 99.9999992 99.9999992 – TEST 3A 99.9999932 99.9999932 – TEST3A 99.9999994 99.9999994 – TEST 3B 99.9999919 99.9999919 – TEST3B 99.9999995 99.9999995 –
TEST 4A – – 99.9999532 TEST4A – – 99.9999996
TEST 4B – – 99.9999532 TEST4B – – 99.999999
Table 4: Dioxin-furan results in flue gas and physical-chemical treatment effluent
Sampling point Limits TEST1A TEST1B TEST2A TEST2B TEST3A TEST3B TEST4A TEST4B
ng/Nm3
Stack 0.1 0.024 0.0258 0.0342 0.0707 0.0458 0.0351 0.0303 0.0318 Waste water
treatment outlet 0.3 0.0002 0.0067 0.0005 0.0006 0.0037 0.00016 0.0039 0.0004
Dioxin-furan results given for each test in Table 4; it complies with the EU waste in- cineration directive (Directive 2000) and the regulations for incineration of wastes in Turkey, increasing to 0.1 ng/m3 in flue gas and less than 0.3 ng/l in waste water.
Waste Incineration
Abbreviations DE Destruction efficiency
DRE Destruction removal efficiency HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane
Izaydaş İzmit Atık ve Artıkları Yakma ve Değerlendirme A.Ş OCP Organochlorine pesticide
POPs Persistent organic pollutants
UNDP United Nations Development Program
4. Conclusion
Products and wastes that are classified as permanent organic pollutants are disposed of by incineration. Destruction of the waste by complete disintegration during combus- tion and removal of the flue-gas by annihilation and purifying efficiencies can only be provided in fully equipped combustion plants. In this study, four different tests were carried out by burning the waste menu with chlorine content between 1 % and 3 %.
Permanent organic pollutant removal percentage and dioxin furan analysis were per- formed with analysis of many parameters in the feed waste, slag, fly ash, filter press cake, activated carbon, wastewater and flue gas samples. The detailed trial burning report was published on the Izaydaş website and is accessible. As a result of these study, all national and international standards and international contract conditions have been provided and it has been shown that the incineration plant is a plant that will eliminate all persistent organic pollutants together with Lindane and PCB.
5. References
[1] European Parliament and Council on the Incineration of Waste: Directive 2000/76/EC
[2] Izaydas Incineration Facility for Purposes of Demonstrating Performance in Accordance with International Standards as Applied to the Destruction of Persistent Organic Pollutant Waste, 2017 [3] https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/.../lindane.pdf
[4] Pelitli, V.; Kurt, U; Canli, O.: Mechanochemical Declorination of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers, Journal of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 2018
Contact Person
Dr. Şahan Dede
Izaydaş Atatürk Mah. Çarşıbaşı Cd. No: 350 Incinerator Manager
Izmit/Kocaeli TURKEY +90 2623166012
sahan.dede@izaydas.com.tr
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