Utilisation of Incinerator Bottom Ash and Respective Legal Requirements in the EU, Norway and Switzerland

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Incineration Residues

Utilisation of Incinerator Bottom Ash and Respective Legal Requirements in the EU, Norway and Switzerland

^*

Dominik Blasenbauer, Florian Huber, Jakob Lederer and Johann Fellner

1. Methods ...716

1.1. Geographic system boundary ...716

1.2. Data collection ...716

2. Results and discussion ...717

2.1. General results ...717

2.2. Parameters which have to be considered in different fields of application ...719

2.3. Leaching tests ...722

3. Conclusion ...723

4. Sources ...725

About 20 to 25 wt.% of the waste input into a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant is transferred to so-called incinerator bottom ash (IBA), which represents the major solid residue from MSWI [7, 43]. It is common practice to separate ferrous and non-ferrous metals from IBA and subsequently recycle them in the metal industry [1, 9, 27, 32, 35, 39, 48, 63, 65] due to their economic value. The mineral fraction of IBA shows a much lower economic value which results in a lower financial incentive to recycle this material. It is either disposed of on landfills (including landfill construction) or utilised in the civil engineering sector [56, 66]. While some countries utilise up to 100 % of IBA in the civil engineering sector, other countries dispose of up to 100 % of this residue in landfills [14]. One of the reasons for such different utilisation rates may lie in the legal framework regulating IBA utilisation. For instance, while the Netherlands promote the use of IBA in engineering constructions, Switzerland limits its utilization for this purpose [5, 8]. The present work aims to illuminate the different legal frameworks on IBA management in the European Union (EU), Norway and Switzerland and presents requirements that have to be met in order to recycle this material as secondary raw material in the civil engineering sector.

* peer reviewed paper

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Legal framework at EU level

At EU level, two legal documents address IBA. The first one is Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions [21]. This directive applies to all member states and it has to be considered when operating a MSWI plant, by defining certain minimum requirements. Those minimum requirements include operating conditions that ensure a proper conversion of the waste in such a manner that the resulting bottom ashes show either total organic carbon contents lower than 3 % or their loss on ignition is less than 5 %. Furthermore, the plant operator is required to recycle residues where appropriate.

Prior to recycling, the operator has to assess chemical and physical properties as well as the polluting potential of the material. This directive goes neither into detail which recycling options should be considered nor are parameters defined for assessing the properties and the pollution potential.

The second legal document addressing IBA is Commission Decision 2014/955/EU, which includes a List of Waste (LoW) that defines waste types and classifies waste as hazardous or non-hazardous [19]. The LoW includes three entries which concern IBA: 19 01 02 – ferrous materials removed from bottom ash, 19 01 11* – bottom ash and slag containing hazardous substances and 19 01 12 – bottom ash and slag other than those mentioned in 19 01 11. 19 01 11* and 19 01 12 are so-called mirror entries which means that IBA has to be tested if it shows (amongst others) any of the 15 hazardous properties (HP) laid down in Commission Regulation (EU) No 1357/2014 [20].

When it comes to the utilisation of IBA as secondary raw material in the construction sector however, there is no standardised procedure at EU level and countries developed their own rules to regulate this matter. A literature review revealed that requirements for utilising IBA vary significantly between countries and a fragmented picture became visible, highlighting the complex nature of IBA utilisation. But since many publications on this matter do not cover the entire EU and they do not show all the requirements regarding IBA utilisation, an up-to-date and holistic overview on the legal framework of IBA utilisation is presented.

1. Methods

1.1. Geographic system boundary

From 28 EU member states, 20 have implemented MSWI, namely: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Including Norway and Switzerland, this makes in total 22 countries which are in the focus of this work.

1.2. Data collection

In order to collect data, experts in the respective countries were approached and connected within the COST action Mining the European Anthroposphere (MINEA).

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The MINEA project assesses anthropogenic resources like IBA with respect to their potential to produce secondary raw materials by building up a network of competent persons (experts) for data collection and interpretation. This panel of experts is com- posed of specialists from scientific institutions, plant operators, waste management consultants, professionals from environmental agencies and experts on waste policy.

2. Results and discussion 2.1. General results

Results in Table 1 reveal that overall about 17.6 Mt of IBA is annually generated in the EU, Norway and Switzerland, which is 20 wt.% of the annual incineration capacity in these countries (cf. Introduction). Sixteen of the 22 observed countries permit the utilisation of IBA outside of landfills. In only eleven countries, however, utilisation of IBA is practiced. The utilisation rates range from 20 to 100 wt.% of the annual IBA amount in these countries. Within the considered system, around 9.6 Mt or 53 % of the annually generated IBA amount is utilised outside of landfills as secondary raw material.

Table 1 shows the relevant documents that have to be considered for IBA utilisation outside of landfills at national level. While the majority of member states regulate IBA utilisation on the basis of legislation (decrees, regulations, and ordinances), Austria, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom solely published guidelines. Guidelines usually provide less legal security as they are considered to be so-called soft law [49].

Soft law is unlike hard law (regulations etc.) not binding on those who are addressed by it [22, 49]. Portugal has an individual permit in place, issued by the independent national body Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), exclusively for one IBA processing company. In Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg and Slovakia the utilisation outside of landfills is not regulated. This is also the case in the Brussels Capital Region in Belgium and in sixteen out of seventeen Spanish autonomous communities (all except Catalonia). Ireland and Luxembourg export their generated IBA to other EU countries for utilisation. While in Ireland one of the two plant operators follows this practice and sends it to the Netherlands, Luxembourg’s only plant operator sends its entire IBA to Germany for utilisation. Estonia, Hungary and Slovakia send their IBA to landfills. In Norway, utilisation outside of landfills is not permitted; therefore, it is either used as construction material in landfills or disposed of in the same.

By comparing utilisation rates with the type of rules in the respective countries, it can be investigated if a correlation between those two factors is observable. The results show that clear rules do not necessarily mean high utilisation rates. This can be observed for example in Lithuania or Switzerland where clear rules for IBA utilisation are in place, but both countries show utilisation rates of 0 wt.%. On the contrary, in Portugal and the United Kingdom utilisation rates are 56 wt.% and 99 wt.% respectively, even though no such clear rules are in place.

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Table 1: Overview on annually generated amount of IBA in the observed countries, information if utilisation is permitted and practiced, how much IBA is utilised, respective documents regulating the utilisation of IBA in the observed countries, type of legal document and references

Country IBA mass Mt/a

IBA utilisation

utili- sation

rate outside landfills

%

Refer- ence for

rate

Original title of document regulating IBA utilisation outside of landfills

Type Reference for legal document permitted prac-

tised

Austria 0.53 yes no 0 [53]

Bundesabfallwirtschafts- plan 2017; Technische Grundlagen für den Einsatz von Abfällen als Ersatzrohstoffe in Anlagen zur Zementer- zeugung

guidance [53, 54]

Belgium 0.47

Flanders: yes;

Wallonia: yes (mandatory); Brussels capital region: not

regulated

yes 69 [3]

VLAREMA-2012 (Flanders); Arrêté du Gouvernement wallon, 14/06/2001 (Wallonia)

legislation [30, 24]

Czech Rep. 0.2 yes no 0 [58] Vyhláška c. 294/2005 Sb. legislation [13]

Denmark 0.6 yes yes 99 [32] Order N.1672 (2016) legislation [36]

Estonia 0.058 not regulated - 0 - - - -

Finland 0.3 yes yes 20 [52]

Government Decree on the Recovery of Certain Wastes in Earth Const- ruction (843/2017)

legislation [28]

France 2.9 yes yes 80 [59]

Arrêté du 18 novembre 2011 relatif au recyclage en technique routière des mâchefers d‘incinération de déchets non dangereux NOR: DEVP1131516A

legislation [25]

Germany 4.8 yes yes 30 [2, 42] LAGA M19 (annex 6)

and LAGA M20 (for

leachates) guidance [37, 38]

Hungary 0.12 not regulated - 0 - - - -

Ireland 0.14 not regulated - 0 ^a - - - -

Italy 1.03 yes yes 85 [61]

Decreto 5 febbraio 1998 including its amendment Decreto 5 aprile 2006, n. 186

legislation [33, 34]

Lithuania 0.075 yes no 0 - Įsakymas 2016 Novem-

ber 25 No. D1-805 legislation [41]

Luxembourg 0.028 not regulated - 0 ^b - - - -

Nether-

lands 1.9 yes (mandatory) yes 100 [6]

Regeling van 13 december 2007, nr.

DJZ2007124397, houdende regels voor de uitvoering van de kwaliteit van de bodem (Regeling bodemkwa- liteit)

legislation [29]

Norway 0.25 not permitted - 0 - - - -

Poland 0.21 yes yes 60% [50]

Poz. 796 - Rozporzadze- nie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 11 maja 2015 r.

w sprawie odzysku od- padów poza instalacjami i urządzeniami

legislation [55]

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Incineration Residues Table 1: Overview on annually generated amount of IBA in the observed countries, information

if utilisation is permitted and practiced, how much IBA is utilised, respective documents regulating the utilisation of IBA in the observed countries, type of legal document and referencesb – continuation

2.2. Parameters which have to be considered in different fields of application

The most widely permitted field of application is the construction of roads, followed by different forms of earth works (noise barriers, levelling of terrain, etc.), cement manu- facturing process, use in bound and unbound form as granulate, and for foundations of structures (Table 2). In order to be in line with the requirements for utilisation, chemical and/or physiochemical parameters have to be assessed and compared with related limit values defined in the documents shown in Table 1. The respective limit values regarding total and leaching content for the related field of application and region are presented in Table 2. Overall 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the leaching content are defined in the observed countries.

Both organic, as well as inorganic parameters, have to be complied with. It can be seen that out of 51 total content parameters, 36 concern organic substances and out of 36 leaching parameters only two are related to organic substances, while 29 are inorganic parameters and 4 are physiochemical parameters.

Country IBA mass Mt/a

IBA utilisation utili- sation

rate outside landfills

%

Refer- ence for

rate

Original title of document regulating IBA utilisation outside of landfills

Type Reference for legal document permitted prac-

tised

Portugal 0.22 yes yes 56 [62]

Individual permit issued by independent national body (LNEC – Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil))

individual

permit [62]

Slovakia 0.062 not regulated - - - - - -

Spain 0.44 Catalonia: yes Rest of Spain: not

regulated yes 58 [11] Ordre de 15 de febrer de

1996 (Catalonia) legislation [26]

Sweden 0.99 yes no 0 [23, 64] Återvinning av avfall

i anläggningsarbeten

Handbok guidance [44]

Switzer-

land 0.82 yes no 0 [31] Verordnung über die Ver-

meidung und Entsorgung

von Abfällen (VVEA) legislation [57]

United

Kingdom 1.5 yes yes 99 [40]

Guidance - Use of unbound municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash Aggregate (IBAA) in construction activities:

RPS 206

guidance [60]

SUM 17.6 16 11 54 (or

9.6

Mt/a) - - -

a One Irish incinerator exports its entire IBA (approx. 0.14 Mt/a) to the Netherlands for utilisation.

b Luxembourg export its entire IBA to Germany for utilisation.

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Table 2: Parameters for total and leaching content that have to be considered in order to utilise IBA in the permitted fields of application

Country Permitted field of appli- cation

Requirements on _{type of}

values

total content leaching content

Austria

Base layer in road construction

(bound and unbound) Cd, Cr (total), Ni, Pb, TOC As, Cr (total), Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb,

Sb, chloride, sulphate, pH guideline values Secondary raw material in

cement production As, Cd, Co, Cr (total), Hg, Ni, Pb,

Sb, Tl no requirements guideline

values

Belgium

Flanders: bound and unbound construction material

As, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, asbestos, benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, xylene, benzo(a) anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, phenantrene, fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, naphthalene, hexane, heptane, petroleum, octane, PCB

As, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg,

Ni, Pb, Zn limit values

Wallonia: Certification test (base layer and hydraulic bound material)

petroleum, PCB, BTEX, EOX, PAH

Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr (total), Cr (VI), Cu, Hg, K, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn, chloride, cyanide, fluoride, sulphate

limit values

Wallonia: Regular quality assurance test (base layer and possibly hydraulic bound material)

petroleum, EOX

Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr (total), Cr (VI), Cu, Hg, K, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn, chloride, cyanide, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, pH, electric conductivity

limit values

Czech

Republic application of waste on soil surface

As, Cd, Cr (total), Hg, Ni, Pb, V, hydrocarbons (C10-40), PCB, BTX,

EOX, PAH no requirements limit values

Denmark

Category 1: unrestricted use in specific construction applications (no IBA will meet Cat. 1 requirements), Category 2&3: subbase layer in road construction

As, Cd, Cr (total), Cr (VI), Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn

As, Ba, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn,

chloride, sulphate- limit values

Estonia - - - -

Finland

road covered or paved, field covered or paved, subgrade filling in industrial and storage building

no requirements

As, Ba, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V, Zn, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, DOC

limit values

France

Type 1: maximum 3 m high sublayers of pavements or shoulders of paved road structures, Type 2: maximum 6 m high road embankment or shoulder infrastructures, under the condition to be covered road structures

TOC, hydrocarbons (C10-40), PCB (sum of 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180), BTEX, PAH, TEQ

As, Ba, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, total dissolved solids

limit values

Germany

Z2: base course below non-permeable top layer, bound base course below low permeable top layer, bound top layer, anti-noise- and visual protection barriers and foundation of road dams with precipitation protection

Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, TOC, PCDD/PCDF, EOX

Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, chloride, sulphate, pH, electric conductivity

guideline values

Hungary - - - -

Ireland - - - -

Italy

road foundation, cement process, construction of embankments, environmental recoveries

no requirements

As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn, chloride, cyanide, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, asbestos, chemical oxygen demand, pH

limit values

Lithuania road, foundation of buildings TOC, loss on ignition Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, chloride, cyanide, sulpha-

te, pH, electric conductivity limit values

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Incineration Residues Table 2: Parameters for total and leaching content that have to be considered in order to utilise

IBA in the permitted fields of application – continuation

Country Permitted field of appli- cation

Requirements on _{type of}

values

total content leaching content

Luxem-

bourg - - - -

Nether- lands

bound and unbound construction material, IBC construction material

benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3- cd)pyrene, petroleum, PCB (sum of 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180), PAH, asbestos

As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V, Zn, bromide, chloride, fluoride, sulphate

limit values

Norway - - - -

Poland subbase layer in road const-

ruction TOC, hydrocarbons (sum of C10-40),

PCB, BTEX, PAH

As, Ba, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, phenol index, dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved solids

limit values

Portugal

Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction

Based on individual permit from LNEC: no requirements

Based on individual permit from LNEC: compliance with NP EN 13242:2002 + A1:2010

Based on individual permit from LNEC: limit values

Slovakia - - - -

Spain

Catalonia: road subbase, levelling of terrain and embankments, filling and restoration of degradable areas from extractive activities, others

loss on ignition, unburned material As, Cd, Cr (VI), Cu, Pb, Zn,

total dissolved solids limit values

Sweden general use - unbound material As, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, PAH low ring number, PAH medium ring number, PAH high ring number

As, Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Ni,

Pb, Zn, chloride, sulphate guideline values

Switzer- land

Use of waste as raw material and raw meal correction material in the cement industry

As, Cd, Co, Cr (total), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, Zn, TOC, hydrocarbons (sum of C5-10), hydrocarbons (sum C10-40), benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, PCB, BTEX, PAH, VOC

no requirements limit values

Use of waste as grinding additives and aggregates in the cement industry

As, Cd, Cr (total), Cr (VI), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn, TOC, hydrocarbons (sum of C5-10), hydrocarbons (sum C10- 40), benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, PCB, BTEX, PAH, VOC

no requirements limit values

United

Kingdom road, construction of structural

platforms, pipe bedding individual decision individual decision

A closer look at the parameters shows that if a country allows the utilisation in road construction or some application where precipitation potentially may reach IBA, the focus is on the leaching behaviour of IBA, as soluble components can be washed out to the environment. If IBA is applied in a more general application in bound or unbound form and it is not just limited to road construction, requirements for the total content are additionally obliged. In order to avoid/limit the dispersion of pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs)), Austria and Switzerland defined specific limit values for utilisation of secondary raw materials in the cement process, thereby not apriori limiting the use of IBA. However, the limit values in Switzerland are quite strict and they limit the use of IBA in cement production. If IBA serves as replacement of primary raw material in the cement kiln, leaching behaviour can be neglected and

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the concentration (= total content) of volatile components (such as Hg and other heavy metals) comes into focus. While Austria applies similar limit values for secondary raw materials in cement production like Switzerland, it allows exceeding these values in the case that the total content of heavy metals in the final product cement does not exceed another limit value. Even though Italy defined limit values for total as well as leaching contents for IBA utilisation in general, the introduction of IBA in the cement kiln has the consequence that the leaching behaviour does not have to be assessed anymore.

A similar approach can be made when IBA is used as grinding additive or aggregate after the cement kiln. If cement that contains IBA is used in constructions, potential pollutants are included in the cement matrix and leaching is therefore significantly decreased. All applications that use IBA as secondary raw material are confronted by one issue – the demolition of such structures. While pollutants may be bound in the material or leaching is significantly decreased due to technical measures, the pollutants are still present in the construction and demolition (C&D) waste. In countries (e.g.

Austria) where legislation is in place that specifically addresses the recycling of C&D waste, more strict parameters (limit values) for recycling of such a waste may apply and therefore high pollutant contents could prevent the recycling of materials of different origin than C&D waste.

2.3. Leaching tests

In order to assess the leaching behaviour, nine different standardised test methods are in place (Table 3). The two main types of test setups are the batch test (or shaking test) and the up-flow percolation test (or column test).

Leaching test Test setup liquid to solid ratio

l/kg

particle size

mm Test duration Applying Countries

EN 12457-1^a batch test 2 <4 24 h Denmark, Poland

EN 12457-2^a batch test 10 <4 24 h France, Italy, Lithua-

nia, Portugal

EN 12457-3^a batch test 2 & 8 <4 24 h Finland

EN 12457-4^a batch test 10 <10 24 h

Austria, Belgium (Wallonia – regular

quality assurance test), Germany, Spain

(Catalonia) CEN/TS 14405 percolation test 0.1-10 not specified not specified Finland, Sweden CMA2/II/A.9.1. percolation test 0.1-10 <4 not specified Belgium (Flanders) NEN 7343:1995 percolation test 0.1-10 <4 not specified Belgium (Wallonia –

certification test)

NEN 7383:2004 percolation test 1-10 <4 not specified Netherlands

NEN 7375:2004 monolith in water containment

depending on surface area of monolith

not specified 64 days Netherlands

a Note: Most countries translated the standard into national versions, e.g. Austria: ÖNORM EN 12457-4, Finland: SFS-EN 12457-3.

Table 3: Overview of leaching tests and countries where those tests are required

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A third type of test in place in the Netherlands is used to observe the leaching behaviour due to diffusion from a monolithic material. The shaking test is characterised by a fixed liquid to solid (L/S) ratio, fixed test duration and a maximum particle size.

Depending on the standard used (EN 12457-1, 2, 3 or 4) the L/S is 2, 8 or 10 l/kg [15-18]. The duration in all of these tests is 24 h and the maximum particle size can vary between 4 and 10 mm. The column test (CEN/TS 14405, CMA2/II/A.9.1., NEN 7343:1995 or NEN 7383:2004) is characterised by an increasing L/S starting at 0.1 l/kg or 1 l/kg and ending at 10 l/kg [10, 12, 45, 47]. The particle size is either not specified or set to maximum 4 mm. Leachate samples are taken in defined L/S intervals. In the diffusion test (NEN 7375:2004) a monolith containing the tested material (e.g. IBA) is placed into a tank filled with water over a period of 64 days and the concentration of elements mobilized (due to diffusion) is measured [46]. The L/S depends on the surface area of the monolith. Samples are taken in defined time intervals, at which the water is completely changed.

3. Conclusion

The paper at hand provided an overview on the legal framework for IBA utilisation in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland. The hypothesis that these requirements vary significantly within Europe is confirmed, and a harmonisation of national regulations seems to be in a distant prospect. Even though it cannot be concluded that legal security automatically leads to higher utilisation rates, a uniform regulatory framework for IBA utilisation may be beneficial. If the establishment of limit values for both total and leaching content follows a uniform protocol by using for example a risk based assessment, local conditions like soil types and climatic conditions can be considered. A harmonised framework could include: defined fields of application for IBA as secondary raw material, the same set of parameters that have to be tested with respect to the field of application and consistent test methods – especially for assessing the leaching behaviour. This ensures that the quality of the material meets the same high level of environmental protection in all member states. Furthermore, potential scepticism towards the utilisation of IBA may be decreased and utilisation rates may increase if this matter is uniformly regulated at EU level.

Acknowledgements This article/publication is based upon work from COST Action Mining the European Anthroposphere (MINEA), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The work presented is part of a large-scale research initiative on anthropogenic resources (Christian Doppler Laboratory for Anthropogenic Resourc- es). The financial support of this research initiative by the Federal Ministry of Digital, Business and Enterprise and the National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development is gratefully acknowledged. Industry partners co-financing the research centre on anthropogenic resources are Altstoff Recycling Austria AG (ARA), Borealis group, voestalpine AG, Wien Energie GmbH, Wiener Kommunal-Umweltschutzpro- jektgesellschaft GmbH (WKU), and Wiener Linien GmbH & Co KG.

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The support of the following persons for data collection is gratefully acknowledged (in alphabetic order of countries): Jo Van Caneghem (Belgium/Flanders) and Julien Blondeau (Belgium/Wallonia), Michal Šyc (Czech Republic, Slovakia), Jiri Hyks and Ole Hjelmar (both Denmark), Kaja Orupõld (Estonia), Helena Dahlbo and Kati Vaajasaari (both Finland), Lenka Svecova, Maria Lupsea-Toader and Denise Blanc-Biscarat (all three France), Franz-Georg Simon (Germany), Krisztina Wégner (Hungary), Jackie Keaney and Catherine Joyce O’Caollai (both Ireland), Elza Bontempi (Italy), Saulius Vasarevičius (Lithuania), Patrick Christophory (Luxembourg), Andre Van Zomeren (Netherlands), Roy Ulvang (Norway), Tadeusz Pająk (Poland), Margarida Quina (Por- tugal), Josep Maria Chimenos and Jessica Giro Paloma (both Spain), Johan Fagerqvist (Sweden), Britta Gaussen (Switzerland), Anna Bogush (United Kingdom).

List of abbreviations

Chemical elements and compounds Al Aluminium

As Arsenic

Ba Barium Be Beryllium

Cd Cadmium

Co Cobalt

Cr (total) Total chromium Cr (VI) Hexavalent chromium

Cu Copper

Hg Mercury

K Potassium Mn Manganese Mo Molybdenum Na Sodium

Ni Nickel

Pb Lead

Sb Antimony

Se Selenium

Sn Tin

Ti Titanium Tl Tellurium V Vanadium

Zn Zinc

BTX benzene, toluene, xylene

BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene EOX extractable halogens inorganic bonding PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PCB polychlorinated biphenyl

PCDD/PCDF polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/-furans

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Acronyms

COD chemical oxygen demand C&D construction and demolition

DM dry matter

DOC dissolved organic carbon

EU European Union

HP hazardous properties IBA incinerator bottom ash

LNEC Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil LOI loss on ignition

LoW List of Waste

LV limit value

MSWI municipal solid waste incineration POPs persistent organic pollutants TOC total organic carbon

TEQ toxic equivalent

VOC volatile organic compounds wt.% weight-percent

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Contact Person

Dipl.-Ing. BSc. Dominik Blasenbauer Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien)

Institute for Water quality and Resource Management Project Assistant

Karlsplatz 13/226.2 1040, Vienna AUSTRIA

+43 158801740028

dominik.blasenbauer@tuwien.ac.at

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RECYCLING

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RecyclingPortal

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