Learning and Peer Effects
Niklas Potrafke
Research Paper Series
Thurgau Institute of Economics and Department of Economics at the University of Konstanz
No. 49 april 2010
Ideology and cultural policy
Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-116578
URL: http://kops.ub.uni-konstanz.de/volltexte/2010/11657/
Ideology and cultural policy
Niklas Potrafke!"
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Abstract
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Keywords:"BA6*A(/6"5,6%B+8"%@',6,>+8"5/(*%)/$"5,6%*%B)8"('-'('$@A=8"@%('B*"@'=,B(/B+"
JEL Classification:"M!:8"NO98"NOP8"QO9"
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" 9
1. Introduction"
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2. Empirical strategy 2.1 Data and variables
The referendum
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The political party landscape
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Correlation between the voting outcome of the referendum and political ideology"
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2.2 The econometric model
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"
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"
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*2'"&,*%$>")2/('"-,("*2'")%$>6'"5,6%*%B/6"5/(*%')"@A(%$>"*2'"6/)*"6,B/6"'6'B*%,$"%$"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*"
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&/(%/?6')" =A)*" -A$B*%,$" /)" *2'" ('-'('$B'" B/*'>,(+" _2'('" ]VN`F" 12'" ')*%=/*'@" '--'B*)" ,-" *2'"
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,-"'6%>%?6'"&,*'()"%$"'&'(+"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*"B,$*(,6)"-,("*2'")%0'",-"*2'"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*F"12'"
'6'B*,(/6" @%)*(%B*)" /('" KA%*'" )=/66" _7SU" '6%>%?6'" &,*'()" ,$" /&'(/>'`F" X,("*2%)" ('/),$8" $," ,*2'("
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?'B/A)'" B,$>')*%,$" =%>2*" %$B('/)'" *(/--%B" /)),B%/*'@" E%*2" *2'" B,$B'(*" 2/66F" V/(J%$>" %)" &'(+"
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""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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1/?6'" !" 5(')'$*)" @')B(%5*%&'" )*/*%)*%B)" ,-" /66" &/(%/?6')" %$B6A@'@F" D" ')*%=/*'" *2'" =,@'6"
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@'5'$@'$*"&/(%/?6'"$'%*2'("*/J')",$"*2'"&/6A'"0'(,"$,(",$'"%$"*2'"'$*%('")/=56'F"D"*2'('-,('"@,"
$,*"$''@"*,"')*%=/*'"/"B'$),('@"('>('))%,$"=,@'6"_'F>F8"1,?%*`F"12'")*/$@/(@"/))A=5*%,$)",-"
^\]"/('"-A6-%66'@F"
3. Regression Results
1/?6'"9"%66A)*(/*')"*2'"('>('))%,$"(')A6*)F"Z,6A=$"_!`")2,E)"*2'"(')A6*)"E2'$"$,"B,$*(,6"
&/(%/?6')" /('" %$B6A@'@F" D$" B,6A=$)" _9`" *," _T`" D" 2/&'" %$B6A@'@" *2'" B,$*(,6" &/(%/?6')"
)A?)'KA'$*6+F"12'"B,$*(,6"&/(%/?6')"@,"$,*"*A($",A*"*,"?'")*/*%)*%B/66+")%>$%-%B/$*8"%$B6A@%$>"*2'"
B,$*(,6"&/(%/?6')"@,')"$,*8"2,E'&'(8"B2/$>'"*2'"%$-'('$B')"('>/(@%$>"*2'"5,6%*%B/6"&/(%/?6')"/*"
/66F";+"B,$*(/)*8"*2'"5,6%*%B/6"5/(*+"&/(%/?6')"2/&'"/")%>$%-%B/$*"%$-6A'$B'",$"*2'"('-'('$@A=n)"
&,*%$>" ,A*B,='F" 12'" \%$J'" \%)*'" /$@" ZN#" &/(%/?6')" @," $,*" *A($" ,A*" *," ?'" )*/*%)*%B/66+"
)%>$%-%B/$*F"12'"XNV"&/(%/?6')"/('")*/*%)*%B/66+")%>$%-%B/$*"/*"*2'"!j"6'&'6"%$"B,6A=$)"_!`"*,"
_T`F"12'"$A='(%B/6"='/$%$>",-"*2'"B,'--%B%'$*)"%)"*2/*"/"B,((')5,$@%$>"%$B('/)'",-"*2'"&,*%$>"
)2/('"-,("*2'"XNV"?+",$'"5,%$*"E,A6@"@'B('/)'"*2'"m,n)")2/('"%$"*2'"('-'('$@A="?+"/?,A*"!FS"
5,%$*)F"12'"X(''"h,*'()"&/(%/?6')"/('"/6),")*/*%)*%B/66+")%>$%-%B/$*"/*"*2'"!j"6'&'68"*2'"C(''$"
&/(%/?6')"/*"*2'"Uj"6'&'6"%$"B,6A=$"_!`"/$@"/*"*2'"!:j"6'&'6"%$"B,6A=$)"_9`"*,"_T`8"*2'"&/(%/?6'"
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%$B('/)'",-"*2'"&,*%$>")2/('"-,("*2'"X(''"h,*'()"/$@"C(''$)"?+",$'"5,%$*"E,A6@"@'B('/)'"*2'"
m,n)")2/('"%$"*2'"('-'('$@A="?+"/?,A*"!F:O"/$@":FTO"5,%$*)F"12'"$A='(%B/6"='/$%$>",-"*2'"
B,'--%B%'$*)",-"*2'"&/(%/?6'"^*2'("%)"*2/*"/"B,((')5,$@%$>"%$B('/)'",-"*2'"&,*%$>")2/('"-,("*2'"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
7"D"/))%>$"*2'"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*)"%$"*2'"?,(,A>2)"dR>>e8"d\%*0'6)*'**'$e8"dN%$>'6)@,(-e8"dN'**%$>'$e8"db/662/A)'$e"
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E/)"6'))")'&'('"%$"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*)"E2'('"B%*%0'$)"&,*'"-,("*2'"XNV8"X(''"h,*'()8"/$@"C(''$)"
B,=5/('@"*,"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*)"E2'('"B%*%0'$)"&,*'"-,("*2'"]VNF""
"
Robustness Checks
D"B2'BJ'@"*2'"(,?A)*$'))",-"*2'"(')A6*)"%$")'&'(/6"E/+)F"a')A6*)"B,A6@"?'")'$)%*%&'"*,"
*2'" B2,)'$" ('-'('$B'" B/*'>,(+" ,-" *2'" 5,6%*%B/6" &/(%/?6')" ?'B/A)'" *2'" &,*%$>" )2/(')" ,-" *2'"
5,6%*%B/6" 5/(*%')" @%--'(F" 1/?6'" S" )2,E)" *2'" ('>('))%,$" (')A6*)" %$" E2%B2" D" 2/&'" B2/$>'@" *2'"
('-'('$B'" B/*'>,(+" ,-" *2'" 5,6%*%B/6" &/(%/?6')" -(,=" d]VNe" *," d,*2'(eF" 12'" (')A6*)" %$" 1/?6'" S"
)A>>')*" *2/*" *2'" (')A6*)" /('" $,*" )'$)%*%&'" *," *2'" ('-'('$B'" B/*'>,(+" /*" /66F" 12'" 5,6%*%B/6" 5/(*+"
&/(%/?6')"%$"B,6A=$)"_!`"*,"_T`"/('"/66")*/*%)*%B/66+")%>$%-%B/$*F"12'")%0'",-"*2'"B,'--%B%'$*)",-"
*2'" 5,6%*%B/6" 5/(*+" &/(%/?6')" %$@%B/*')" *2/*" &,*%$>" ,$" *2'" B,$B'(*" 2/66" 2/)" ?''$" %@',6,>+H
%$@AB'@F" X,(" '</=56'8" *2'" B,'--%B%'$*" ,-" *2'" ]VN" &/(%/?6'" %)" /?,A*" H:Fg" /$@" %$@%B/*')" *2/*"
B,=5/('@" *," *2'" ,*2'(" 5/(*%')" *2'" )2/('" ,-" m,n)" %$" *2'" ('-'('$@A=" @'B('/)'@" ?+" /?,A*" :Fg"
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m,n)" %$" *2'" ('-'('$@A=" @'B('/)'@" ?+" /?,A*" !F7" 5,%$*)" E2'$" *2'" &,*%$>" )2/('" ,-" *2'" XNV"
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\%$J'" \%)*'" ,$" /&'(/>'F" C%&'$" *2'" @%)*(%?A*%,$" ,-" *2'" \%$J'" \%)*'" /$@" ZN#" &/(%/?6')" *2'"
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" 7
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E'"E,A6@"6%J'"*,"B,$*(,6"-,("&/(%/?6')")AB2"/)"%$B,='"5'("B/5%*/",("'@AB/*%,$F"X,("'</=56'8"
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X'($t$@'0H;6/$B,"9:::`"/$@"/**'$@"B6/))%B"=A)%B"B,$B'(*)"_'F>F8"X/&/(,"/$@"X(/*')B2%"9::O`F"
a'6%>%,$"=/+"/6),"%$-6A'$B'"5('-'('$B')",$"BA6*A(/6"5,6%B+"_'F>F"./*0HC'((,"'*"/6F"9::7`F"12'"
('/),$"-,("*2'"6/BJ",-"B,$*(,6"&/(%/?6')"%)"*2'")=/66")%0'",-"*2'"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*)F"12'('"/('"$,"
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E%*2"=/$+",$'H-/=%6+"2,A)')"/$@"=/$)%,$)"/$@"0'(,",*2'(E%)'F!!"12'"2%>2"%$B,='"?,(,A>2"
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('-'('$B'" B/*'>,(+F" 1/?6'" T" )2,E)" *2'" ('>('))%,$" (')A6*)" E2'$" *2'" ('6%>%,$" &/(%/?6')" /('"
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,-"*2'"B,$B'(*"2/66"E/)")*(,$>"%$"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*)"E2'('"B%*%0'$)"/('"Z/*2,6%BF"12'"Z/*2,6%B"
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2/)"/"$'>/*%&'")%>$"/$@"%)")*/*%)*%B/66+")%>$%-%B/$*"/*"*2'"!:j"6'&'6"%$"B,6A=$"_!`"/$@"/*"*2'"Uj"
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""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
!:"12'"]*/*%)*%B/6"^--%B'".,$)*/$0"BA(('$*6+"B,66/?,(/*')"E%*2"*2'"C'(=/$"X'@'(/6"]*/*%)*%B/6"^--%B'"%$",(@'("*,"
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=/G,("?6,BJ)8"]VN"/$@"ZN#"_Z]#"%$";/&/(%/`F"C'(=/$"5/(*%')"B/$"?'">(,A5'@"%$"/"6'-*E%$>"
B/=5"_]VN8"C(''$8"\Dm.R`"/$@"/"(%>2*E%$>"B/=5"_ZN#kZ]#"/$@"XNV`F"D"2/&'"%$B6A@'@"/"
&/(%/?6'"d\'-*E%$>e"*2/*"%)"*2'")A=",-"&,*%$>")2/(')"-,("*2'"]VN8"C(''$)"/$@"6'-*%)*"d\%$J'"
\%)*'e"/$@"/"&/(%/?6'"da%>*2E%$>e"*2/*"%)"*2'")A=",-"&,*%$>")2/(')"-,("*2'"ZN#"/$@"XNVF"12'"
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%$B6A)%,$k'<B6A)%,$",-"5/(*%BA6/("'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*)F"D$-'('$B')"@,"$,*"B2/$>'"E2'$"'<B6A@%$>"
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4" B/&'/*" /556+%$>" *," /66" 'B,$,='*(%B" =,@'6)" B,$B'($)" 5,*'$*%/6" '$@,>'$'%*+" ,-" *2'"
'<56/$/*,(+"&/(%/?6')F"D$"=+"/$/6+)%)8"2,E'&'(8"'$@,>'$'%*+"5(,?6'=)"B/$$,*",BBA("?'B/A)'"D"
('>('))"*2'"&,*%$>",A*B,='"-(,="I/(B2"9!8"9:!:",$"*2'"&,*%$>",A*B,='"-(,="lA$'"O8"9::7F"""
^$'"=/+"E'66"'=56,+"*2'"&,*%$>",A*B,='"-(,="*2'"5('&%,A)"6,B/6"'6'B*%,$)"_2'6@",$"
lA$'" !S8" 9::T`" %$)*'/@" ,-" *2'" &,*%$>" ,A*B,='" -(,=" 6,B/6" '6'B*%,$)" -(,=" lA$'" O8" 9::7" -,("
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9::7"),"*2/*"D"B/$$,*"'=56,+"5('&%,A)"&,*%$>",A*B,=')F"
4. Conclusion
D@',6,>+" %$-6A'$B')" BA6*A(/6" 5,6%B+F" h,*'()" E'('" $,*" %$B6%$'@" *," &,*'" -,(" *2'"
B,$)*(AB*%,$",-"*2'"B,$B'(*"2/66"%$".,$)*/$0"_C'(=/$+`",$"I/(B2"9!8"9:!:F"a')%)*/$B'"*,"*2'"
B,$B'(*"2/66"E/)"5/(*%BA6/(6+")*(,$>"%$"'6'B*,(/6"@%)*(%B*)"E2'('"=/G,(%*%')",-"B%*%0'$)"&,*'"-,("
*2'"),B%/6"@'=,B(/*)F";+"B,$*(/)*8"B,$)*%*A'$*)",-"(%>2*E%$>"5/(*%')"&,*'@"=,('"%$"-/&,(",-"*2'"
5(,G'B*F" 12%)" &,*%$>" 5/**'($" %)" %$" 6%$'" E%*2" *2'" 5('-'('$B')" ,-" *2'" 5/(*%')L" B,$)*%*A'$B%')3"
/@&,B/*')" ,-" B,$)'(&/*%&'" /$@" 6%?'(/6" 5/(*%')" )A55,(*" *(/@%*%,$/6" BA6*A(/6" &/6A')" )AB2" /)"
*2'/*(')8"B,$B'(*)8",5'(/)"/$@"/(*"'<2%?%*%,$)"=,('"*2/$"/@&,B/*')",-"*2'"),B%/6"@'=,B(/*)"/$@"
),B%/6%)*)"E2,"@,"$,*"E/$*"*,"2/&'")5'$*"=,$'+",$"BA6*A('"?A*"-/&,("%$B,='"('@%)*(%?A*%,$F""
12'" %$$,&/*%,$" ,-" =+" 5/5'(" %)" *," %$&')*%>/*'" *2'" %$-6A'$B'" ,-" 5,6%*%B/6" %@',6,>+" ,$" BA6*A(/6"
5,6%B+"%$"/"('-'('$@A="-,("*2'"-%()*"*%='F"12'"@%('B*H@'=,B(/*%B"&,*'"/>/%$)*"*2'"B,$)*(AB*%,$"
,-" *2'" B,$B'(*" 2/66" %)" $,*" %$" 6%$'" E%*2" *2'" &,*%$>" ?'2/&%,(" ,-" *2'" ('5(')'$*/*%&')" %$" *2'" B%*+"
B,A$B%6F"12'"B%*+"B,A$B%6"%$".,$)*/$0"2/)"T:")'/*)3"!:"C(''$8"7"ZN#8"O"]VN8"g"X(''"h,*'()8"T"
XNV8"9"\%$J'"\%)*'"/$@"!")'/*"'/B2",-",*2'("5/(*%')F"D$"45(%6"9::78"/"=/G,(%*+"B,$)%)*%$>",-"*2'"
ZN#8"XNV8"X(''"h,*'()"/$@"U",-"*2'"C(''$"B,A$B%6"='=?'()"&,*'@"-,("*2'"B,$)*(AB*%,$",-"*2'"
B,$B'(*"2/66"_9T"+')8"!U"$,8"!"B,A$B%6"='=?'("@%@"$,*"/**'$@"*2'"=''*%$>`F"12'"]VN"&,*'@"/)"/"
?6,BJ"/>/%$)*"*2'"5(,5,)/6F"12%)"&,*%$>"?'2/&%,("%)"%$"6%$'"E%*2"*2'"56/*-,(=)",-"*2'"5,6%*%B/6"
5/(*%')" ,$" *2'" B,$)*(AB*%,$" ,-" *2'" B,$B'(*" 2/66" _]*/@*" .,$)*/$0" 9:!:/8" 9:!:?`F" D$" l/$A/(+"
9:!:8"*2'"B%*+"B,A$B%6"@'B%@'@"*,"%$%*%/*'"/"('-'('$@A=",$"*2'"B,$)*(AB*%,$",-"*2'"B,$B'(*"2/66"
-,(" *E," ('/),$)F" X%()*8" *2'" @'B%)%,$" 2/)" ?''$" ('>/(@'@" *," ?'" )," %=5,(*/$*" /$@" *2'" -%$/$B%/6"
&,6A='"*,"?'"),"2A>'"*2/*"*2'"&,*'()")2,A6@"2/&'"/")/+"%$"%*F"]'B,$@8"/"('-'('$@A="B,A6@"2/&'"
?''$" %$%*%/*'@" ?+" *2'" B%*%0'$)" /$+2,E" ?+" B,66'B*%$>" =,('" *2/$" UF:::" )%>$/*A(')F" 12'" B%*+"
B,A$B%6" E/$*'@" *," 5('&'$*" *2'" B%*%0'$)" -(,="B/66%$>" /" ('-'('$@A=" /$@" %$%*%/*'@" %*" %*)'6-F" 12'"
" !9
('-'('$@A="@%@"$,*"(')A6*"%$"/"=/G,(%*+"-,("*2'"5(,5,)/6"?'B/A)'"/6),"=/$+"B,$)'(&/*%&'"/$@"
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?'*E''$"&,*'()"/$@"('5(')'$*/*%&')"%)"A)A/66+"*2,A>2*"*,"-/&,("*2'"5(%$B%5/6)F"I,(',&'(8"*2%)"
@'B,A56%$>" 2/)" ?''$" @,BA='$*'@" -,(" /" 5,6%B+" %))A'" *2/*" @,')" $,*" ('KA%('" )A?)*/$*%/6"
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%@',6,>%B/6"B,$&%B*%,$)F"
12'" 6/BJ" ,-" -A(*2'(" B,$*(,6" &/(%/?6')" %$" *2'" 'B,$,='*(%B" =,@'6" )AB2" /)" %$B,='" /$@"
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)=/66" )%0'" ,-" *2'" '6'B*,(/6" @%)*(%B*)F" 12'" /)),B%/*%,$" ?'*E''$" 5,6%*%B/6" %@',6,>+" /$@" &,*%$>"
?'2/&%,(" ,$" *2'" B,$)*(AB*%,$" ,-" *2'" B,$B'(*" 2/66" 2/)" ?''$8" 2,E'&'(8" )," 5(,$,A$B'@" *2/*"
5,*'$*%/6",=%**'@"&/(%/?6'"?%/)"%)"&'(+"A$6%J'6+"*,"B2/$>'"*2'"%$-'('$B')F"D$"/$+"'&'$*8"*,">/%$"
@''5'(" %$)%>2*)" %$*," *2%)" =/**'(8" -A*A('" (')'/(B2" )2,A6@" =/J'" /" >('/*" /**'=5*" @%)'$*/$>6%$>"
%@',6,>+H%$@AB'@"=,*%&')"-(,="=,*%&')"*2/*"('6/*'"*,"%$B,='"/$@"'@AB/*%,$F"R=56,+%$>"@/*/"
-,("]E%*0'(6/$@"'='(>')"/)"/"E,(*2E2%6'"'$@'/&,("_)''8"'F>F8"X('+"/$@"V,=='('2$'"!77U"/$@"
V,=='('2$'"/$@"]B2$'%@'("!7PU`F"
" !S
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;(,,J)8"4F"ZF"_9::!`F"b2,",55,)')">,&'($='$*"/(*)"-A$@%$>u""
Public Choice"!:P_SHT`8"SUUHSgOF"
X'6@8"\F"VF8"lF"4F"hF"X%)B2'("/$@"CF".%(B2>v))$'("_9:!!`F"12'"'--'B*",-"@%('B*"@'=,B(/B+",$"
"" %$B,='"('@%)*(%?A*%,$3"'&%@'$B'"-,("]E%*0'(6/$@F"Economic Inquiry, -,(*2B,=%$>F"
X'6@8"\F"VF"/$@"lF"CF"I/*)A)/J/"_9::S`F";A@>'*"('-'('$@A=)"/$@">,&'($='$*")5'$@%$>3"
'&%@'$B'"-(,="]E%))"B/$*,$)F"Journal of Public Economics"PO_!9`8"9O:SH9O9TF"
X'6@8"\F"VF"/$@"IF"aF"]/&%,0"_!77O`F"N%('B*"@'=,B(/B+"=/**'()"-,("'B,$,=%B"5'(-,(=/$B'3"
/$"'=5%(%B/6"%$&')*%>/*%,$F"Kyklos"U:_T`8"U:OHUSPF"
X'6@8"\F"VF8"ZF"]B2/6*'>>'("/$@"lF"]B2$'66'$?/B2"_9::P`F"^$">,&'($='$*"B'$*(/6%0/*%,$"/$@"
"" -%)B/6"('-'('$@A=)F"European Economic Review"U9_T`8"g!!HgTUF"
X'6@8"\F"VF8"ZF"]B2/6*'>>'("/$@"lF"]B2$'66'$?/B2"_9:!:`F"12'"%=5/B*",-"('-'('$@A=)",$"*2'"
B'$*(/6%0/*%,$",-"5A?6%B">,,@"5(,&%)%,$3"/"5,6%*%B/6"'B,$,=+"/55(,/B2F"
"Economics of Governance !!_!`8"SH9gF"
X(/&/(,8"N"/$@"ZF"X(/*')B2%"_9::O`F"4"@%)B('*'"B2,%B'"=,@'6",-"B,$)A=5*%,$",-"BA6*A(/6"
>,,@)3"*2'"B/)'",-"=A)%BF Journal of Cultural Economics S!_S`8"9:UH9STF"
X('+8";F"]F"_9:::`F"Arts and economics: analysis and cultural policyF"]5(%$>'(F";'(6%$F"
X('+8";F"]F"/$@"bF"bF"V,=='('2$'"_!7P7`F"Muses and markets – explorations in the economics of artsF";(/)%6";6/BJE'668"^<-,(@F"
X('+8";F"]F"/$@"bF"bF"V,=='('2$'"_!77U`F"VA?6%B"'<5'$@%*A(')",$"*2'"/(*)"/$@"@%('B*"
@'=,B(/B+"%$"]E%*0'(6/$@3"*2'"A)'",-"('-'('$@/F European Journal of Cultural Policy 9_!`8"UUHgUF"
C'*0$'(8"IF"_9::9`8"pN'*'(=%$/$*)",-"BA6*A(/6"5A?6%B"'<5'$@%*A(')3"/$"'<56,(/*,(+"*%='")'(%')"
"" /$/6+)%)"-,("4A)*(%/F"Journal of Cultural Economics 9g_T`8"9POHS:gF"
./*0HC'((,8"1F8"]F"a/0"/$@"IF"c/%)2"_9::7`F"Q,E"@,"B6/))8")*/*A)8"'*2$%B%*+8"/$@"('6%>%,)%*+"
)2/5'"BA6*A(/6",=$%&,(,A)$'))"%$"D)(/'6u"Journal of Cultural Economics SS_!`8"!H!OF"
./+8"bF"NF"_!7PS`F"1,E/(@"/"*2',(+",-"BA6*A(/6"5,6%B+"%$"$,$H=/(J'*8"%@',6,>%B/6"),B%'*%')F"
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.('?)8"]F"/$@"bF"bF"V,=='('2$'"_!77U`F"V,6%*%B,H'B,$,=%B"%$*'(/B*%,$)",-"C'(=/$"5A?6%B"
5'(-,(=%$>"/(*)"%$)*%*A*%,$)F"Journal of Cultural Economics !7_!`8"!OHS9F"
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)'6-H%$*'(')*"/$@"%@',6,>+F"European Journal of Political Economy"9U8"SSHUPF"
"
"
" !T
^?'($@,(-'(8"#F"/$@"hF"]*'%$'("_9::O`F"C'$'(/*%,$'$H",@'("V/(*'%'$J,$-6%J*u"R%$'"
'=5%(%)B2'"4$/6+)'"@'("@'A*)B2'$"Q,B2)B2A6/A)>/?'$F""
Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik"P_9`8"!gUH!PSF"
V,=='('2$'"bF"bF"/$@"XF"]B2$'%@'("_!7PS`F"V(%&/*'"@'=/$@"-,("5A?6%B")A?)%@%')"*,"*2'"/(*)3"
/")*A@+"%$"&,*%$>"/$@"'<5'$@%*A('"*2',(+F"D$3"lF"\F"]2/$/2/$8"bF"]F"Q'$@,$8"DF"12F"QF""
Q%62,()*"/$@"lF"&F"]*(//6'$"_'@)F`8"Economic support for the artsF""
4J(,$"#$%&'()%*+"V('))8"4J(,$"_^2%,`8"USHgUF
V,=='('2$'"bF"bF"/$@"XF"]B2$'%@'("_!7PU`F"4"('-'('$@A=",$"/"5A?6%B"=A)'A=L)"5A(B2/)'"
,-"V%B/)),"5/%$*%$>)F"D$3"hF"\F"^E'$"A$@"bF"]F"Q'$@,$"_'@)F`8"Managerial Economics for the artsF"4)),B%/*%,$"-,("ZA6*A(/6"RB,$,=%B)8"4J(,$"_^2%,`8"!!OH!9PF"
V,*(/-J'8"mF"_9:!!`F"VA?6%B"'<5'$@%*A(')",$"'@AB/*%,$"/$@"BA6*A(/6"/--/%()"%$"*2'"b')*"
C'(=/$")*/*')3"@,')">,&'($='$*"%@',6,>+"%$-6A'$B'"*2'"?A@>'*"B,=5,)%*%,$u""
German Economic Review8"-,(*2B,=%$>.
V(%'*,Ha,@(s>A'08"lF"/$@"hF"X'($t$@'0H;6/$B,""_9:::`F"4('"5,5A6/("/$@"B6/))%B/6"=A)%B"
6%)*'$'()"*2'")/='"5',56'u"Journal of Cultural Economics 9T_9`8"!TgH!gTF"
]B2$'%@'(8"ZF"lF"_9:!:`F"X%>2*%$>"E%*2",$'"2/$@"*%'@"?'2%$@"*2'"?/BJ3"5,6%*%B/6"?A@>'*"B+B6')"
"%$"*2'"C'(=/$")*/*')F"Public Choice"!T9_!`8"!9UH!U:F"
]B2A60'8"CF"CF"_9::P`F"1'(*%/(+"'@AB/*%,$"%$"/"-'@'(/6")+)*'=3"*2'"B/)'",-"C'(=/$+F""
D$3"IF"46?'(*8"NF"]B2=%@*B2'$"/$@"]F"h,%>*"_'@)F`8"Scientific CompetitionF"I,2("
]%'?'BJ8"1w?%$>'$8"SUHggF"
]B2A60'8"CF"CF"/$@"4F"a,)'"_!77P`F"VA?6%B",(B2')*(/"-A$@%$>"%$"C'(=/$+"x""
/$"'=5%(%B/6"%$&')*%>/*%,$F"Journal of Cultural Economics"99_T`8"99OH9TOF"
]B2A60'8"CF"CF8"/$@"QF"bF"#()5(A$>"_9:::`F"\/"@,$$/"'"=,?%6'"x",("%)")2'u"h,*'("
5('-'('$B')"/$@"5A?6%B")A55,(*"-,("*2'"5'(-,(=%$>"/(*)F""
Public Choice"!:9_!H9`8"!S!H!T7F"
]'%*08"QF"_9:::`F"X%)B/6"5,6%B+8"@'-%B%*)"/$@"5,6%*%B)",-")A?$/*%,$/6">,&'($='$*)3"*2'"B/)'",-"
12'"C'(=/$"\/'$@'(F"Public Choice"!:9_SHT`8"!PSH9!PF"
]*/@*".,$)*/$0"_9:!:/`F";w(>'(%$-,(=/*%,$"x".,$0'(*"A$@".,$>('))2/A)".,$)*/$0F"
V('))'?w(,".,$)*/$0F"b'(J0E'%"V(%$*WI'@%'$".,$)*/$0"C=?QF"
]*/@*".,$)*/$0"_9:!:?`F";w(>'('$*)B2'%@"%="Iv(0"9:!:"x".,$0'(*H"A$@".,$>('))2/A)"/A-"
.6'%$Hh'$'@%>F"
2**53kkEEEFJ,$)*/$0F@'k(/*2/A)k::OT7k:9UP:k:9g!Sk%$@'<F2*=6y)5(A$>=/(J':z97"
"
"
" !U
b'(BJ8".F8";F"Q'+$@'6)"/$@";F"C'+)"_9::P`F"12'"%=5/B*",-"pB'$*(/6"56/B')L",$")5/*%/6"
)5'$@%$>"5/**'($)3"'&%@'$B'"-(,="X6'=%)2"6,B/6">,&'($='$*"BA6*A(/6"'<5'$@%*A(')F"
Journal of Cultural Economics"S9_!`8"SUHUPF"
"
"
" !g
Appendix: Electoral districts and boroughs (Source: Electoral Office Konstanz):
Altstadt:"a/*2/A)8"Z/(%*/)".%$@'(*/>'))*v**'"4(B2'"_D`8"Z/(%*/)".%$@'(*/>'))*v**'"4(B2'"_DD`8"
.%$@'(2/A)"V/(/@%')8"]'$%,('$0'$*(A=8"b/66>A*)B2A6'"_D`8"b/66>A*)B2A6'"_DD`8"],0%/6>'(%B2*"
_D`8";w(>'()//6"_h,((/A=`8"],0%/6>'(%B2*"_DD`"
"
Paradies:"]B2v$06')5,(*2/66'"_D`8"]B2v$06')5,(*2/66'"_DD`8"V/6='$2/A)8"b/66>A*)B2A6'"_DDD`"
"
Petershausen-West:"1('--5A$J*"V'*'()2/A)'$"_D`8"1('--5A$J*"V'*'()2/A)'$"_DD`8"1('--5A$J*"
V'*'()2/A)'$"_DDD`8".%$@'(>/(*'$"N,(,*2'/H&,$H@'(HX6w'"_D`8".%$@'(>/(*'$"N,(,*2'/H&,$H@'(H X6w'"_DD`8"M'55'6%$HC'E'(?')B2A6'8".%$@'(2/A)"\{E'$0/2$8".%$@'(JA6*A(0'$*(A=".D.#M8"
M'55'6%$HC'E'(?')B2A6'8"12',@,(HQ'A))Ha'/6)B2A6'"_m'A?/A`"
"
Petershausen-Ost:"C(A$@)B2A6'"],$$'$2/6@'8".%$@'(2/A)"a/55'6J%)*'8"Q'%$(%B2H]A),H C+=$/)%A="_D`8"Q'%$(%B2H]A),HC+=$/)%A="_DD`8"V/(J*)*%-*"a,)'$/A"
"
Königsbau:"V'*(A)H.%$@'(>/(*'$8"#$%H\/?,(>'?vA@'"h8"Z/(%*/)HM'$*(A=".,$(/@%2/A)"_D`8"
Z/(%*/)HM'$*(A=".,$(/@%2/A)"_DD`8""
"
Allmannsdorf:"Z/(%*/)"|A/(*%'()=/$/>'='$*8"C(A$@)B2A6'"466=/$$)@,(-"_D`8"C(A$@)B2A6'"
466=/$$)@,(-"_DD`8"C(A$@)B2A6'"466=/$$)@,(-"_DDD`"
"
Staad:"4aCR"]5,(*?,,*2/-'$8".('A0H.%$@'(>/(*'$"
"
Fürstenberg:"1('--5A$J*"Z2}(%)+"_D`8"1('--5A$J*"Z2}(%)+"_DD`8"C(A$@H"A$@"Q/A5)B2A6'"
;'(B2'$"_D`8"C(A$@H"A$@"Q/A5)B2A6'";'(B2'$"_DD`8"C(A$@H"A$@"Q/A5)B2A6'";'(B2'$"_DDD`8"
C(A$@)B2A6'"b,66=/*%$>'$8"C(A$@)B2A6'"Q/%@'6=,,)"_D`8"C')B2E%)*'(H]B2,66H]B2A6'8"
C(A$@)B2A6'"Q/%@'6=,,)"_DD`"
"
Wollmatingen:"a'>'$?,>'$)B2A6'"_D`8"a'>'$?,>'$)B2A6'"_DD`8".%$@'(>/(*'$"]*F"I/(*%$8"
C'='%$@'0'$*(A="]*F"I/(*%$"_D`8"C'='%$@'0'$*(A="]*F"I/(*%$"_DD`"
"
Industriegebiet:"]*/@*E'(J'Hh'(E/6*A$>)>'?vA@'"
"
Egg:"h'(={>'$"A$@";/A";/FHbwFH4=*".m"
"
Litzelstetten:"]B2A6'"\%*0'6)*'**'$8"V-/((>'='%$@'0'$*(A="V'*'("A$@"V/A6"_D`8"
V-/((>'='%$@'0'$*(A="V'*'("A$@"V/A6"_DD`8"^(*)&'(E/6*A$>"\%*0'6)*'**'$"
"
Dingelsdorf:".%$@'(>/(*'$"]*F"m%J,6/A)"_D`8".%$@'(>/(*'$"]*F"m%J,6/A)"_DD`"
"
Dettingen:"C(A$@H"A$@"Q/A5*)B2A6'"N'**%$>'$"_D`8"C(A$@H"A$@"Q/A5*)B2A6'"N'**%$>'$"_DD`8"
C(A$@H"A$@"Q/A5*)B2A6'"N'**%$>'$"_DDD`"
"
Wallhausen:".%$@'(>/(*'$"b/662/A)'$"
"
"
"
"
" !O
X%>A('"!3"Z,(('6/*%,$"?'*E''$"*2'")2/('",-"dm,n)e"/$@"*2'")2/('",-"],B%/6"N'=,B(/*)F""
4050607080NO (share)
10 15 20 25 30
Social Democrats (Share)
"
Z,(('6/*%,$3":FU!F"],A(B'3"R6'B*,(/6"^--%B'".,$)*/$08",E$"B/6BA6/*%,$)"
"
"
X%>A('"93"Z,(('6/*%,$"?'*E''$"*2'")2/('",-"dm,n)e"/$@"*2'")2/('",-"d\%$J'"\%)*'e"_6'-*`F""
4050607080NO (share)
2 4 6 8 10 12
Linke Liste (Share)
"
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4050607080NO (share)
10 15 20 25 30 35
Christian Democrats (Share)
"
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"
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4050607080NO (share)
6 8 10 12 14 16
Free Democrats (Share)
"
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"
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4050607080NO (share)
5 10 15 20 25
Free Voters (Share)
"
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"
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4050607080NO (share)
10 20 30 40
Greens (Share)
"
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"
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"
Learning and Peer Effects
Gerald Eisenkopf
Research Paper Series
Thurgau Institute of Economics
