1.1. Amount of waste generation in India

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129 Waste Management Scenario in India and Progress in the Field of Waste-to-Energy

Country Reports

Waste Management Scenario in India and Progress in the Field of Waste-to-Energy

Sunil Kumar, Mohammed Bin Zacharia K and Rena

1. Waste management and waste to energy ...130

1.1. Amount of waste generation in India ...131

1.2. Current technologies for waste management in India ...132

1.2.1. Landfilling ...132

1.2.2. Composting ...132

1.2.3. Biogas plants – anaerobic digestion ...135

1.2.4. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) systems ...135

2. Existing plants and systems of WtE/waste to wealth (WtW) in India ....136

3. Milestones achieved in waste management sector of India ...136

3.1. Drivers for the installation of waste treatment facilities ...137

3.1.1. Legislative considerations in India ...137

3.1.2. Researches and technological advancements ...137

3.1.3. Availability of financial investments in India ...137

4. Societal alertness of WtE in India ...137

5. Traverses in the installation of WtE facilities in India...138

6. Concluding remarks ...139

7. Literature ...139

Changes in human lifestyle are evident in the fast-moving world, which has steered to increase in consumption and waste generation. The quantity of waste generation is becoming one of the major concerns due to the issues in waste handling and disposal.

Waste to energy (WtE) system is thought as the best solution to the waste management (WM) problems in India. WtE technology brings in value creation for the waste substance. Many fall backs have been observed in WtE plants set up in India. This report covers the Indian systems of solid waste management (SWM) along with issues for the retreat of WtE plant in India. This study concludes by forwarding suggestions that can be taken forward for the future developments of the WtE technology and best practices in the field of SWM.

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Sunil Kumar, Mohammed Bin Zacharia K, Rena

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1. Waste management and waste to energy

The increasing population has led to an increase in demand for resources and also in waste generation. Waste generation has been increasing worldwide, and it is predicted to increase by 70 % by 2050 [18]. Waste generation is of major concerns in the world and especially in India due to its large population and constraints in land availability.

Reduction in consumption and reuse of materials can reduce the quantity of waste generation. A substance becomes waste when there is no more chance of usage by the user, but it does not mean no one can have any usage with that material [10]. Example of waste material for one person becoming a useful resource for another is depicted in Figure 1.

collected by rag picker

municipal solid waste management to waste bin

reuse

recycling

WtE plants

landfilling or other treatments product (disposable

plastic water bottle)

usage (for drinking – bottle becoming waste)

Figure 1: Value creation (highlighted in green) of a product or substance at different stages of its life cycle

From Figure 1, it is evident that some value creation can be achieved for all the materials at any point of its life cycle. Improper disposal and management of solid waste is a clear threat to the environment. Some of the environmental problems due to poor management of solid waste are:

• destruction in ocean ecosystems and harm to the benthos,

• decreasing ground water percolations and increase of floods,

• creation of unhygienic environment and spread of diseases,

• increasing reports of chronic health problems, and

• damage to the animal habitats and ecosystem.

In most of the Indian cities, improper disposal, and poor management of waste need proper management and technological solutions to attain sustainability [18].

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WtE technologies are thought of as an alternative to conventional WM technologies.

The WtE technology not only manages waste but also generates value in the form of energy. WtE plants can be operated as a self-sustained unit if properly designed, and the inflow of the waste is according to the design conditions. The difference in the inflow of waste and its inconsistencies in the calorific of waste can lead to the failure of WtE plants [24, 32].

1.1. Amount of waste generation in India

Human life style and the population are directly linked to the amount of waste generated per annum. The data of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reveals that India has shown an increasing trend of waste generation. Per day waste generation in India has gone up from 100 kilo tonnes per day (kt/d) in 2,000 to 127 kt/d in 2012, the quantity of MSW is reported as 143 kt/d in 2018 [4, 21]. Below graph in Figure 2 represents the increasing trend of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per day in India.

India generates 62 million t/a of SW, of which less than 60 % is collected, and around 15 % is processed [35]. 50 % of the waste collected in India is dumped unscientifically [25]. Below Figure 3 represents a graphical representation of waste generated, waste collected, and processed in India.

Figure 2:

MSW generated in India from 2000 to 2012

Source: Central Pollution Control Board (2013): Status report on municipal solid waste management

waste not collected 24.8 MTPA

waste collected 37.2 MTPA

total waste generated in India

waste processed 5.58 MTPA waste unprocessed 31.68 MTPA 130

municipal solid waste kilo tonnes per day

year 125

120 115 110 105 100

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Figure 3: Graphical representation of MSW generated, collected, and processed in India

Source: Press Information Bureau Government of India: Environment Minister inaugurates 62nd Conference of Chairmen &

Member Secretaries of Pollution Control Boards/Committees. PIB, 2017.Central Pollution Control Board (2018): Consolidated Annual Report (For the year 2016-2017) on Implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules, Consolidated Annual Review Report prepared in compliance to the provision 24(4) of the SWM Rules,2016

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1.2. Current technologies for waste management in India

Technologies existing for WM aims primarily in reducing the volume and stabilizing the waste so that there is no damage to human health and the environment. In India, open dumping is widely practiced, it is a grave truth, and it imparts a negative impact on the environment [30, 34]. The different scientific methods of WM in India also aim at volume reduction, stabilization of waste, and resource recovery. Some of the different technologies being practiced in India are discussed below.

type of waste quantity of generation TPD

plastic waste 259,000

municipal solid waste 143,572

e-waste 4,644

bio-medical waste 495.3

Table 1: Amount of waste generated catego- rized to different types

Source: Central Pollution Control Board (2013): Status report on municipal solid waste management. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (2018): State Wise Details of Im- plementation of Solid Waste Management As on 31.01.2018.

Retrieved from: OpenDataPlatform India. Press Information Bureau Government of India: Environment Minister inaugurates 62nd Conference of Chairmen & Member Secretaries of Pollution Control Boards/Committees. PIB, 2017.Central Pollution Control Board (2018): Consolidated Annual Report (For the year 2016-2017) on Implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules, Consolidated Annual Review Report prepared in compliance to the provision 24(4) of the SWM Rules,2016

1.2.1. Landfilling

Landfilling is an integral part of the WM system. Ultimate disposal is waste is destined to the landfills. Unfortunately, in India, Open dumping is widely practiced and which is not at all an appropriate way of disposal of solid waste [19]. As per the CPCB annual report of 2016-17, there are 204 landfills operational in India and 77 are under construction [5].

Landfill cost is directly related to the size of the landfill. Comparatively, the landfill is cheap and easy to develop and operate. Cost of landfill increases with the increase in land area and the location. Liners, leachate collection system and other systems such as landfill gas collection, etc. also imparts to the cost of landfill [7].

1.2.2. Composting

Composting is the term used to define the aerobic degradation of organic materials under controlled conditions, giving rise to a stabilized soil like substance or manure. It is the human modification to the natural process of biodegradation of organic matter.

The stabilized substance which is obtained finally is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. depending on the input materials and the additives [13].

Bangalore method and Indore methods of composting are some of the successful composing techniques adopted in Indian cities. In India, there are 1,249 operational composting facilities, and out of which 266 are vermicomposts [5].

As of 2017, 259,000 tonnes of plastic waste is generated every day in India, E-waste generated is about 1.70 million t/a, the quantity of E-Waste that is recycled is about 462,896 t/a [25]. The details of the different types of waste generated in India and the amount of it that is processed is tabulated in Table 1.

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Composting reduces the load on landfall. It is also easy to develop but needs some skilled operators to have smooth facilitation. Composting creates a value to the waste by producing compost manure, which is sold as a fertilizer for agriculture. In some situations, compost plants have concerns over the odour nuisance, aerosol emissions, and other health issues by the public. These concerns can be easily rectified through the properly engineered operation of the compost plant. Final fertilizer quality depends on the inflow waste and may become low, resulting in poor market demand [7].

1.2.3. Biogas plants – anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion uses the biochemical reactions to decompose the waste and gen- erate electricity. In India, there are 98 biogas plants which are operational under the government and numerous domestic plants [5]. Only organic wastes can be treated using the anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion takes place in the absence of oxygen. Four phases of anaerobic digestion are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methano- genesis [3]. As the anaerobic digester is a biological system that is prone to fluctuations.

It needs a constant feed in terms of quantity and type of constituents of the feed [9].

1.2.4. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) systems RDF systems are that WtE system which does a pretreatment to the solid waste. These pretreatment techniques involve shredding, hammering, etc. The processed combustible fraction of waste is then used in specially designed boilers for RDFs or co-fired with other fuels such as coal [29]. There are 36 RDF plants operational in India as per the CPCB 2016-2017 annual report [5].

Fluidized bed system is the best example of the RDF system. A fluidized bed system is a boiler with the combustion of solid fuel input. Three different types of fluidized bed boilers are available and in that circular fluidized bed system is the most preferred for solid WtE plants. In the fluidized bed boiler, an inert bed to which solid fuel is supplied is present at the bottom. Air is supplied from below the inert bed, making the solid fuel is in suspension and hence the name fluidized bed system [29, 37].

2. Existing plants and systems of WtE/waste to wealth (WtW) in India

system number of operational systems

open dumping 2,120

compost 983

incinerators 440

vermi-compost 266

landfill 204

bio-gas plants 36

RDF 36

Source: Central Pollution Control Board (2018): Consolida- ted Annual Report (For the year 2016-2017) on Implementa- tion of Solid Waste Management Rules, Consolidated Annual Review Report prepared in compliance to the provision 24(4) of the SWM Rules,2016

Table 2: Operational SWM systems in India Tabulated beside in Table 2, the details of

the different systems operational in India for the processing and disposal of solid waste in India.

In India, as per the CPCB’s annual report, there are 29 WtE plants which include operational, partially operational, under construction plants and proposed plants [5]. There are thirty-six RDF plants in India, with maximum numbers (twelve each) in the state of Tamil Nadu and Kar- nataka [5]. RDF produced in these plants

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was combusted in specifically designed WtE boilers. Some RDF plants use the RDF produced for replacing fossil fuels in cement kilns [2, 17]. Some plants are reported to be in dormant or not operational status [17]. Lack of proper planning in an engineered way makes some plants uneconomical and forced to shut down or non-operational.

3. Milestones achieved in waste management sector of India

The composition of Indian wastes has changed slightly with the economic growth and rapid urbanization since 1991 [15]. In between the period of 1981-91, with an increase of 50 % population in Mumbai, it was observed an increase of 67 % solid waste [28].

This depicts the direct relation between population growth with migration and increase of the quantity of solid waste generation. The efficiency of the well-organized collection of solid waste is being improved in Indian cities [20]. In India, SWM is mostly carried out by local or urban government bodies. Local government bodies spend about 5 % to 40 % of their budgets in WM [1]. Composting and biogas plants were one of the initial processing techniques adopted in Indian SWM system [16].

Government of India (GoI) has taken its initial footsteps for SWM during 1960’s [36].

GoI provided financial assistance intended for setting up of composting facilities to the local governing bodies during the 1960s through the Ministry of Food and Agriculture under the fourth five year plan of India [36]. In 1975 a high level committee was set for the review of SWM in India. The committee recommended ten mechanized composting plants in different cities of India [27]. Set up of National Waste Management Council (NWMC) in 1990 was another important step in the WM sector in India.

NWMC provided financial assistance to municipal bodies to improve WM facility. The SWM Rules 2000 under the Environmental Protection Act enacted in 2000 is made up to the next phase of SWM in India. The SWM rules were updated in 2016 by CPCB with separate regulations for hazardous wastes, e-wastes, biomedical wastes, etc. [26].

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) further gave a thrust for advancement in the WM system of Indian. GoI launched JnNURM in 2005 for addressing the challenges faced in urban India. With JnNURM, there was a financial pour of USD 22 billion during the period from 2005 to 2012 [22, 23]. Enlightening SWM, as an essential service was an important objective of JnNURM.

The latest and most widely accepted mission Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Movement) under the GoI initiated in 2014 has steered well for the development of SWM systems. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan scheme raised a lot of funds for the development of technology and its implementations. The scheme has made changes in the mindset of people; it made awareness among the public on the importance of proper SWM. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan emphasis on the door to door collection for better value creation of waste. Door to door collection is prioritized as waste segregation was a major limitation in smooth operation SW treatment facilities, processing units, WtE plants, etc. in India [14]. Over 68 % of urban wards have achieved door to door collection by 2017, after the introduction of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. WtE electricity production was reported as 88.4 MW in 2017, with this betterment in collection and source segregation [33].

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3.1. Drivers for the installation of waste treatment facilities

The drivers for the development and installation of waste treatment and management facilities in India are largely due to Legislative Considerations, Researches and Techno- logical Advancements, Financial Investments, and Societal Alertness. Environmental and health attentions have been prioritized by the government of India while consid- ering the WM. The launch of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Movement) by the Modi government in 2014 identified cleaning up India as a national concern. This mission has also created a worthy influence in SWM sector [6, 31].

3.1.1. Legislative considerations in India WM rules in India focuses on sustainable development; precaution and polluter pays methods. These had made the government bodies and organizations to act in an environmentally accountable and responsible manner – which in turn has compelled for the development and installation of waste treatment facilities in the country [31].

3.1.2. Researches and technological advancements Constant researches are undergoing in National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in the advances for SWM, along with rising interests and investments in WtE technologies. WtE plants are planned and will be developed in the country. The researches and legislations have encouraged many states to propose and have planned to commission WtE plants. Around 29 WtE plants are projected to commission in different states of India [8, 21].

3.1.3. Availability of financial investments in India As per the report published in India Briefing it is expected that the Indian WM sector will be worth 13.62 billion USD by 2025 [12]. The latest SWM rules, 2016 state that both residential and commercial waste generators have to pay a user fee for waste collection as well as a spot fine if caught littering or not segregating waste ultimately leading as a source of income for the SWM [31]. Encouragement through legislations for the public, the private partnership in planning and implementing of WM solutions has also steered the financing of WM infrastructure in India. Indian start-ups producing innovative technologies to help deal with India’s unique urban challenges have been teaming up with larger companies in order to bid on funding allocated for the Smart Cities Mission [11].

4. Societal alertness of WtE in India

WM becomes effectual only with the comprehensive participation of the public or the citizens of the country. Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) have been working to achieve this public participation for several years. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan scheme bought in a constructive transformation in the societal view on the hygiene and WM in India [14]. The impact of the scheme is witnessed in every nook and corner of the country. 4,041 towns in India have achieved scientific SWM with the help

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of this mission [33]. Awareness programs were conducted through conferences, schools, specific e-learning courses, etc. About 88 SWM e-learning courses and more than three lakhs certifications were provided by 2018 under the Swachh Bharat mission [33]. Public awareness and better education, especially to the young generation at school level on WM, has made a mark and helped to understand the basic of WM at an earlier stage.

5. Traverses in the installation of WtE facilities in India

The failure of the first ever WtE plant in India has led to major societal opposition in the development of the WtE plants. The failure of the Timarpur WtE plant was because of wrong design and planning, incorrect calculation of waste calorific values and its unstable inflow. Some of the major planning outfalls and challenges that have been observed from the previous WtE failures in India include the following:

• high investment cost for WtE plants,

• source of funding for the operational costs,

• use of foreign equipment’s leaded to lack of troubleshooting knowledge in the past,

• improper design calculation of inflow waste quantity,

• proper development of infrastructure for the sale of energy, and

• need for proper control of air emissions from the WtE plants.

Below Table 3 depicts a sustainability analysis of WtE plants based on literature studies.

The sustainability analysis has kept indicators of all the three sustainability factors i.e.

economy, environment, and societal considerations. The index values are kept as per the following:

• High: high impact due to the technology for the given condition

• Medium: medium impact due to the technology for the given condition; and

• Low: low impact due to the technology for the given condition

sustainability

pillars indicators incineration RDF

co-processing pyrolysis and gasification

anaerobic digestion (bio-

gas plants) environmental

indicators

air emissions high high medium low

water emissions medium medium medium low

land emissions low low low low

economic indicators

income to the

operators medium low medium medium

economy to the

users medium low medium medium

overall economy medium low medium medium

social indicators

land obligatory low low low low

employment

opportunity low medium low low

health risks medium medium medium low

Table 3: Sustainability matrix for WtE technologies

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6. Concluding remarks

WtE technologies needs to be considered extensively as it brings in a circular loop in a substances life cycle. The waste to valuable resource conversion is happening along with generation of electricity. This is the reason why WtE technologies are preferred in spite of its financial and environmental risks. Environmental risks of WtE are reduced a lot with the development of technologies, such as emission control devices, usage of the ashes in the production of cements etc. Overall electricity demand of household may not be met through WtE plant, but it reduces the load on the conventional power plants and hence bringing progressive outcome to the environment. For WtE to be considered a business model that generates cost covering incomes, in Indian scenario, it is healthier to integrate with the existing SWM systems. This integration of existing SWM system with upcoming WtE brings viability in overall economy of WtE plants.

Following are the few suggestions while developing a WtE plant:

• WtE plants should be developed by consideration of sustainability factors,

• segregated waste supply should be practiced for enhanced efficiency of WtE plants,

• proper design calculation of inflow waste quantity with consideration to the future fluctuations,

• consideration should be given for changes in the waste characteristics and composition,

• potential market for the energy generated should be identified,

• integration of WtE plants with existing SWM system,

• need to develop WtE plants and SWM facilities in a framework of the circular economy.

7. Literature

[1] Agarwal, A.; Singhmar, A.; Kulshrestha, M.;Mittal, A.K.: Municipal solid waste recycling and associated markets in Delhi , India. In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 44, Issue 1, April 2005, Pages 73-90

[2] Annepu, R. K. (2012): Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India

[3] Boadzo, A.; Chowdhury, S. P.; Chowdhury, S.: Modeling and assessment of dairy farm-based biogas plants in South Africa. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet., 2011; pp. 1-8

[4] Central Pollution Control Board (2013): Status report on municipal solid waste management [5] Central Pollution Control Board (2018): Consolidated Annual Report (For the year 2016-2017)

on Implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules, Consolidated Annual Review Report prepared in compliance to the provision 24(4) of the SWM Rules,2016

[6] Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (2016): Swachh Bharat Mission- Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual Part I: An Overview

[7] Cheng, H. Hu, Y.: Bioresource Technology Municipal solid waste ( MSW ) as a renewable source of energy: Current and future practices in China. In: Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, 2010, no.

11, pp. 3816-3824

[8] CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (2013): NEERI Annual Report 2012-2013. REtrieved from: http://www.neeri.res.in/AnnualReports/annualreport2012-2013.

pdf

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[9] Davis, M. L.: Water and Wastewater Engineering, 1. Auflage. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2007, 1296 pages

[10] Drackner, M.: What is waste? to whom? – An anthropological perspective on garbage. In: Waste Management & Research, vol. 23, no. 3, 2005 pp. 175-181

[11] Dunseith, B. (2017): Waste Management Opportunities in India’s Smart Cities. .[Online]. Availa- ble: https://www.india-briefing.com/news/waste-management-opportunities-in-india-smart- cities-14059.html/

[12] Dunseith, B. (2019): The Waste Management Industry in India: Investment Opportunities. Re- trieved from: https://www.india-briefing.com/news/the-waste-management-industry-india- investment-opportunities-14032.html/ from: India Briefing

[13] Gajalakshmi S.; Abbasi, S. A.: Solid Waste Management by Composting: State of the Art. In:

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2008, pp. 311-400

[14] GoI, S. B. M. (2016): Swachh Bharat - A Step By Step Manual to Change Our Habits and Clean Our Habitats

[15] Gupta, S.; Mohan, K.; Prasad, R.; Gupta, S.; Kansal, A.: Solid waste management in India: options and opportunities. In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 24, 1998, pp. 137-154 [16] Howard, A.: An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press, 1943

[17] Jain, M.: Waste-to-energy plant in Vijaywada shuts down. In: DownToEarth, 2015

[18] Kaza, S.; Yao, L. C.; Bhada-Tata, P.; Van Woerden, F. (2018): What a Waste 2.0 : A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050

[19] Kumar, S.; Bhattacharyya, J. K.; Vaidya, A. N.; Chakrabarti, T.; Devotta, S.; Akolkar, A. B.: As- sessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight. In: Waste Management, vol. 29, no. 2, 2009, pp.

883-895

[20] Kumar, S. et al.: Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India. In:

Royal Society Open Science, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 22, 2017

[21] Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (2018): State Wise Details of Implementation of Solid Waste Management As on 31.01.2018. Retrieved from: OpenDataPlatform India

[22] Ministry of Urban Development Government of India (2010): Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) - A Response to India’s Urban Challenges

[23] Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation & Ministry of Urban Development:

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Overview. Indian Urban Conference, 2005, pp. 1-15

[24] Mutz, D.; Hengevoss, D.; Hugi, C.; Gross,T. (2017): Waste-to-Energy Options in – Municipal Solid Waste Management

[25] Press Information Bureau Government of India: Environment Minister inaugurates 62nd Con- ference of Chairmen & Member Secretaries of Pollution Control Boards/Committees. PIB, 2017 [26] Press Information Bureau Government of India: Solid Waste Management Rules Revised After 16 Years; Rules Now Extend to Urban and Industrial Areas’: Javadekar. Government of India – Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change., 05-Apr-2016

[27] Ramachandra T. V.; Bachamanda, S.: Environmental Audit of Municipal Solid Waste Manage- ment. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 2006

[28] Rathi, S.: Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India.

In: Waste Management, vol. 26, 2006, pp. 1192-1200

[29] Rogoff M. J.; Screve, F. (2012): Waste-to-Energy Technologies and Project Implementation [30] Roychoudhury, M. R. R. Ã, S.; Mukherjee, G.; Roy, S.; Lahiri, T.: Respiratory and general health

impairments of workers employed in a municipal solid waste disposal at an open landfill site in Delhi. In: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. 208, pp. 255-262, 2005

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[31] Sambyal, S. S. (2018): Government notifies new solid waste management rules. Retrieved from:

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/solid-waste-management-rules-2016-53443 from: DownToEarth

[32] Sebastian R. M.; Alappat, B.: Thermal Properties of Indian Municipal Solid Waste Over the Past, Present and Future Years and Its Effect on Thermal Waste to Energy Facilities. In: Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016, pp.

97-106

[33] Singh, N. (2018): Swachh Bharat Mission ( Urban ) – AFD-CPR Workshop on Valuing Waste or Wasting Value

[34] Sharholy, M.; Ahmad, K.; Mahmood, G.; Trivedi, R. C.: Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. In: Waste Management, vol. 28, pp. 459–467, 2008

[35] Swaminathan, M.: How Can India’s Waste Problem See a Systemic Change? In: Economic &

Political weekly, vol. 53, no. 16, 2018

[36] van Beukering, P.; Sehker, M.; Gerlagh, R.; Kumar, V. (1999): Analysing Urban Solid Waste in Developing Countries: a Perspective on Bangalore, India

[37] Yukselenturk, Y.; Yilmaz, B.: Analysis of fluidization behavior in the loop-seal of a circulating fluidized bed gasifier using particle-in-cell method. Particulate Science and Technology, vol. 0, no. 0, 2019, pp. 1–14

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Waste Management – Waste-to-Energy

Rüdiger Margraf

Waste Incineration

Figure 7:

Rough scheme dry hydration CaO Dosing balance

H2O Dry hydrator CaO

CaO Silo

Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2

Silo

towards lime dosing TIC

Several plants in Germany have been provided with this technology.

Figure 8 shows a plant, realised with a dry hydrator for a Ca(OH)2 production capacity of approximately 3 t/h.

Figure 8: RDF incineration plant EEW Premnitz / Germany As alternative there is the possibility to install the dry hydrator close to the additive

2 can now be injected directly into the reactor without temporary storage in a silo.

Figure 9 shows such a dry hydrator as well as the corresponding WtE plant.

Verbrennungs-rost Gewebefilter Elektro- filter Sprüh-

trockner Kamin

Dampf- kessel MüllkranAufgabe-trichter

Müll- bunkerVerbrennungs-luftgebläsevorrichtungAufgabe-Platten-wände TrogkettenfördererEntschlackung/

Ammoniak- Wasser- Eindüsung

Kessel- entaschung

AbgaswäscherDruckerhöhungs-gebläse Adsorbenssilo

Feuerraum Primär-luft

Figure 3:

Karl J. Thomé-Kozmiensky

Volume 2

WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar

Thiel, S.; Thomé-Kozmiensky, E.; Winter, F.; Juchelková, D. (Eds.):

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Publisher: Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH • Neuruppin 2019 Editorial office: Dr.-Ing. Stephanie Thiel, Elisabeth Thomé-Kozmiensky, M.Sc.

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