Supporting Information for ”A new tectono-magmatic model for the Lofoten/Vester˚alen Margin at the outer limit of the Iceland

Corresponding address: Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1028, N-0315 Oslo, Norway

Supporting Information for ”A new tectono-magmatic model for the Lofoten/Vester˚alen Margin at the outer limit of the Iceland

Plume influence”

Asbjørn Johan Breivik

, Jan Inge Faleide

, Rolf Mjelde

, Ernst R. Flueh

, Yoshio Murai

aCentre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway

bDepartment of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway

cIFM-Geomar, Leibniz-Institute for Marine Sciences, Kiel, Germany

dInstitute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

1. Introduction

The supplementary material documents the complete wide-angle seismic data set, interpre- tation, ray tracing, and travel-time fit. A large map of the region is shown in Figure 1, while profile and instrument locations are shown in Figure 2. Large versions of the gravity and magnetic anomaly maps are in Figures 3-4. All seismic data and models are shown in Figures 5-20. Seismic phases constraining the crystalline crust are indicated for each data set: P

sedimentary refraction, P

upper basement refraction, P

middle basement refraction, P

lower basement refraction, and P

lower crustal body refraction, P

upper mantle refraction, P

P top lower crustal body re- flection, P

P various intra-basement reflections, and P

P Moho reflection. The velocity model is repeated here in Figure 21.

Email addresses:a.j.breivik@geo.uio.no(Asbjørn Johan Breivik )

References

Berndt, C., Planke, S., Alvestad, E., Tsikalas, F., Rasmussen, T., 2001. Seismic volcanostratigraphy of the Norwegian Margin: constraints on tectonomagmatic break-up processes. J. Geol. Soc. 158, 413–426.

Jakobsson, M., Mayer, L. A., Coakley, B., Dowdeswell, J. A., Forbes, S., Fridman, B., Hodnesdal, H., Noormets, R., Pedersen, R., Rebesco, M., Schenke, H.-W., Zarayskaya, Y., Accettella, A. D., Armstrong, A., Anderson, R. M., Bienhoff, P., Camerlenghi, A., Church, I., Edwards, M., Gardner, J. V., Hall, J. K., Hell, B., Hestvik, O. B., Kristoffersen, Y., Marcussen, C., Mohammad, R., Mosher, D., Nghiem, S. V., Pedrosa, M. T., Travaglini, P. G., Weatherall, P., 2012. International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 3.0. Geophys. Res.

Lett. 39 (L12609).

Olesen, O., Ebbing, J., Lundin, E., Mauring, E., Skilbrei, J. R., Torsvik, T. H., Hansen, E. K., Henningsen, T., Midbøe, P., Sand, M., 2007. An improved tectonic model for the Eocene opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea: Use of modern magnetic data. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 24, 53–66.

Olesen, O., Gellein, J., Gernigon, L., Kihle, O., Koziel, J., Lauritsen, T., Mogaard, J. O., Myklebust, R., Skilbrei, J. R., Usov, S., 2010. Magnetic anomaly map, Norway and adjacent areas, 1:3 million.

−40˚

−20˚

0˚

20˚

60˚

70˚

−40˚

−20˚

0˚

20˚

60˚

70˚

500 km JM MR

KR

NB

NB VP

LM

MM ICELAND

SCANDINAVIA GREENLAND

Svalbard

−4000 −3000 −2000 −1000 0 1000

Bathymetry/topography (m)

Figure 1: Bathymetry map with the location of the Euromargins 2003 OBS survey (lines inside box). VP: Vøring Plateau, JM: Jan Mayen, KR: Kolbeinsey Ridge, LM: Lofoten Margin, MM: Møre Margin, MR: Mohn Ridge, NB:

Norway Basin.

12˚ 14˚ 16˚

67˚

68˚

69˚

70˚

12˚ 14˚ 16˚

67˚

68˚

69˚

70˚

0 50

km

70 71 57

58

61 63

65 66

67 68

69 61

67

6 7 8

9 11 Profile 9−03

Profile 5−03

Profile 6−03

Profile 7−03

Profile 8−03

Lofoten

Vesterålen

Utrøst Ridge

Jennegga High

Vestfjorden Basin Ribban Basin

ELL?

OH?

OH?

−4000 −3500 −3000 −2500 −2000 −1500 −1000 −500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Depth (m)

Figure 2: 200 m resolution topography and sidescan bathymetry based on 50 m resolution data from http://www.kartverket.no ( cKartverket) with Euromargins 2003 OBS lines. Deep ocean bathymetry is IBCAO v.3 (Jakobsson et al., 2012). OBS positions on Profile 6 (bold, black line) are shown with yellow-filled circles, and land stations with red-filled, inverted triangles. Unfilled symbols mark failed stations. Red line shows the proposed eastern limit of lava (ELL?), and white lines outer volcanic highs (OH?) from Berndt et al. (2001).

12˚ 14˚ 16˚ 18˚

67˚

68˚

69˚

70˚

12˚ 14˚ 16˚ 18˚

67˚

68˚

69˚

70˚

−100

−100

−100

−90

−90

−90

−80

−80

−80

−2500

−2000−1500−1000

−500

−500

0 100

km

70 71 57

58

61 63

65 66

67 68

69 61

67

6 7 8

9 11

Profile 9−03

Profile 5−03

Profile 6−03

Profile 7−03

Profile 8−03

Lofoten

Vesterålen

Utrøst Ridge

Jennegga High

Vestfjorden Basin Ribban Basin

TIB

SDR?

ELL?

OH?

OH?

−150 −125 −100 −75 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

F.A./Bouguer Gravity (mGal)

Figure 3: Free-air gravity (marine) and Bouguer gravity onshore with Euromargins 2003 OBS lines (Olesen et al., 2010). Swedish data cGeological Survey of Sweden. Onshore contours show gravity values of -80, -90, and -100 mGal. Offshore contours show depth values at 500 m intervals. OBS positions on Profile 6 (bold, black line) are shown with yellow-filled circles, and land stations with red-filled, inverted triangles. White lines show magmatic interpretation from Berndt et al. (2001); ELL?: Eastern limit lava?, OH?: Outer volcanic highs?, SDR?: Seaward dipping reflector sequence?, TIB: Trans-Scandinavian Igneous Belt body.

12˚ 14˚ 16˚ 18˚

67˚

68˚

69˚

70˚

12˚ 14˚ 16˚ 18˚

67˚

68˚

69˚

70˚

−2500

−2000−1500−1000

−500

−500

0 100

km

70 71 57

58

61 63

65 66

67 68

69 61

67

6 7 8

9 11

Profile 9−03

Profile 5−03

Profile 6−03

Profile 7−03

Profile 8−03

Lofoten

V es te rå le n Vesterålen

Utrøst Ridge

Jennegga High

Ve st fjo rd en B as in Vestfjorden Basin R ib ba n B as in

Ribban Basin

SDR?

ELL?

OH?

OH?

−1000 −500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Magnetic anomalies (nT)

Figure 4: Regional magnetic anomalies (Olesen et al., 2007, 2010). Swedish data cGeological Survey of Sweden.

The new RAS-03 survey is indicated by the dashed line. Bathymetric contours at 500 m intervals are shown on top of both grids. Euromargins 2003 OBS lines are also shown, with OBS positions (yellow-filled circles) and land stations (red-filled, inverted triangles) on Profile 6-03. White lines show magmatic interpretation from Berndt et al.

(2001); ELL?: Eastern limit lava?, OH?: Outer volcanic highs?, SDR?: Seaward dipping reflector sequence?, TIB:

Trans-Scandinavian Igneous Belt body.

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km)

Profile 6-03: OBS-57, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

T -D/8 (s) P

P

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-57 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 5: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 57, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km)

Profile 6-03: OBS-58, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

P

P

T -D/8 (s) P

P

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-58 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 6: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 58, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km)

Profile 6-03: OBS-61, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0

P

P

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

P P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-61 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 7: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 61, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km)

Profile 6-03: OBS-63, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

P

P P

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P P

Profile 6-03, OBS-63 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 8: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 63, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km)

Profile 6-03: OBS-65, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-65 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 9: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 65, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km)

Profile 6-03: OBS-66, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-66 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 10: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 66, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km)

Profile 6-03: OBS-67, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-67 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 11: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 67, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: OBS-68, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-68 Distance (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Depth (km)

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 12: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 68, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: OBS-69, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s) P

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-69 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 13: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 69, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: OBH-70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBH-70 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 14: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBH 70, Profile 6-03. A: Hydrophone data, offset-dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: OBS-71, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, OBS-71 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 15: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of OBS 71, Profile 6-03. A: OBS data, vertical component, offset- dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: S-6, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8 (s)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, S-6 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 16: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of land seismometer 6, Profile 6-03. A: Seismometer data, vertical component, offset-dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: S-7, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

P

P

P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, S-7 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 17: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of land seismometer 7, Profile 6-03. A: Seismometer data, vertical component, offset-dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: S-8, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, S-8 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 18: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of land seismometer 8, Profile 6-03. A: Seismometer data, vertical component, offset-dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: S-9, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s) P

P

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P P

P

P

P

Profile 6-03, S-9 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

B

C A

Figure 19: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of land seismometer 9, Profile 6-03. A: Seismometer data, vertical component, offset-dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

160 180 200 220 240 260 280

T -D/8.0 (s)

Distance (km) Profile 6-03: S-11, vertical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T -D/8 (s)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

P

P P

P

P

P P

Profile 6-03, S-11 Distance (km)

Depth (km)

0 NW Utrøst Ridge Lofoten SE

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

B

C A

Figure 20: Data, interpretation, and ray tracing of land seismometer 11, Profile 6-03. A: Seismometer data, vertical component, offset-dependent scaling. B: Interpretation (vertical bars) and model prediction (solid lines). C: Ray tracing of the velocity model.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

Depth (km)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325

Distance (km) 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325

5

5

5 5

5.1

5.1

5.1 5.1

5.2 5.2

5.2 5.2

5.3 5.3

5.3 5.3

5.4

5.4

5.4 5.4

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

6

6

6

6

6

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.1 6.2

6.2

6.2 6.2

6.2 6.3

6.3

6.3 6.3

6.3 6.4

6.4 6.4

6.4 6.4

6.5

6.5 6.5

6.5 6.6 6.6

6.6 6.7

6.7

6.7 6.8

6.8

6.8 6.9

6.9 7

7 7.1

7.1 7.2

7.2 7.3

7.3 7.4

7.4 7.5

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25

km s−1

P8 P7

57 58 61 63

65

66 67 68 69 70 71 6 7 8 9 11

Moho

Moho

Utrøst R. Ribban B. Lofoten Vestfjorden B.

COT

NW SE

Profile 6−03

−100

−50 0 50

mGal

22 23

24a (24b)

−400 0 400 800

nT

Figure 21: Gridded crustal velocity model of Profile 6-03, showing ray coverage. The OBS/H locations are numbered on the seafloor, and seismometers onshore. Hachures indicate the continent-ocean transition (COT). The magnetic (red solid line) and Free-air gravity (orange solid line) tracks collected along profile are shown above. The dashed blue line is extracted from the magnetic grid of Olesen et al. (2010).