• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Predictors of social inclusion of students with and without SEN in integratedsettings

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Aktie "Predictors of social inclusion of students with and without SEN in integratedsettings"

Copied!
10
0
0

Wird geladen.... (Jetzt Volltext ansehen)

Volltext

(1)

Predictors of social inclusion of students with and without SEN in integrated settings

Article  in  Hrvatska Revija Za Rehabilitacijska Istrazivanja · January 2013

CITATIONS

21

READS

317 3 authors:

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Open research instruments for inclusive education with a free to use and adapt license (e.g., Creative Commons/Share-Alike)View project

Achievment and competence of students with special educational needsView project Susanne Schwab

University of Vienna

169PUBLICATIONS   1,074CITATIONS    SEE PROFILE

Markus Gebhardt Universität Regensburg 129PUBLICATIONS   981CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Barbara Gasteiger-Klicpera Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 128PUBLICATIONS   782CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Markus Gebhardt on 11 February 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

(2)

! " ! # $ $ % ! & ' ( # ) *

0$5.86*(%+$5'7+%$5%$5$*$67(,*(5./,&3(5$*

,8QLYHUVLWlW*UD]-780QFKHQ 2ULJLQDOVFLHQWLILFSDSHU

. / 0 1 2 3 4 56

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU6XVDQQH6FKZDE3K'8QLYHUVLW\RI*UD]$XVWULD0HUDQJDVVH,,*UD]$XVWULD HPDLOVXVDQQHVFKZDE#XQLJUD]DW

$EVWUDFW&ODVVURRPSODFHPHQWDORQHFDQQRWEHVHHQDVFUXFLDOIDFWRULQÀXHQFLQJVRFLDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIFKLOGUHQLQLQFOXVLYH HGXFDWLRQ6RFLDOLQFOXVLRQLVPDLQO\GHWHUPLQHGE\RWKHUIDFWRUVOLNHVRFLDOEHKDYLRUDQGVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFH,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\

VRFLDOLQFOXVLRQDFFRUGLQJWRVHOIDQGWHDFKHUSHUFHSWLRQLVDQDO\]HGLQDVDPSOHRISXSLOVIURPLQWHJUDWLRQFODVVHVLQ*UD]

$XVWULD&RPSDULVRQVEHWZHHQSXSLOVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQQHHGV6(1LOOXVWUDWHWKDWSXSLOVZLWKVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQ QHHGV6(1IHOWOHVVVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG7KLVUHVXOWZDVFRQ¿UPHGE\WKHWHDFKHUUDWHGVWDWXVRISRSXODULW\DQGWKHWHDFKHUUDWHG VWDWXVRIH[FOXVLRQZKHUHSXSLOVZLWK6(1ZHUHUDWHGOHVVSRSXODUDQGPRUHH[FOXGHGWKDQSXSLOVZLWKRXW6(1$FFRUGLQJWRWKH UHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\VRFLDOLQFOXVLRQLVPDLQO\GHWHUPLQHGE\IDFWRUVOLNHVRFLDOEHKDYLRUDQGVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFH7KLVVXJJHVWV RYHUDOOWKDWWKHWKHODFNRIVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQRISXSLOVZLWK6(1LVQRWFDXVHGE\DVWLJPDWL]DWLRQSURFHVVEXWLWLVFDXVHGE\

VSHFL¿FGLI¿FXOWVRFLDOEHKDYLRURIFHUWDLQVWXGHQWVZLWK6(1

.H\ZRUGVVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQQHHGVLQFOXVLRQVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUHPRWLRQDOLQWHJUDWLRQVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ

7 8 9 : ; < = > 9 7 ; 8

'XHWRWKH81&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH5LJKWVRI 3HUVRQVZLWK'LVDELOLWLHVDFOHDULQWHUQDWLRQDOWUHQG WRZDUGVLQFOXVLRQFDQEHREVHUYHG%REDQDQG +LQ]%UOL0HLMHU+RZHYHU WKHLQWHJUDWLRQUDWHLHWKHSURSRUWLRQRISXSLOV ZLWKVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQDOQHHGV6(1LQPDLQVWUHDP HGXFDWLRQYDULHVZLGHO\LQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV,Q

$XVWULDIRUH[DPSOHWKLVUDWHLVDERXWEXW WKHUHDUHODUJHIOXFWXDWLRQVEHWZHHQVHYHUDOIHGHUDO VWDWHV%XFKQHUHWDO)H\HUHU'XHWR WKHIDFWWKDW6W\ULDIROORZVWKHRQHWUDFNDSSURDFK )H\HUHURI6W\ULDQSXSLOVZLWK6(1 DUHLQWHJUDWHGLQPDLQVWUHDPVFKRROLQJ6WDWLVWLN

$XVWULD,Q$XVWULDWKHSDUWLFXODUUROHDQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\RISDUHQWVKDYHEHHQHPSKDVL]HGLQ HGXFDWLRQDFWVJUDQWLQJWKHPDQHVVHQWLDOUROHLQ GHFLGLQJRQWKHW\SHRIVFKRROLQJWKHLUFKLOGUHQZLOO UHFHLYH*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUDHWDO,QFRQ? WUDVWWRRWKHU*HUPDQVSHDNLQJFRXQWULHVWKHFKRLFH EHWZHHQLQFOXVLYHHGXFDWLRQLQDUHJXODUVFKRRODQG

HGXFDWLRQLQDVSHFLDOVFKRROPDLQO\GHSHQGVRQWKH SDUHQWV¶GHFLVLRQVLQFH7KLVULJKWWRSDUHQWDO FKRLFHRIVFKRROLQJWKHRUHWLFDOO\H[LVWVLUUHVSHFWLYH RIDYDLODEOHIXQGLQJDQGLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHSXSLO¶V VSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQQHHGV0RVWRIWKHSXSLOVZLWK 6(1LQLQWHJUDWLYHVHWWLQJVLQ$XVWULDKDYHOHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHVUHJDUGLQJRQHRUPRUHVXEMHFWVHJJHU? PDQRUPDWKV7KLVW\SHRIGLVDELOLW\LVVLPLODUWR WKH,&),QWHUQDWLRQDO&ODVVLILFDWLRQRI)XQFWLRQLQJ 'LVDELOLW\DQG+HDOWK:+2FDWHJRU\%VWX? GHQWVZLWK/HDUQLQJ'LIILFXOWLHV:+2

7KHDLPRILQFOXVLRQLVQRWRQO\SODFLQJDOOFKLO? GUHQLQWKHVDPHFODVVHVEXWDOVRWRDPHOLRUDWHVRFLDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQRISHRSOHZLWKDQGZLWKRXWGLVDELOLWLHV

$YUDPLGLV%RVVDHUWHWDO+DHEHUOLQ HWDO+XEHU5RVVPDQQHWDO

&ODVVSODFHPHQWDORQHFDQQRWEHVHHQDVFUXFLDOWR DVVXUHLQFOXVLYHHGXFDWLRQ(YHQWKRXJKWKHSRVL? WLYHLPSDFWRILQWHJUDWLRQRQVFKRRODFKLHYHPHQW RISXSLOVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWGLVDELOLWLHVKDVEHHQ SURYHGLQVHYHUDOVWXGLHV0HU]+DHEHUOLQ HWDO0\NOHEXVW7HQWHWDO

(3)

WKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIUHVHDUFKUHJDUGLQJVRFLDO LQFOXVLRQLVPRUHFRPSOH[WRRXWOLQH$VWKHUHYLHZ E\%RVVDHUWHWDOVKRZHGWKHOLQNHGFRQFHSWV RIVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQDQGVRFLDOSDU? WLFLSDWLRQZKLFKFDQEHXVHGDVV\QRQ\PVLQFOXGH VHYHUDOPDLQLVVXHVUHODWLRQVKLSVLQWHUDFWLRQVSHU? FHSWLRQRIWKHSXSLOZLWK6(1DQGDFFHSWDQFHE\

FODVVPDWHV,QFUHDVLQJWKHVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQDPRQJ FKLOGUHQZLWK6(1LVRQHRIWKHPDMRUDLPVRIVRFLDO LQFOXVLRQ$OWKRXJKLQLQWHJUDWLYHVHWWLQJVSRVLWLYH H[SHULHQFHVZLWKIULHQGVKLSVEHWZHHQGLVDEOHGDQG QRQGLVDEOHGFKLOGUHQDUHPDGH&ROHHWDO FKLOGUHQZLWK6(1RQDYHUDJHKDYHIHZHUIULHQGV DQGDUHPRUHRIWHQGLVDSSURYHGE\WKHLUFODVVPDWHV LQLQFOXVLYHFODVVHV)URVWDGDQG3LMO+XEHU 2FKRDDQG3DOPHU3LMOHWDO 3LMODQG)URVWDG5XLMVDQG3HHWVPD 6ZDQVRQDQG0DORQHDQGIHOWORQHOLHUWKDQ FKLOGUHQZLWKRXW6(13LMOHWDO$OOLQDOO UHVHDUFKVXJJHVWVWKDWFKLOGUHQZLWK6(1DUHOHVV DFFHSWHGDQGPRUHRIWHQVHJUHJDWHGWKDQFKLOGUHQ ZLWKRXW6(1

0DQ\VWXGLHVGHDOZLWKWKHSRSXODULW\RISXSLOV ZLWKDQGZLWKRXW6(1EXWWKHVHVWXGLHVUDUHO\

FRQWUROFRQVSLFXRXVVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUHVSHFLDOO\

DJJUHVVLYHEHKDYLRXU5RVVPDQQHWDO,Q

*HUPDQVSHDNLQJFRXQWULHVWKHTXHVWLRQDERXW ZKLFKEHKDYLRUDODWWULEXWHVOHDGWRVHJUHJDWLRQ IURPWKHSHHUJURXSKDVEHHQQHJOHFWHGVRIDU +XEHU*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUDHWDO 1HYHUWKHOHVVFOHDUHYLGHQFHWKDWWKLVSOD\VD SURPLQHQWUROHFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHUHVXOWVE\0DQG ,QWKLVVWXG\FKLOGUHQZLWKHPRWLRQDOGLV? RUGHUVZHUHQRWOLNHGDQGVRFLDOO\LQFOXGHGQHL? WKHULQVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQFODVVHVQRULQLQWHJUDWLYH FODVVHV,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDWSRSXODUFKLOGUHQDUH PRUHKHOSIXODQGFRRSHUDWLYHZKHUHDVVRFLDOO\

UHMHFWHGFKLOGUHQVKRZVLJQLILFDQWO\PRUHDJJUHV? VLRQWKDQWKHJURXSRIWKHVRFLRPHWULFDYHUDJH FKLOGUHQ1HZFRPEHWDO5XELQHWDO

*UWOHU+REL5DJD]$ORQJ WKHVHOLQHV1DEX]RNDDQG6PLWKSRLQWHG RXWWKDWWKHRXWVLGHUVWDWXVRIFKLOGUHQZLWKOHDUQ? LQJGLVDELOLWLHVHVSHFLDOO\UHVXOWVIURPZLWKGUDZQ DQGOLWWOHFRRSHUDWLYHEHKDYLRXU0RUHRYHU+XEHU VXPPDUL]HVIRULQWHUQDWLRQDOVWXGLHVJHQHU? DOO\DQGIRUSXSLOVZLWK6(1WKDWVRFLDOFRPSH? WHQFHVRFLDOZLWKGUDZDODJJUHVVLRQDQGFRJQLWLYH

DELOLWLHVDUHLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVIRUWKHVRFLDOLQWH? JUDWLRQLQVFKRROFODVVHV)RUFKLOGUHQZLWK6(1 WRRVWXGLHVFRXOGYHULI\WKDWDJJUHVVLYHEHKDYLRXU OHDGVWRVRFLDOUHMHFWLRQ*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUDHWDO +DHEHUOLQHWDOZKHUHDVSRVLWLYH VRFLDOEHKDYLRXUFRUUHODWHVVWURQJO\ZLWKSRSXODU? LW\+DHEHUOLQHWDO5DQGROO

$FFRUGLQJWR*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUDFKLO? GUHQZLWK6(1DUHPRUHRIWHQYLFWLPVRIFODVV? PDWHV¶DJJUHVVLYHDFWV+RZHYHUSRSXODUSXSLOV ZLWKOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLWLHVDSSOLHGPRUHSURVRFLDO EHKDYLRXUWKDQOHVVSRSXODUSXSLOVZLWKOHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV+DHEHUOLQHWDO5DQGROO

; A B C > 9 7 D C E

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIUHVHDUFKVWX? GHQWVZLWK6(1LQLQFOXVLYHFODVVHVUDWKHUIHOOOHVV VRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHGPRUHRIWHQEHORQJWRWKHJURXS RIGLVOLNHGVWXGHQWVDQGRIWHQVKRZFKDOOHQJLQJ VRFLDOEHKDYLRXU

F G

7KHILUVWTXHVWLRQIRFXVHVRQVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQ DQGDFFHSWDQFHLQVWXGHQWDQGWHDFKHUSHUFHSWLRQ 'RFKLOGUHQZLWK6(1UDWHWKHPVHOYHVOHVVVRFL? DOO\LQWHJUDWHGWKDQSXSLOVZLWKRXW6(1"$UHWKH WHDFKHUUDWLQJVDERXWWKHSRSXODULW\RIFKLOGUHQZLWK 6(1ORZHUWKDQWKRVHRIFKLOGUHQZLWKRXW6(1"

H G

7KHVHFRQGTXHVWLRQGHDOVZLWKWKHLQWHUGHSHQ? GHQFHRIVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUDQGVHOIUDWHGVRFLDO LQFOXVLRQ:KLFKDVSHFWVRIVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUDUH VLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRUVIRUVHOISHUFHLYHGVRFLDO LQFOXVLRQ",VWKHVWXGHQW¶VRZQVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU LPSRUWDQWRULVLWWKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRXURIWKHSHHUV ZKLFKLVFRQQHFWHGWRVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ"'RWKH WHDFKHUUDWLQJVDERXWWKHVWXGHQW¶VRZQVRFLDO EHKDYLRXUWKHVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFHDQGWKHVRFLDO EHKDYLRXURIWKHSHHUVSOD\DVLJQLILFDQWUROHIRU WKHSXSLOVVHOIHVWLPDWHGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQRUDUH WKHWHDFKHUVUDWLQJVFRPSOHWHO\LQGHSHQGHQWIURP SXSLOV¶VHOIHVWLPDWHGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ",VWKHODEH? OLQJ6(1LWVHOILQGHSHQGHQWIURPVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ"

I G

7KHODVWTXHVWLRQVSHFLILHVWKHWHDFKHUUDWHVRIWKH VRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQ:KLFKIDFWRUVSOD\DQLPSRU? WDQWUROHIRUWKHWHDFKHUV¶HVWLPDWLRQVRIVRFLDO LQFOXVLRQ"'RHVWKHODEHOLQJ6(1SOD\DQLPSRU? WDQWUROHIRUWKHWHDFKHUV"&DQVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU RUWKHODFNRIFHUWDLQVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFLHVH[SODLQ WKHORZHUVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQRIFKLOGUHQZLWK6(1"

(4)

)RUWKHODVWWZRTXHVWLRQVLWLVDVVXPHGWKDW VRFLDOLQFOXVLRQLVWKHUHVXOWRIPDQ\LQIOXHQFHV ZLWKLQWKHFODVVDQGLWLVIRUPHGRYHUDORQJHUSHUL? RG7KHUHIRUHWKH\DUHH[DPLQHGXVLQJUHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VLV

K C 9 L ; < ; M ; N O

P Q R S T U V Q T

7KH GDWD VHW IRU WKLV VWXG\ LV WDNHQ IURP WKH ILUVW VXUYH\ RI WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO VWXG\

³6FKXOLVFKH ,QWHJUDWLRQ LP /lQJVVFKQLWW ± .RPSHWHQ](QWZLFNOXQJEHL6FKOHU,QQHQPLW XQGRKQH63)LQGHU6HNXQGDUVWXIH,±6,/.(´

$FDGHPLFLQWHJUDWLRQLQDORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\±

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

E W X Y Z T

6WXGHQWV

,QWKHFRXUVHRIWKHVWXG\DWRWDORIVWXGHQWV ER\VJLUOVIURPHLJKWGLIIHUHQWFODVVHVLQ

*UD]ZHUHWHVWHG7KHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWV LQDFODVVZDV,QHDFKFODVVIRXUWRVL[FKLOGUHQ ZLWK6(1ZHUHLQWHJUDWHG:KLOHWKHPDOHDQG WKHIHPDOHVWXGHQWVZLWKRXW6(1ZHUHRQDYHUDJH

\HDUVROG6' WKHVWXGHQWVZLWK6(1 PDOHDQGIHPDOHVWXGHQWVZHUHVOLJKWO\ROGHU ZLWK\HDUV6' 7KHPDMRULW\RI6(1 VWXGHQWVZHUHGLDJQRVHGZLWKDOHDUQLQJGLV? DELOLW\WZRVWXGHQWVKDG$VSHUJHU$XWLVPDQGILYH

VWXGHQWVZHUHGLDJQRVHGZLWKLQWHOOHFWXDOGLVDELOLWLHV RIWKHVWXGHQWVZLWK6(1ZHUHLGHQWLILHGDV VWXGHQWVZLWKOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLWLHVWKRVHSXSLOVKDG VHULRXVSUREOHPVZLWKUHDGLQJZULWLQJRUQXPHUDF\

DQGQHHGHGPRUHWLPHWRSURFHVVQHZLQIRUPDWLRQ WKH\DUHGLDJQRVHGZLWKDGHYHORSPHQWDOGLVRUGHU RIVFKRRODFKLHYHPHQWRIWKHVWXGHQWVZLWK? RXW6(1ZHUHIURP$XVWULDWKHRWKHUKDG DPLJUDWLRQEDFNJURXQGRIWKHVWXGHQWVZLWK 6(1ZHUHQRWIURP$XVWULD,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRPHQ? WLRQWKDWLQFOXVLRQLQ$XVWULDGRHVQRWGHSHQGRQWKH VHYHULW\RIWKHGLVDELOLW\RIWKHVWXGHQWVEXWPDLQO\

RQWKHVFKRRORUJDQL]DWLRQ7KHUHDUHUHJLRQVZKHUH DOPRVWDOOVWXGHQWVDOVRWKRVHZLWKVHYHUHLQWHOOHFWXDO DQGPXOWLSOHGLVDELOLWLHVOHDUQLQLQFOXVLYHFODVVHV ZKHUHDVLQRWKHUGLVWULFWVPDQ\VWXGHQWVZLWKOHDUQ? LQJGLVDELOLWLHVOHDUQLQVSHFLDOFODVVHV,QFOXVLYHHGX? FDWLRQLQ$XVWULDLVHVVHQWLDOO\FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\MRLQW FODVVHVWDXJKWE\DVSHFLDOQHHGVWHDFKHUDQGDUHJX? ODUFODVVURRPWHDFKHU7KHVSHFLDOQHHGVWHDFKHULV PDLQO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUVXSSRUWLQJWKHFKLOGUHQZLWK GLVDELOLWLHVDQGHQVXUHVWKDWVSHFLDOQHHGVVWXGHQWV DUHDGHTXDWHO\VHUYHGZLWKLQWKHLQFOXVLYHFODVVURRP

K T W [V Q T [

6HOIDVVHVVPHQW

7KH VWXGHQWV TXHVWLRQQDLUH FRQVLVWHG RI +DHEHUOLQV0RVHUV%OHVVDQG.ODJKRIHUV TXHVWLRQQDLUHWRDVVHVVWKHGLPHQVLRQVRILQWHJUDWLRQ RIVWXGHQWV)',6XEVFDOHVIURPWKHTXHVWLRQ? QDLUH³/HEHQLQGHU.ODVVH´/LYHLQWKHFODVV±/L.

IURP*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUDWRRZHUHXVHG

\ 7KH )', FRQWDLQV WKUHH VFDOHV )RU WKH IROORZLQJVWXG\RQO\WZRRIWKHPWKHVFD? OHVVRFLDODQGHPRWLRQDOLQFOXVLRQZHUHXVHG

%RWKVFDOHVFRPSULVHLWHPVZLWKVDWLVIDF? WRU\LQWHUQFRQVLVWHQFLHVĮ Į

\ *DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUDVTXHVWLRQQDLUH FRQVLVWHGRIVL[VFDOHVZLWKDILYHSRLQWUDWLQJ VFDOH7KHILUVWSDUWRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHGHDOV ZLWKWKHVWXGHQW¶VRZQEHKDYLRXURIVWXGHQWV WRZDUGVWKHFODVVPDWHV7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDVGHYHORSHGEDVHGRQWKH&KLOGUHQ¶V6HOI ([SHULHQFH4XHVWLRQQDLUH&ULFN *URWSHWHU 7KHILUVWSDUWRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH UHIHUVWRWKHFODVVPDWHVEHKDYLRXUWRZDUGV RQHVHOIDQGZLWKIRXULWHPVUHVSHFWLYHO\

(5)

UHTXHVWVGLUHFWDJJUHVVLRQHJ³6RPHVWX? GHQWVVWDUWEUDZOV+RZRIWHQGR\RXGRWKDW"´

Į LQGLUHFWDJJUHVVLRQHJ³6RPHVWX? GHQWVGRQRWWDONWRWKHLUFODVVPDWHVZKHQ WKH\DUHDQJU\+RZRIWHQGR\RXGRWKDW"´Į DQGSURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUHJ³6RPH SHRSOHWHOORWKHUVQLFHWKLQJV+RZRIWHQGR

\RXGRWKDW"´Į 3HHUDVVHVVPHQWV

7KHVHFRQGSDUWSHHUUDWLQJRIWKHWHVWPHD? VXUHVZLWKILYHLWHPVSHUVFDOHGLUHFWYLFWLPL]DWLRQ HJ³+RZRIWHQGRFODVVPDWHVNLFN\RXRUSXOO

\RXUKDLU"´Į LQGLUHFWYLFWLPL]DWLRQHJ

³+RZRIWHQDUH\RXH[FOXGHGIURPJDPHVRUMRLQW DGYHQWXUHV"´Į DQGSURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXURI FODVVPDWHVHJ³+RZRIWHQGRHVDFODVVPDWHGR VRPHWKLQJ\RXDUHSOHDVHGDERXW"´Į 7HDFKHUDVVHVVPHQWV

7KHWHDFKHUVTXHVWLRQQDLUHLVFRPSRVHGRI WZRSDUWV,WKDVDVLPLODUIRUPDWWRWKHVWXGHQWV TXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGUHTXHVWVWKHVWXGHQWVEHKDYLRXU WRZDUGVKLVRUKHUFODVVPDWHV,QWKLVTXHVWLRQ? QDLUHWRRWKHVFDOHVGLUHFWDJJUHVVLRQV´LWHPV

³LQGLUHFWDJJUHVVLRQV´LWHPV³SURVRFLDOEHKDY? LRXU´LWHPVDQG³YLFWLPL]DWLRQ´LWHPVDUH LQWHJUDWHG7KHLQWHUQFRQVLVWHQF\µ&URQEDFKV DOSKD¶UDQJHVEHWZHHQDQGIRUWKHVHY? HUDOVXEVFDOHV,QWKHVHFRQGSDUWWHDFKHUVUDWH WKHLUVWXGHQWVVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFHRQWKHEDVLVRI WKH,QWHUSHUVRQDO&RPSHWHQFH4XHVWLRQQDLUHE\

%XKUPHVWHUHWDO7KHVFDOHV³(PRWLRQDO 6XSSRUWDQG&RQIOLFW0DQDJHPHQW´LWHPV

³*HWWLQJWRNQRZDQGLQIOXHQFLQJRWKHUV´

LWHPVDQG³&RQILGLQJLQRWKHUV´DOORIIHUVDWLVI\? LQJUHOLDELOLWLHVĮ *DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUDDQG .OLFSHUD,QDGGLWLRQWHDFKHUVDSSUDLVHGWKH OHYHORISRSXODULW\VWDWHRISRSXODULW\DQGVRFLDO H[FOXVLRQDPRQJFODVVPDWHVVWDWHRIH[FOXVLRQ ZLWKRQHLWHPHDFKRQDILYHSRLQWUDWLQJVFDOH 5HVXOWV

7RDQDO\]HWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQVWXGHQWVZLWK DQGZLWKRXW6(1LQWHUPVRIVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQD WWHVWZDVFRQGXFWHG7KHWWHVWIRULQGHSHQGHQWVDP? SOHVVKRZHGWKDWFKLOGUHQZLWK6(1IHOWVLJQLILFDQWO\

OHVVVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHGWKDQVWXGHQWVZLWKRXW6(1

7ZRPRUHWWHVWVZLWKWKHWHDFKHUUDWHGVWDWHRISRSX? ODULW\DQGWKHWWHVWVZLWKWKHWHDFKHUUDWHGVWDWHRI H[FOXVLRQFRQILUPHGWKHVHUHVXOWV$VSHUFHLYHGE\

WKHWHDFKHUVSXSLOVZLWK6(1DUHOHVVSRSXODUDQG PRUHH[FOXGHGWKDQFKLOGUHQZLWKRXW6(1WDEOH 7DEOH0HDQVVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQDQGWVWDWLVWLFVIRU VWXGHQWUDWLQJVVHOIDVVHVVHGDQGWHDFKHUVUDWLQJV WHDFKHUDVVHVVHG

^ _` a b c _d

e f_g h ` _

^ i j k l^ m n ^ _` a b c _d

e f_g ^ i j

k l^ m n _

GI VRFLDO

op qr s tu qov p

6$

VWDWHRI

SRSXODULW\7$

VWDWHRI

H[FOXVLRQ7$

SS

3UHGLFWRUVRIVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ

7RH[DPLQHWKHDVSHFWVWKDWFRQWULEXWHWRWKH IRUHFDVWRIVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQWKUHHUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\? VHVZHUHFRQGXFWHG:KLOHWKHILUVWUHJUHVVLRQDLPHG DWSUHGLFWLQJVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHVHOI DVVHVVHG6$GDWDWKHRWKHUWZRDQDO\VHWKHWHDFKHU UDWLQJV7$RIWKHVWDWHRISRSXODULW\DQGWKHVWDWH RIH[FOXVLRQ,QWKUHHDQDO\VHVWKHIROORZLQJSUHGLF? WRUVZHUHLQFOXGHGWKHVWDWXVRI6(1\HVRUQR WKHVHOIDVVHVVHGVRFLDOEHKDYLRUGLUHFWDJJUHVVLYH EHKDYLRXU6$LQGLUHFWDJJUHVVLYHEHKDYLRXU6$

SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU6$WKHSHHUDVVHVVHGVRFLDO EHKDYLRUGLUHFWYLFWLPL]DWLRQ3$LQGLUHFWYLF? WLPL]DWLRQ3$SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXURISHHUV3$

WKHWHDFKHUDVVHVVHGVRFLDOEHKDYLRURIWKHSXSLOV WKHPVHOYHVGLUHFWDJJUHVVLYHEHKDYLRXU7$LQGL? UHFWDJJUHVVLYHEHKDYLRXU7$SURVRFLDOEHKDY? LRXU7$WKHWHDFKHUDVVHVVHGVRFLDOEHKDYLRURI WKHSHHUVYLFWLPL]DWLRQ7$DQGDOVRWKHWHDFKHU UDWHGVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFLHV(PRWLRQDO6XSSRUWDQG

&RQIOLFW0DQDJHPHQW7$*HWWLQJWRNQRZDQG LQIOXHQFLQJRWKHUV7$&RQILGLQJLQRWKHUV7$

3UHGLFWRUVRIVHOIDVVHVVHGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ ,QWKHILUVWUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVWKHFULWHULRQZDV WKHVHOIDVVHVVHGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ7KHUHVXOWVVKRZ WKDWWKHSUHGLFWRUYDULDEOHVFDQH[SODLQRIWKH

(6)

YDULDQFH,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHVWXGHQW¶VRZQVRFLDO EHKDYLRXUWKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRXURIFODVVPDWHVSOD\V DVLJQLILFDQWUROH7KHSURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXURIFODVV? PDWHVIURPWKHVWXGHQW¶VRZQSRLQWRIYLHZFRQ? WULEXWHVZLWKWKHKLJKHVWEHWDZHLJKWWKHVWURQJHVWWR WKHIRUHFDVW7KHPRUHSURVRFLDOWKHFODVVPDWHVZHUH UDWHGE\WKHVWXGHQWVWKHPRUHVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG WKH\IHOW7KHOHVVVWXGHQWVZHUHYLFWLPL]HGWKHPRUH VRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHGWKH\IHOW$OVRWKHWHDFKHUUDWLQJV RIYLFWLPL]DWLRQFRQWULEXWHVLJQLILFDQWO\7KHPRUH YLFWLPL]HGWKH\DUHWHDFKHUDVVHVVHGWKHOHVVSXSLOV IHOWVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG7KHVWDWXV6(1LWVHOIGRHV QRWFRQWULEXWHVLJQLILFDQWO\WRWKHSUHGLFWLRQ 3UHGLFWRUVRIWHDFKHUUDWHGVWDWXVRISRSXODULW\

$VHFRQGUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VHVWKHWHDFKHUUDW? LQJVRIVWXGHQWV¶SRSXODULW\VWDWXVRISRSXODULW\

ZLWKWKHVDPHSUHGLFWRUVOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQZLWK DOOSUHGLFWRUVZDVFRQGXFWHG7KHWHDFKHUUDWHG SRSXODULW\FRXOGEHSUHGLFWHGWR7KHSURVR? FLDOEHKDYLRXUWHDFKHUDVVHVVHGSOD\HGDGHFLVLYH

UROHZLWKDEHWDZHLJKWRI3XSLOVZKRVKRZHG PRUHSRVLWLYHVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUIURPWKHWHDFKHUV¶

SRLQWRIYLHZZHUHDVVHVVHGPRUHSRSXODUWKDQ RWKHUV7KHOHVVSXSLOVZHUHYLFWLPL]HGWHDFKHU DVVHVVHGWKHPRUHWKH\ZHUHSRSXODU)XUWKHUPRUH VRFLDOFRPSHWHQFHSOD\VDUROH7KHPRUHFRPSH? WHQWSXSLOVDUHZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHVFDOH³JHWWLQJ WRNQRZDQGLQIOXHQFLQJRWKHUV7$´WKHPRUH SRSXODUWKH\DUHDVVHVVHG7KHSXSLOVµRZQDVVHVV? PHQWRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWDERXWWKHLUFODVVPDWHVGLG QRWFRQWULEXWHVLJQLILFDQWO\WRWKHSUHGLFWLRQ$OVR WKH6(1VWDWXVKDGQRVLJQLILFDQWLQIOXHQFHRQWKH WHDFKHUUDWLQJVRISRSXODULW\

3UHGLFWRUVRIWHDFKHUUDWHGVWDWXVRISRSXODULW\

)LQDOO\DWKLUGUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVZDVFRQGXFW? HGWRSUHGLFWWKHWHDFKHUUDWLQJVRIVWXGHQWV¶H[FOX? VLRQVWDWXVRIH[FOXVLRQ:LWKUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV RIWKHYDULDQFHFRXOGEHFOHDUHGXSIRUWKH WHDFKHUV¶DVVHVVPHQWZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHVWDWXVRI H[FOXVLRQ2QO\WKHWHDFKHUVµDVVHVVPHQWRIVRFLDO 7DEOH5HJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVZLWKWKHVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQVHOIUDWLQJVDVFULWHULRQDQGWKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUVHOI SHHUDQGWHDFKHUUDWLQJVDQGWKHVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFHDVSUHGLFWRUV

wxy

z{|

}~x €‚ z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU6$ {†

z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU6$ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU ‡€ˆ‰ z{xy|

}… {| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~† ‡Œˆ‰ {†

z{xy|

} …

{| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~†

‡Œˆ‰ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU RISHHUV3$ z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU7$ {†

z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU7$ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU ‡ˆ‰ …

{| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~†

‡ˆ‰ Š~

}{~†ƒ

Ž€ww~x } DQG&RQIOLFW ƒ†ƒ„

}‡ˆ‰ ‘y

}}{†„

}~

’†~“ DQGLQIOXHQFLQJ ~

}”yx

‡ˆ‰ &RQILGLQJLQRWKHUV ‡ˆ‰

• r qu – —˜ ™ —˜ š – —˜ › —˜ œ –—š  ž ž – —˜ ˜ —š Ÿ ž ž —    – —˜  —˜  – —    ž – —˜ ¡ – —˜  —˜ ›

¢ £

—š ™

œ —œ ¡ ž ž

)

SS6$ VHOIDVVHVVHG3$ SHHUDVVHVVHG7$ WHDFKHUUDWLQJV

7DEOH5HJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVZLWKWKHVWDWXVRISRSXODULW\DVFULWHULDDQGWKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUVHOISHHUDQG WHDFKHUDVVHGDQGWKHVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFLHVDVSUHGLFRUV

wxy

z{|

}~x €‚ z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU6$ {†

z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU6$ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU ‡€ˆ‰ z{xy|

}… {| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~† ‡Œˆ‰ {†

z{xy|

} …

{| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~†

‡Œˆ‰ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU RISHHUV3$ z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU7$ {†

z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU7$ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU ‡ˆ‰ …

{| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~†

‡ˆ‰ Š~

}{~†ƒ

Ž€ww~x } DQG&RQIOLFW ƒ†ƒ„

}‡ˆ‰ ‘y

}}{†„

}~

’†~“ DQGLQIOXHQFLQJ ~

}”yx

‡ˆ‰ &RQILGLQJLQRWKHUV ‡ˆ‰

• r qu —˜ ˜ —˜ ¡ – —˜ ¡ —˜ ¡ – —›˜ —˜ ˜ —˜ › —˜  – —˜ š —š š ž ž –—  ™ ž ž —˜ ˜ —  œ ž —›˜

¢ £

— š

›œ —œ ¡ ž ž

)

SS6$ VHOIDVVHVVHG3$ SHHUDVVHVVHG7$ WHDFKHUUDWLQJV

(7)

EHKDYLRXUDQGVRFLDOH[SHUWLVHZHUHVLJQLILFDQW 7KHPRUHSXSLOVDUHYLFWLPL]HGWKHPRUHH[FOXGHG WKHWHDFKHUQRWLFHGWKHP)XUWKHUPRUHLQGLUHFW EHKDYLRXUIRUH[FOXVLRQSOD\VDUROH3HRSOHZKR VKRZOHVVVRFLDOH[SHUWLVHJHWWLQJWRNQRZDQG LQIOXHQFLQJRWKHUVZHUHPRUHH[FOXGHG

< 7 E > = E E 7 ; 8

7KHILUVWTXHVWLRQDQDO\]HGLQWKLVVWXG\FRQ? FHUQHGWKHTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUSXSLOVZLWKRUZLWKRXW 6(1DUHVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHG WKDWVWXGHQWVZLWK6(1IHOWOHVVVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG WKDQWKHLUFODVVPDWHVZLWKRXW6(13XSLOVZLWK 6(1DVVHVVHGWKHPVHOYHVDVOHVVVRFLDOO\LQWHJUDWHG WKDQSXSLOVZLWKRXW6(17KLVUHVXOWLVLQDFFRU? GDQFHZLWKSDVWUHVHDUFK+DHEHUOLQHWDO +XEHU.OLFSHUDDQG*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD 3LMODQG)URVWDG)XUWKHUPRUHWHDFK? HUVUDWHGSXSLOVZLWK6(1DVOHVVSRSXODUDQGPRUH H[FOXGHGWKDQWKRVHZLWKRXW6(1$VWXG\E\

+XEHUVKRZHGWKDWSXSLOVZLWK6(1¶VULVN RIEHLQJRXWVLGHUVLVWKUHHWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQIRU SXSLOVZLWKRXW6(1

1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHLQWHUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQVRFLDO H[FOXVLRQDQG6(1FRXOGEHFRQWDPLQDWHGE\

FRQIRXQGLQJHIIHFWVRIWKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRURIWKH VWXGHQWVZLWK6(1,WLVZLGHO\NQRZQWKDWDJJUHV? VLYHEHKDYLRULVRQHRIWKHVWURQJHVWSUHGLFWRUVRI VRFLDOH[FOXVLRQHJ+DHEHUOLQHWDO+XEHU 5DQGROO7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWR DQDO\VHZKLFKFRPSRQHQWVRIVRFLDOEHKDYLRUDQG VRFLDOFRPSHWHQFLHVFDQEHVHHQDVVLJQLILFDQWSUH? GLFWRUVIRUVHOISHUFHLYHGDVZHOODVWHDFKHUUDWHG VRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ

+HQFHWKUHHUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VHVZHUHFDOFXODW? HGRQHWRSUHGLFWWKHVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQZLWKUHVSHFW WRWKHVHOIDVVHVVHGGDWDDQRWKHURQHWRSUHGLFWWKH WHDFKHUV¶UDWLQJVRIWKHSXSLOV¶VWDWXVRISRSXODULW\

DQGDWKLUGRQHWRH[DPLQHWKHWHDFKHUV¶UDWLQJVRI WKHSXSLOV¶VWDWXVRIH[FOXVLRQ

5HJDUGLQJWKHVHOIUDWHGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ UHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHVWXGHQW¶VRZQVRFLDO EHKDYLRUSOD\VQRVLJQLILFDQWUROH7KHPRVW LPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVHHPVWREHWKHSHUFHLYHGSUR VRFLDOEHKDYLRUE\WKHSHHUVSHHUDVVHVVHG7KH H[SHULHQFHRIGLUHFWYLFWLPL]DWLRQSHHUDVVHVVHG DQGWKHWHDFKHUUDWLQJRIYLFWLPL]DWLRQDUHVLJ? QLILFDQWSUHGLFWRUVIRUWKHVWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQ RIVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ

$VIDUDVWKHWHDFKHUV¶IRUHLJQDVVHVVPHQWZLWK UHJDUGWRWKHWHDFKHUUDWHGVWDWXVRISRSXODULW\LV FRQFHUQHGRQO\DSDUWRIWKHWHDFKHUUDWHGYDUL? DEOHVDUHVLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRUV7KHRZQSURVRFLDO EHKDYLRUWHDFKHUUDWHGWKHYLFWLPL]DWLRQWHDFKHU UDWHGDQGWKHVRFLDOH[SHUWLVHRQO\WKHVFDOHJHW? WLQJWRNQRZDQGLQIOXHQFLQJRWKHUVWHDFKHUUDWHG SOD\HGDVLJQLILFDQWUROH

&RQFHUQLQJWKHWHDFKHUUDWHGVWDWXVRISRSXODU? LW\DQGVWDWXVRIH[FOXVLRQLWFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDW WKHWHDFKHUDVVHVVHGLQGLUHFWDJJUHVVLRQYLFWLP? L]DWLRQDVZHOODVWKHVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFHRQO\WKH VFDOHJHWWLQJWRNQRZDQGLQIOXHQFLQJRWKHUVDUH SOD\LQJDVLJQLILFDQWUROH

2QHYDULDEOHZKLFKGLGQRWSOD\DVLJQLILFDQW UROHUHJDUGLQJVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQLQDOOWKUHHDQDO\? VHVZDVWKHODEHORI6(1WKLVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKH SRRUVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQRISXSLOVZLWK6(1LVQRW

7DEOH5HJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVZLWKWKHVWDWXVRIH[FOXVLRQDVFULWHULDDQGWKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUVHOISHHUDQG WHDFKHUDVVHGDQGWKHVRFLDOFRPSHWHQFLHVDVSUHGLFWRUV

wxy

z{|

}~x €‚ z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU6$ {†

z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU6$ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU ‡€ˆ‰ z{xy|

}… {| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~† ‡Œˆ‰ {†

z{xy|

} …

{| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~†

‡Œˆ‰ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU RISHHUV3$ z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU7$ {†

z{xy|

}ƒ„„xy

{…y EHKDYLRXU7$ SURVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU ‡ˆ‰ …

{| }{Š {‹ƒ

}{~†

‡ˆ‰ Š~

}{~†ƒ

Ž€ww~x } DQG&RQIOLFW ƒ†ƒ„

}‡ˆ‰ ‘y

}}{†„

}~

’†~“ DQGLQIOXHQFLQJ ~

}”yx

‡ˆ‰ &RQILGLQJLQRWKHUV ‡ˆ‰

• r qu —›˜ – —˜ Ÿ —˜ ¤ —˜ ¡ —˜ œ – —˜ › – —˜ œ —˜ œ —  › ž – —˜ ˜ —š œ ž ž – —˜ ¡ – —    ž – —˜ 

¢ £

—œ  

™ —¤š ž ž

)

SS6$ VHOIDVVHVVHG3$ SHHUDVVHVVHG7$ WHDFKHUUDWLQJV

(8)

FDXVHGE\DVWLJPDWL]DWLRQSURFHVVEXWLWLVFDXVHG E\VSHFLILFGLIILFXOWVRFLDOEHKDYLRURIFHUWDLQVWX? GHQWVZLWK6(1

> ; 8 > M = E 7 ; 8

5HJDUGLQJVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQVWXGHQWVZLWK6(1 VKRZDWOHDVWORZHUYDOXHV7RVXPXSWKHVRFLDO EHKDYLRURIVWXGHQWVLQLQWHJUDWLYHFODVVHVLVYHU\

LPSRUWDQWIRUHIIHFWLYHLQWHJUDWLRQ7KHVHUHVXOWV VXJJHVWWKDWLQLQFOXVLYHFODVVHVWKHVRFLDOEHKDY? LRURIDOOVWXGHQWVVKRXOGJDLQLQLPSRUWDQFH)RU WKDWUHDVRQGLGDFWLFDOFRQFHSWVVKRXOGQRWRQO\EH FRQWUROOHGLQWHUPVRIWKHLUVFKRRODFKLHYHPHQWEXW DOVRLQUHODWLRQWRWKHLUVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQ)RUIXWXUH UHVHDUFKLWZLOOEHQHFHVVDU\WRDFFRPSDQ\VWXGHQWV LQLQFOXVLYHFODVVHVORQJLWXGLQDOO\WREHDEOHWR REVHUYHWKHLUGHYHORSPHQWLQDFDGHPLFDQGVRFLDO

FRQFHUQVVRFLDOEHKDYLRUVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQHPR? WLRQDOLQWHJUDWLRQDQGWRFRQFHLYHDUUDQJHPHQWV IRUHIILFLHQWLQFOXVLYHHGXFDWLRQ*RRGLQFOXVLYH HGXFDWLRQLQFOXGHVPDQ\VRFLDOOHDUQLQJLQWHUDF? WLRQVZKLFKIRFXVRQWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIDOOSXSLOV 2QHRSSRUWXQLW\WRLPSURYHVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQFRXOG EHIRFXVLQJRQWHDFKHUIHHGEDFNWRWKHVWXGHQWV +XEHUKDVDOUHDG\VKRZQWKDWWKHRSLQLRQ RIWKHWHDFKHUVLQKLVFDVHWKHWHDFKHUV\PSDWK\

IRUVWXGHQWVH[HUWVHIIHFWVRQVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ$OO LQYROYHGSDUWQHUVLQVFKRRODQGVFKRRODGPLQLV? WUDWLRQDUHDZDUHRIWKLVSUREOHPKRZHYHULWLV RIWHQVHHQDVDSUREOHPWKDWFDQEHQHJOHFWHG,Q WKDWUHVSHFWWKHHYLGHQFHRIWKLVVWXG\SURYLGHV DQLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHLQFOXVLYHGHEDWH ZKLFKKDVWDNHQSODFHLQ$XVWULDDVZHOOVLQFHWKH 81FRQYHQWLRQ

(9)

: C § C : C 8 > C M 7 E 9

$YUDPLGLV(6RFLDOUHODWLRQVKLSVRISXSLOVZLWKVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQDOQHHGVLQWKHPDLQVWUHDPSULPDU\FODVVSHHUJURXSPHPEHUVKLSDQG SHHUDVVHVVHGVRFLDOEHKDYLRXU(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI6SHFLDO1HHGV(GXFDWLRQ

%REDQ,+LQ]$,QNOXVLYH3lGDJRJLN]ZLVFKHQDOOJHPHLQSlGDJRJLVFKHU9HURUWXQJXQGVRQGHUSlGDJRJLVFKHU9HUHLQQDKPXQJ

$QPHUNXQJHQ]XULQWHUQDWLRQDOHQXQGGHXWVFKHQ'HEDWWH,Q6%|UQHU$*OLQN%-lSHOW'6DQGHUV6DVVH$(GV,QWHJUDWLRQLPYLHU¨ WHQ-DKU]HKQW%LODQ]XQG3HUVSHNWLYHQSS%DG+HLOEUXQQ.OLQNKDUGW

%RVVDHUW*&ROSLQ+3LMO633HWU\./RQHOLQHVVDPRQJVWXGHQWVZLWKVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQDOQHHGVLQPDLQVWUHDPVHYHQWKJUDGH 5HVHDUFKLQ'HYHORSPHQWDO'LVDELOLWLHV

%XFKQHU7)H\HUHU()OLHJHU35HSRUWRQWKHVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQDQGVRFLDOSURWHFWLRQRIGLVDEOHGSHRSOHLQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV5HWULHYHG 0DUFKIURPKWWSZZZGLVDELOLW\HXURSHQHWFRQWHQWSGI$7VRFLDOLQFOXVLRQUHSRUWSGI

%XKUPHVWHU')XUPDQ::LWWHQEHUJ05HLV+)LYHGRPDLQVRILQWHUSHUVRQDOFRPSHWHQFHLQSHHUUHODWLRQVKLSV-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\

DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\±

%UOL$,QWHJUDWLRQ,QNOXVLRQLQ*UR‰EULWDQQLHQ,Q%UOL$(G,QWHJUDWLRQXQG,QNOXVLRQDXVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHU6LFKWSS±

%DG+HLOEUXQQ.OLQNKDUGW

&ROH$'9DQGHUFRRN75\QGHUV-&RPSDULVRQRIWZRSHHULQWHUDFWLRQSURJUDPV&KLOGUHQZLWKDQGZLWKRXWVHYHUHGLVDELOLWLHV

$PHULFDQ(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO

&ULFN15*URWSHWHU-.5HODWLRQDODJJUHVVLRQJHQGHUDQGVRFLDOSV\FKRORJLFDODGMXVWPHQW&KLOG'HYHORSPHQW

&ULFN15*URWSHWHU-.&KLOGUHQVWUHDWPHQWE\SHHUV9LFWLPVRIUHODWLRQDODQGRYHUWDJJUHVVLRQ'HYHORSPHQWDQG3V\FKRSDWKRORJ\

© ª « ¬ ­ ¨« © ® ¯

)H\HUHU(4XDOLWlWLQGHU6RQGHUSlGDJRJLN5DKPHQEHGLQJXQJHQIUHLQHYHUEHVVHUWH(U]LHKXQJ%LOGXQJXQG8QWHUULFKWXQJYRQ6FKOHU LQQHQPLWVRQGHUSlGDJRJLVFKHP)|UGHUEHGDUI,Q1DWLRQDOHU%LOGXQJVEHULFKWgVWHUUHLFK%DQG)RNXVVLHUWH$QDO\VHQELOGXQJVSROLWLVFKHU 6FKZHUSXQNWWKHPHQSS±%XQGHVPLQLVWHULXPIU8QWHUULFKW.XQVWXQG.XOWXU

)URVWDG33LMO6-'RHVEHLQJIULHQGO\KHOSLQPDNLQJIULHQGV"7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVRFLDOSRVLWLRQDQGVRFLDOVNLOOVRISXSLOVZLWK VSHFLDOQHHGVLQPDLQVWUHDPHGXFDWLRQ(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI6SHFLDO1HHGV(GXFDWLRQ±

*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD%.OLFSHUD&6R]LDOH.RPSHWHQ]EHL.LQGHUQPLWVR]LDOHQ$QSDVVXQJVVFKZLHULJNHLWHQ=HLWVFKULIWIU.LQGHUXQG -XJHQGSV\FKLDWULHXQG3V\FKRWKHUDSLH

*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD%.OLFSHUD&:DUXPIKOHQVLFK6FKOHUHLQVDP"(LQIOXVVIDNWRUHQXQG)ROJHQYRQ(LQVDPNHLWLPVFKXOLVFKHQ .RQWH[W3UD[LVGHU.LQGHUSV\FKRORJLHXQG.LQGHUSV\FKLDWULH

*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD%.OLFSHUD&+LSSOHU.6R]LDOH$QSDVVXQJVVFKZLHULJNHLWHQEHLOHUQEHKLQGHUWHQ6FKOHUQXQG6FKOHUQPLW VSH]LHOOHQ/HUQEHHLQWUlFKWLJXQJHQ(LQH/LWHUDWXUEHUVLFKW+HLOSlGDJRJLVFKH)RUVFKXQJ

*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD%.OLFSHUD&*HEKDUGW06FKZDE6$WWLWXGHVDQG([SHULHQFHVRISDUHQWVUHJDUGLQJLQFOXVLYHDQGVSHFLDOVFKRRO HGXFDWLRQIRUFKLOGUHQZLWKOHDUQLQJDQGLQWHOOHFWXDOGLVDELOLWLHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI,QFOXVLYH(GXFDWLRQ

*UWOHU&6R]LDOH8QJOHLFKKHLWXQWHU.LQGHUQhEHUGLH5ROOHYRQ.LQGXQG(OWHUQKDXVPHUNPDOHQIUGLH$N]HSWDQ]XQGGHQ(LQIOXVV HLQHV.LQGHVLQVHLQHU6FKXONODVVH'LVVHUWDWLRQ3RWVGDP

+DHEHUOLQ8%OHVV*0RVHU8.ODJKRIHU5,QWHJUDWLRQLQGLH6FKXONODVVH)UDJHERJHQ]XU(UIDVVXQJYRQ'LPHQVLRQHQGHU,QWHJUDWLRQ YRQ6FKOHUQ)',,Q+DHEHUOLQ8(G%HLWUlJH]XU+HLOXQG6RQGHUSlGDJRJLN%HLKHIW]XU9LHUWHOMDKUHVVFKULIWIU+HLOSlGDJRJLN XQGLKUH1DFKEDUJHELHWHSS[[%HUQ+DXSW

+DHEHUOLQ8%OHVV*0RVHU8.ODJKRIHU5'LH,QWHJUDWLRQYRQ/HUQEHKLQGHUWHQ9HUVXFKH7KHRULHQ)RUVFKXQJHQ(QWWlXVFKXQJHQ +RIIQXQJHQ9ROXPH%HUQ+DXSW

+REL5DJD]*5HSURGXNWLRQVR]LDOHU8QJOHLFKKHLW"'LH%HGHXWXQJYRQ(OWHUQ.LQGXQG)DPLOLHQPHUNPDOHQIUGHQVR]LDOHQ6WDWXV XQWHUJOHLFKDOWULJHQGHUPLWWOHUHQ.LQGKHLW,Q0(LVQHU5LEHDXG'(GV)RUVFKXQJVEHULFKWDXVGHU5HLKH]SURVR=UFKHU3URMHNW]XU VR]LDOHQ(QWZLFNOXQJYRQ.LQGHUQ=ULFK$XJXVW%HULFKW1USS[[5HWULHYHG0DUFKIURPKWWSZZZLIHX]KFKIFNH¨ GLWRUBGRZQORDGVILOH=SURVRB3XEOLNDWLRQHQB)RUVFKXQJVEHULFKWHB9ROOVWDHQGLJHB%HULFKWH)%B1UB*+REL5DJD]SGI

+XEHU&6R]LDOH,QWHJUDWLRQLQGHU6FKXOH"(LQHHPSLULVFKH8QWHUVXFKXQJ]XUVR]LDOHQ,QWHJUDWLRQYRQ6FKOHUQPLWVRQGHUSlGDJRJLV¨ FKHP)|UGHUEHGDUILPJHPHLQVDPHQ8QWHUULFKW0DUEXUJ7HFWXP

+XEHU&-HQVHLWVGHV0RGHOOYHUVXFKV6R]LDOH,QWHJUDWLRQYRQ6FKOHUQPLWVRQGHUSlGDJRJLVFKHP)|UGHUEHGDUILP*HPHLQVDPHQ 8QWHUULFKW(LQH(YDOXDWLRQVVWXGLH+HLOSlGDJRJLVFKH)RUVFKXQJ

.OLFSHUD&*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD%6R]LDOH(UIDKUXQJHQYRQ*UXQGVFKOHUQPLWVRQGHUSlGDJRJLVFKHP)|UGHUEHGDUILQ,QWHJUDWLRQVNODVVHQ

%HWUDFKWHWLP.RQWH[WGHU0D‰QDKPHQ]XU)|UGHUXQJVR]LDOHU,QWHJUDWLRQ+HLOSlGDJRJLVFKH)RUVFKXQJ±

.OLFSHUD&*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD%8QWHUVFKHLGHQVLFKGLHVR]LDOHQ(UIDKUXQJHQYRQ6FKOHUQRKQH%HKLQGHUXQJXQGGLHYRQGHQ/HKUHUQ LQLWLLHUWHQ*HOHJHQKHLWHQ]XPVR]LDOHQ/HUQHQLQ,QWHJUDWLRQVXQG9HUJOHLFKVNODVVHQ"6RQGHUSlGDJRJLN

0DQG-6RFLDOSRVLWLRQRIVSHFLDOQHHGVSXSLOVLQFODVVURRP$FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ*HUPDQVSHFLDOVFKRROVIRUSXSLOVZLWKOHDUQLQJ GLIILFXOWLHVDQGLQWHJUDWHGSULPDU\VFKRROFODVVHV(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI6SHFLDO1HHGV(GXFDWLRQ±

(10)

°

0HLMHU-:6SHFLDO1HHGV(GXFDWLRQLQ(XURSH,QFOXVLYH3ROLFLHVDQG3UDFWLFHV=HLWVFKULIWIU,QNOXVLRQ5HWULHYHG$XJXVW IURPKWWSZZZLQNOXVLRQRQOLQHQHWLQGH[SKSLQNOXVLRQDUWLFOHYLHZ

0HU]./HUQVFKZLHULJNHLWHQ=XU(IIL]LHQ]YRQ)|UGHUPD‰QDKPHQDQ*UXQGXQG/HUQEHKLQGHUWHQVFKXOHQ+HLOSlGDJRJLVFKH)RUVFKXQJ

±

0\NOHEXVW-2,QFOXVLRQRUH[FOXVLRQ"7UDQVLWLRQDPRQJVSHFLDOQHHGVVWXGHQWVLQXSSHUVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQLQ1RUZD\(XURSHDQ -RXUQDORI6SHFLDO1HHGV(GXFDWLRQ

0\NOHEXVW-2&ODVVSODFHPHQWDQGFRPSHWHQFHDWWDLQPHQWDPRQJVWXGHQWVZLWKVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQQHHGV%ULWLVK-RXUQDORI6SHFLDO

± ²³ ´µ·¸¹ ª « « ª ­ ¬ ¨© º ¯

1DEX]RND'6PLWK3.6RFLRPHWULFVWDWXVDQGVRFLDOEHKDYLRXURIFKLOGUHQZLWKDQGZLWKRXWOHDUQLQJGLIILFXOWLHV-RXUQDORI&KLOG 3V\FKRORJ\DQG3V\FKLDWU\

1HZFRPE$)%XNRZVNL:03DWWHH/&KLOGUHQ¶VSHHUUHODWLRQV$PHWDDQDO\VLVRISRSXODUUHMHFWHGQHJOHFWHGFRQWURYHUVLDODQG DYHUDJHVRFLRPHWULFVWDWXV3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ

2FKRD63DOPHU'$PHWDDQDO\VLVRISHHUUDWLQJVRFLRPHWULFVWXGLHVRISXSLOVZLWKOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLWLHV-RXUQDORI6SHFLDO(GXFDWLRQ

» ¼ ª º ¨º ¼ ¯

3LMO6-)URVWDG33HHUDFFHSWDQFHDQGVHOIFRQFHSWRIVWXGHQWVZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVLQUHJXODUHGXFDWLRQ(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI6SHFLDO1HHGV (GXFDWLRQ

3LMO6-)URVWDG3)OHP$7KHVRFLDOSRVLWLRQZLWKVSHFLDOQHHGVLQUHJXODUVFKRROV6FDQGLQDYLDQ-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK

3LMO6-6NDDOYLN(06NDDOYLN66WXGHQWVZLWK6SHFLDOQHHGVDQGWKH&RPSRVLWLRQRI7KHLU3HHU*URXS,ULVK(GXFDWLRQDO6WXGLHV

5DQGROO'/HUQEHKLQGHUWHLQGHU6FKXOH,QWHJUDWLRQRGHU6HJUHJDWLRQ.|OQ:LHQ%|KODX

5RVVPDQQ3*DVWHLJHU.OLFSHUD%*HEKDUGW05RORII&:HLQGO$=XP6HOEVWNRQ]HSWYRQ6FKOHU,QQHQPLW6RQGHUSlGDJRJLVFKHP )|UGHUEHGDUILQ6RQGHUVFKXOHQXQG,QWHJUDWLRQVNODVVHQ(LQHPSLULVFKIXQGLHUWHU'LVNXVVLRQVEHLWUDJ,Q0LNXOD5.LWWO6DIUDQ+(GV 'LPHQVLRQHQGHU(U]LHKXQJVXQG%LOGXQJVZLVVHQVFKDIWSS*UD]/H\NDP

5XELQ.+%XNRZVNL:03DUNHU-*3HHU,QWHUDFWLRQV5HODWLRQVKLSVDQG*URXSV,Q(LVHQEHUJ1(G+DQGERRNRI&KLOG 3V\FKRORJ\6RFLDOHPRWLRQDODQGSHUVRQDOLW\GHYHORSPHQWSS1HZ<RUN:LOH\

5XLMV103HHWVPD7'(IIHFWVRILQFOXVLRQRQVWXGHQWVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQDOQHHGVUHYLHZHG(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK 5HYLHZ±

6WDWLVWLN$XVWULD$X‰HURUGHQWOLFKH6FKOHULQQHQXQG6FKOHUXQGVRQGHUSlGDJRJLVFKHU)|UGHUEHGDUI5HWULHYHG0DUFK IURPKWWSZZZVWDWLVWLNDWZHEBGHVWDWLFDXVVHURUGHQWOLFKHBVFKXHOHULQQHQBXQGBVFKXHOHUBXQGBVRQGHUSDHGDJRJLVFKHUBIRHUBSGI 6ZDQVRQ+/0DORQH66RFLDOVNLOOVDQGOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLWLHV$PHWDDQDO\VLVRIWKHOLWHUDWXUH6FKRRO3V\FKRORJ\5HYLHZ 7HQW/:LWW0%UJHU:=VFKRFKH/LHEHUXP&,VWGLH6FKXOHIU/HUQEHKLQGHUWHEHUKROW"+HLOSlGDJRJLVFKH)RUVFKXQJ±

View publication stats View publication stats

Referenzen

ÄHNLICHE DOKUMENTE

Zum einen wurde die Forschungsfrage beantwortet, welche Deutungsmuster Lehrkräfte zur Inklusion und Exklusion von Schüler*innen eines inklusiven Gymnasiums haben und zum

Creating art to make sense of an arts-informed methodology and theoretical lens was a novel approach to using art in health care research that supported my understanding

Tomando inspiración en los abordajes que consideran el poder narrativo de la fotografía y su doble potencial para constituirse como método de trabajo en la investigación social

This attitude, LÉVINAS explains, poses an ethical challenge because it reduces the otherness of the other to sameness and negates our fundamental relation of responsibility for

Leitparadigma nach wie vor das sprachlich-textliche und damit die Sequenzialität ist, und dass das Bild nur insofern deutbar und für sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung nutzbar

Based on these stories, the paper will present a description of these students, the place of their family, their life as a traditional minority society within a Western majority,

Drawing on several incidents from this research project, we argue for a continually reflexive research process in order to insure that research methods do not undermine political

To involve students appropriately in an open school environment, innovation contests provide a suitable solution approach; they enable students to work collaboratively on a set