The long-term dynamics of energy systems and the role of innovations

Our world statistical data base includes wood, coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy as the major energy sources of history.. All energy sources have been

(and algebraic) representation of the system as a simplicia1 com- plex. Ideas and techniques of classical algebraic topology, to- gether with some newer notions motivated by

TO form appropriate strategies, the energy model gives both the production volumes of liquid and gaseous fuel and generation vol- umes of electricity, steam and hot water by three

The oil independence scenario shows less oil use, primarily in the transport sector but the energy demand and the overall fossil fuel use are almost the same as in the Baseline

The impact of these shocks is small because they ultimately support stationary hydrogen fuel cell generation, but are unable to stimulate additional hydrogen production, and so

changes that enlarge the resource base (par- ticularly in the case of clean conventional oil and gas), that improve alternative energy supply sources, and that permit

The third alternative investigated combines the "evolutionary" efficiency improvement trends with the introduction of advanced hydrogen and/or electricity powered

Methane is distributed by a network of pipelines, which becomes competitive when a cer- tain minimum spatial density of energy consumption is reached... The