TERENO
A network of terrestrial long-term observatories in Germany
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Long-Term Perspective – The Keeling Curve
Keeling, C.D., T.P. Whorf, M. Whalen and J. van der Plicht. 1995.
Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980., Nature 375:666–670,
C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, R. B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T. P. Whorf, M.
Heimann, and H. A. Meijer, Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects, SIO Reference Series, No. 01-06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 88 pages, 2001.
Long-Term Perspective II –
Decline of Moths in the Alice Holt Research Forest
Forestry Commission Research Note. 2008. The Environmental Change
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Long-Term Perspective III –
Characteristic Time Scales for Climate Changes and Coupled Ecological and Social-Economical Processes
IPCC 2001, Synthesis Report
Temporal Variability
Grundwasserkörper ist ungefährdet Entscheidung basierend auf Tagesmessung
P - Valuemax
0.01 0.10 1.00 100.00
Dec 96 Dec 97 Dec 98 Dec 99
-15 [µg/L]
Dec 93 Dec 94 Dec 95
Time
PAH- P -P - Valuemax
0.01 0.10 1.00 100.00
Dec 96 Dec 97 Dec 98 Dec 99
-15 [µg/L]
Dec 93 Dec 94 Dec 95
Time
PAH- P -
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Why do we need a long-term perspective in environmental monitoring?
• To improve the system understanding (temporal scales, complex interactions),
• To identify relevant processes,
• To determine “Exceptionality”,
• To develop and validate describing models,
• To predict/prognose developments in the observed systems – to identify “pattern”
and to recognize potential significant trends early,
• To test and optimize options for control, measures, and strategies for adaption And thereby
• As precondition for a sustainable use of natural resources.
Environmental Monitoring – General Challenges
• Identification and parametrization of system-relevant, physical/chemical/biological processes,
• Scale-bridging and scale-dependent interactions,
• Spatial heterogeneity of natural systems,
• Temporal variability of natural processes,
• Limited accessibility,
• Spatial extension of systems to be observerd.
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„Cascade of Uncertainty“
Nach Viner, D. (2002): A Qualitative Assessment of the Sources of Uncertainty in Climate Change Impacts Assessment Studies: A short discussion paper, Advances in Global Change Research, 10, 139-151. - verändert
Emission Scenario Climate Forcing Global Climate
Change Regional Climate
Change (downscaling)
Regional Impact Impact Assessment
Uncertainty
Emission Scenario Climate Forcing Global Climate
Change Regional Climate
Change (downscaling)
Regional Impact Impact Assessment Emission Scenario Climate Forcing Global Climate
Change Regional Climate
Change (downscaling)
Regional Impact Impact Assessment
UncertaintyUncertainty
Model Uncertainty and Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring – Reducing sources of model uncertainty,
• Uncertainties regarding boundaries of the systems to be observed
• Uncertainties regarding interactions between observed variables and errors of abstraction (e.g. by making false assumptions of system interactions)
• Uncertainties regarding the parametrization (calibration)
Insufficient, incomplete, or misleading monitoring and observation strategies are an essential source of
uncertainties both in model development and model
prediction
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Long-Term Environmental Monitoring – “Cinderella Science” (Nisbet, 2007)
• The required long-term funding is often difficult to ensure.
• Gain of scientific knowledge demands a “long breath”.
• The standards regarding a long-term quality assurance are high.
• “’Pure’ Monitoring” versus “Discovery Science”
Nisbet, E. 2007. Earth monitoring: Cinderella Science. Nature 450:789-790
Climate Change in Germany
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TERENO – an initiative of the Helmholtz Association
• To provide long-term environmental data in a multi-scale and multi-temporal mode
• To study long-term influence of land use changes, climate changes, socioeconomic developments and human interventions in terrestrial systems
• To analyse the interactions and feedbacks between soil, vegetation and atmosphere from the point to the catchment scale
• To determine effective parameters, fluxes and state variables for different scales
• Bridging the gap between measurement, model and management
TERENO – The concept
• To bring together scientists from different scientific communities and to integrate disciplines
• To exploit the availability of novel technologies and high performance
computer facilities for terrestrial research
• To establish common measurement platforms as the basis for long term data sets
• To combine observation and experimentation
• To foster synergies within the research area Earth and Environment and between Helmholtz-centers and national and
international research organizations
HYDROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY
SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
BIOLOGY PEDOLOGY
GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE OBSERVING SYSTEMS
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TERENO – an initiative of the Helmholtz Association
• Research Centre Jülich (FZJ) – TERENO Coordination
• Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle (UFZ)
• Research Center Karlsruhe (FZK)
• German Aerospace Centre (DLR)
• Helmholtz Centre Munich (GSF)
• Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ)
Organization structure
Scientific Steering Committee
Representatives of the involved Helmholtz Centres
TERENO Coordination Heye Bogena (FZJ) Steffen Zacharias (UFZ) Harald Kunstmann (FZK)
Mike Schwank (GFZ) Advisory Board
Independent experts and cooperation partners
CT Atmosphere CT Biosphere CT Pedosphere CT Hydrosphere
CT Environmental Sensing CT Data Management CT Integrative Modelling Coordination Teams
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Remote Sensing Platform
Hyperspectrum imagery campaigne 2008
TERENO Vision and Challenge
Prediciting terrestrial processes from remote information
Terrestrial Processes Multi-scale observations
using non-invasive and
novel Technologies Evapotranspiration
Runoff Soil moisture
SMOS
SAR
Weather- Radar
Radio- meter
Data Fusion Upscaling
Super Computing
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Boundaries and Gradients vs. related research topics Soil Moisture
Temperature Precipitation Emission Urbanity
…
Political borders Habitat borders Soil Type Pattern Flood Areas
Groundwater Catchment Land Use Intersections
…
• Land use options
• Land management strategies
• Habitat differentiation and biodiversity
• Mitigation potentials and limits of political structures
• Effects on water quality
• Socio-economic impacts
• Runoff and flood generation
• Soil erosion
• …
TERENO at the UFZ
The Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory
The Hydrological Observatory Bode
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Hydrological Observatory Bode
Intensive Research Sites and Nested Monitoring Approach
Blöschl &Sivapalan
The Bode Catchment & Intensive Research Sites
Magdeburg
Halle
Großes Bruch
Nested Monitoring and Data Assimilation Concept
Samaniego et al., 2009
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Hohes Holz
Improve understanding of energy, water and trace gas exchange in a changing environment
TERENO-ICOS
• ICOS Mission: “To provide the long-term observations required to understand the present state and predict future behavior of the global carbon cycle and greenhouse gas emissions.”
• 5 TERENO sites obtained additional funding to meet demands of ICOS standards
• TERENO is partner in ICOS-D
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Forest Site “Hohes Holz”
net and global radiation (direct, diffuse, reflected) net fluxes of energy and trace gases (eddy covariance) wind speed and direction
H2O- and CO2- concentration (at several levels) air temperature (at several levels)
precipitation (below and above canopy)
photosynthetic active radiation
(below at several levels and above canopy) stem
temperatures canopy interception
soil heat flux, soil temperatures, soil moisture, soil respiration forest floor
interception sap flow
stem flow
° C
°C
beech, birch & oak mixed forest
Improve understanding of energy, water and trace gas exchange in a changing environment:
• Eddy-flux tower for observation of energy-, water- and CO2-exchanges
• Observations of water interception in crown and litter, stem flow and throughfall, comparison to soil moisture pattern
• Modeling of soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer processes
Opening of ICOS forest site Hohes Holz
After almost five years of planning, several bureaucratic obstacles, and time-
consuming, unpleasant surprises (the first and already procured tower was not
allowed to be erected) the last of the three TERENO-ICOS sites in the
Harz/Central German Lowland
Observatory was opened in Summer 2014.
• 50 m tower in a nature protection area in the Magdeburger Börde
• Measurement of all components of the water and carbon cycle in a mixed beech forest (heigth ~ 40 m).
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Temperate forest ecohydrology at TERENO site ‘Hohes Holz’
Ecohydrological observatories at the ‘Hohes Holz’ site are set up in three different tree clusters composed of different species and different understory cover with identical sensors.
„Hohes Holz“ Intensive TERENO site
Research keywords/ topics/ questions:
• Organization & time-stability of rainfall partitioning patterns
• What properties influence partitioning of flow at different vertical levels?
• Detecting seasonal cycles of sub-canopy rainfall organization. What are the
implications under changing seasonality?
• How temporally stable are re-organized sub- canopy rainfall patterns?
• Tracing rainfall partitioning patterns
• How are the patterns of rainfall partitioning projected onto soil moisture and the deeper subsurface?
• What are implications for deep percolation?
Friesen, J., A. Köhler, A. Hildebrandt. 2011
Intensive Site “Schäfertal Catchment“
Understanding the Functioning of the Terrestrial System Using Novel Observation and Modelling Techniques
Monitoring & modelling of water fluxes at the small catchment scale
Biodiversity monitoring
Soil-landscape modelling
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Intensive Site “Schäfertal Catchment“
Understanding the Functioning of the Terrestrial System and Landscape Water Balance Using Novel Observation and Modelling Techniques
Multi-scale approach for monitoring soil water content (& snow)
lysimeters
wireless soil water content monitoring network
geophysical monitoring campaigns
airborne & space borne remote sensing (e.g. F-SAR & hyper- spectral RS campaigns) point scale
cosmic ray probes
small catchment scale
Wireless Sensor Network for Soil Moisture Observation
Hillslope Scale
Monitoring of soil moisture dynamic at the hill-slope scale using novel methods - mobile EMI and wireless SM sensors
Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensors (CRS) for Soil Moisture Observation
• Representative field mean value of soil moisture
• Continuous
• Passive
• Non-invasive
• Low maintenance
• Remote data transfer
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Intensive Site “Rappbode Dam”
Understanding of dissolved organic carbon flux at the catchment scale
Cross-continental consistency in DOC increase
Increase in DOC in >70% of studied lake systems
Monteith et al. 2007. Nature 450: 537-541
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Flux of dissolved organic carbon on the catchment scale Loss of organic carbon from soils
Loss of SOC: 66 - 550 g C m-2 a-1
(equals 8% of UK emmission of CO2 = CO2 reduction 1990-2002)
Schulze & Freibauer. 2005. Nature 473: 205-206
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Intensive Site “Rappbode Dam”
Understanding of dissolved organic carbon flux at the catchment scale
• One of the intensive testsites within the hydrological observatory Bode
• Integrative research on DOC dynamics in surface water systems (impact of land use and climate change on DOC dynamics and transformation processes)
• Close collaboration with local water supply companies
temperature,
conductivity, turbidity, nitrate, DOC
TERENO SoilCan
• Experimental infrastructure to observe long-term effects of land use change and climate change on soils
• Exchange of soil cores within the TERENO observatories along existing climatic gradients and in accordance with the projected climate change
• 126 lysimeters across all TERENO observatories (30 lysimeters at three sites in the Harz/Central German Lowland observatory)
• One of the experimental platforms for the EU-FP7 Project EXPEER (Distributed Infrastructure for EXPErimentation in Ecosystem Research)
Intensive Test Site “Selke”
Integrated field experiments to evaluate the factors controlling water flow and redox conditions in the hyporheic zone
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Intensive Site “Selke River”
Field monitoring & field laboratory
• quasi-continuous monitoring of heads, temperature and EC in streambed and adjacent aquifer
• travel time distributions from EC time series and ‚smart‘ (reactive) tracer techniques
• high-resolution online oxygen profiling
• field manipulations by e.g. pumping
WESS /
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Online Water Quality Measurement Stations
Example: SRP
Water Quality Gradient within the River Network
Rainscanner
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Identifying mechanisms and drivers: mesocosm experiments
Norf, Weitere, et al. 2011
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First Year of operation – The Global Change Experimental Facility
One of the largest experimental infrastructures in the world to observe the coupled effects of land use and climate change
Constructional Design (mobile roofs and walls) allows the manipulation of precipitation and simulation of
drought. During night a warming of the plots can be achieved.
Biodiversity and ecosystem function research
Assessment targets
• Land use and landscape structure (based on GIS)
• Soil (type, depth, quality, water retention)
• Vegetation analyses (145 permanent plots - composition, productivity, functional types)
• Organism groups (protocols of EU projects BIOASSESS and GREENVEINS)
• Vascular plants → primary producers (overall biodiversity indicators)
• Bees, Hoverflies → important pollinators (ecosystem service agents)
• Butterflies → popular indicators for habitat quality, pollinators (TMD – Tagfalter Monitoring)
• Birds → highly mobile, sensitive to landscape context, integrative on landscape scale
• Genetic variation of selected species (microevolution; sensitive to landscape
Schäfertal – Extent of the biodiversity monitoring site
Baessler, C., M. Frenzel, S. Klotz. 2011
Biodiversity Monitoring - Sites
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Halle
Leipzig Magdeburg
Arable land
Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest
Network of the palaeo-archives within TERENO
Analysis of the long-term climate dynamics and landscape development
Eifel, NE-Germany & Lake Ammer
• Work in progress at GFZ in cooperation with external partners and contributions from FZJ
Harz
• Work in progress at UFZ in cooperation with TU Dresden
• Work in progress at GFZ in cooperation with DAI and Uni Göttingen
Lake sediments Tree rings
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Remote sensing plattforms
global & continental & regional
regional & local
local & plot
spatial domain vs. spatial pixel size!
Ultralight-Plane and Hyperspectrum Imagery
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„Super“ Site Schäfertal
Airborne EnvSens activities
Bode catchment Selke sub- catchment
RemSens method Sensor Operator Key parameter
Active microwave F-SAR
(L-band) DLR Biomass, soil moisture
Imaging spectrometer AISA DUAL (VIS, NIR) UFZ Phenological &
physiological vegetation conditions
Passive microwave PLMR TERENO Soil moisture, soil texture
information
Selke
sub-catchment
Monitoring &
experimental „super site“:
Schäfertal
~ 3 km
~ 10 km
Soil Moisture Monitoring at the Intermediate Scale
using Cosmic Ray Probes
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TERENO data infrastructure design
TERENO data policy
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4M Approach
Monitoring-Mapping-Modeling-Multiple Use Database
Monitoring Modeling
Mapping
Multiple Use Database
Integrative loop of mapping, monitoring, modeling, and data mining as an integrated and evolutionary approach to adress the complexity and dynamics of the terrestrial system across scales (modified and extended 3M approach from Lin, 2010, )
TERENO Networking
HYDROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY
SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
BIOLOGY PEDOLOGY
GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE OBSERVING SYSTEMS
HYDROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY
SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
BIOLOGY PEDOLOGY
GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE OBSERVING SYSTEMS
ICOS Fluxnet CUAHSI
NOHA
LTER Lifewatch
ALARM LTSER
ANAEE CZO
Research Center
Water association Universities
Environmental agencies
Geological surveys
National park
