“Brokers and ‘Guild’ (huiguan 會館 ) Organizations in China’s Maritime Trade with her Eastern Neighbours dur-

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Appendix to

“Brokers and ‘Guild’ (huiguan 會館 ) Organizations in China’s Maritime Trade with her Eastern Neighbours dur-

ing the Ming and Qing Dynasties”*

AngelaSCHOTTENHAMMER

The Ryūkyūs can be designated China’s most filial tributecountry,¹ formingpartofanEastAsianworldorderinwhichChinaclaimedtobe thepoliticalandculturalcentre.SinceearlyMingtimes, theRyūkyūs hadbeenfirmlyintegratedintoChina’sso-calledtributesystem.²In1372 (Hongwu^洪武5),thefirstChineseinvestituremission(cefeng^冊封),that isamissionthatlegitimizedtheruleofkingsofneighbouringcountries bytheEmperorofChina,wassenttotheRyūkyūs.TheRyūkyūs,on theotherhand,usuallysentthefollowingtypesofmissionstoChina:

When aking died, a“report about death” (baosang ^報喪),then, years later, anothermissionwassenttoformally“requestinvestiture”(qing- feng ^請封). Tribute missions offeringtribute (jingong^進貢) were sent everytwoyears.Tribute,asarule,consistedprimarilyinlocalproducts (fangwu^方物).DuringMingtimestheRyūkyūsalsosentproductsfrom SoutheastAsia;andafterthecountry’ssubjugationbySatsuma^薩摩in 1606Japaneseproducts,suchascopper,wereamongRyūkyū’stribute items.When therequestforinvestiture was granted,Ryūkyū sentan envoytoFuzhouto“meettheinvestitureenvoys”(jiefeng^接封,alsojie- gong[Jap.sekkō]^接貢).Finally,afterinvestiture,theRyūkyūankingsent amissionwithspecialtributetoChinato“expressgratitudefortheem- peror’sgrace”(xie’en^謝恩).³AftertheRyūkyūshadbeeninformedabout

* InCrossroads1/2(2010),99–150.ThisresearchcontributestotheMCRI(Major CollaborativeResearchInitiative)projectsponsoredbytheSocialSciencesandHu- manitiesResearchCouncilofCanada.

1 OfficiallyRyūkyūwasrankedafterKoreaandbeforeBurma(Xianluo^暹羅)and Annam.Cf.forexampleZhengLiangsheng^鄭樑生(1993),229.

2 XieBizhen^謝必震(2004).

3 Ta-tuanCh’en(1968),137;XieBizhen(2004),74.

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theascensionofanewemperortotheChinesethrone,theRyūkyūan kingsubsequentlysentamission“tooffercongratulations”(qinghe^慶賀).

TheislandcountryalsocontinuedtoserveasChina’stributecountry throughouttheQingdynastyuntilMeijiJapanin1875prohibitedthe Ryūkyūanstributepayments.Inthisrespect,missionscontinuedtobe senttoChina.Eightinvestitureembassies,forexample,weresentbythe Qinggovernment.⁴Even when in 1839 theChinese court decided to reducethefrequencyoftributemissionsfromSiam,BurmaandtheRyū- kyūstoonceeveryfouryears–adecisionthatmayattesttothefactthat ontheeveoftheOpiumWartheQingcourthadbecomemoresensible towardsitstraditionaltributecountries–theRyūkyūankingopposed thisdecisionandrequestedtosendtributeasbefore.⁵

Whatspringstomindwhenweinvestigatethefrequencyofofficial RyūkyūmissionstoChina isthefactthatwhilethere were onlyfew jiegong-missions during Ming times, their quantity rose significantly duringtheKangxiera.Thishasahistoricalbackground.In1686(Kangxi 25),theDutchaskedtheMinistryofRites(libu^禮部)forataxexemption forjiegong-ships,becausethelatterdidnotcomeforprofitpurposes.The Qinggovernmentapprovedthisrequest.Threeyearslater(Kangxi28), accordingtothispattern,theKingofRyūkyūalsorequestedtheQing emperorfor thesamepreferential treatmentliketheDutch. Thiswas alsogranted.FromthenontheRyūkyūsreceivedfavourabletermsfrom theQingcourttosendthreeshipsdutyfree(tworegulartributeships andonejiegong-ship).⁶Eventually,in1689,theyevenmanagedtoobtain permissiontoincreasethenumberofpersonsallowedtoaccompanythe

4 1663,ZhangXueli^張學禮(fl.1664);1683,WangJi^汪楫(1636–1699);1719,HaiBao^海寶andXuBaoguang^徐葆光(1671–1723/1740);1756,QuanKui^全魁(jinshi1751,d.

1791)andZhouHuang^周煌(jinshi1737;d.1785);1800,LiDingyuan^李鼎元(jinshi 1778);1808,ZhaoWenkai^趙文楷(1760–1808);1838LinHongnian^林鴻年(c.1804–

1885)andGaoRenjian高人鑑(jnshi1832),and1866thelastonebyZhaoXin趙新 (jinshi1852).EachtimeaninvestitureembassyarrivedfromChina,theRyūkyūan governmentsetupacommissionnearthe“ResidencefortheCelestialEnvoy”(Tian- shiguan^天使館)inthecapitalNaha,theso-called“OfficeorDepartmentofValuation”, Hyōka-gata^評價方(Ch.pingjiasi^評價司).Thisadministrativeofficehadtomanagethe purchaseoftheimportcargoesandtodecideonthepricesofeachcommodityim- ported.ThefunctionsoftheHyōka-gataarebrieflydescribedinXieBizhen(2004), 49–53.Cf.alsoTa-tuanCh’en(1968),144.

5 SeeTakeshiHamashita,LindaGroveandMarkSelden(2008),82.

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tributeshipsbyfifty.⁷AsaconsequencethenumberofpersonsonRyū- kyūantributeshipsincreasedfrom150to200.

Reportedly,in1393theMingEmperorHongwusentthirty-sixChi- nesefamiliestotheRyūkyūsasofficialstoassistinthemaintenanceof bilateraldiplomaticandexchangerelationsaswellastheestablishmentof astablebureaucraticgovernmentontheislands.⁸TheMingshispeaksof

“thirty-six households of ship-builders which were bestowed from amongthepeopleofMin,inordertoeasetheintercourseoftributeen- voys”(ciMinzhongzhougongsanshiliuhu,yibiangongshiwanglai^賜閩中舟工三十六户以便貢使往來).⁹TheLidai bao’anmentionsthirty-sixsur- namesfromMinwhoenteredthecountry(Minrensanshiliuxingruguo 閩人三十六姓入國).¹⁰Descendants ofthesethirty-six families laterfre- quentlyservedasforeigninterpreters(yitongshi^夷通事)inbilateralrela- tions.Subsequently,wewouldliketointroducethegenealogyoftheCai familyandthosememberswhoservedasinterpreter-clerks,envoysorin relatedfunctionsduringmissionstoChina.¹¹

The transcriptionofRyūkyūannamesfollows primarilytheinfor- mationprovidedbySakamakiShunzōin1964,namelyinthestyleof theirkara-na^唐名,thatistheirChinesename.Onlyaristocraticnames followtheoriginalRyūkyūanstyle.Alltranscriptionnotincludedinhis studyandnotfoundinanyotherdictionaryhavebeenaddedaccording totheactualJapanesetranscription,beingwellawareofthefactthatthe namesmayhavebeenpronounced slightlydifferently.Unfortunately, mostofthenamesarenotincludedintheOkinawadaihyakkajiten^沖縄大百科事典publishedbytheOkinawaTimesin1983.Itshouldalsobe mentionedthatformanynamesthereprobablyexistedmorethanone reading.

7 Ibid.

8 DaMinghuidian105.6b;cf.alsoXieBizhen(1996),33(withreferencetoWubeizhi 214,haifang^海防6).Fortheroleofthesethirty-sixfamiliescf.alsoMüller(1993),44-47.

AJapaneseauthor,AranoYasunori,claims,however,that“(c)ontrarytothecom- monassumptionthattheMingEmperorsentthemtotheRyūkyūKingdom,(…) theyspontaneouslycamefromabroad,settledandformedtheircommunity”.Arano Yasunori(2001),125.TheChinesesourcesspeakof“bestowupon”(ci^賜).

9 Mingshi323.8362.

10 Cf.WuAihua(1989),371;alsoXieBizhen(1991).

11 Seefootnote22oftheabovementionedarticlepublishedinthefirstissueofthis

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GenealogyofthedescendantsofCaiChong

^蔡崇

oftheCai(Sai)

^蔡

family¹²

2ndGeneration

CaiRang^蔡譲(1399–1463)¹³

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi^通事)

REMARKS:On13/3/1434(Xuande9),heissenttoMinandBeijingasInter- preter-clerk(tongshi^通事)ofaXie’en^謝恩mission,accompanyingtheenvoy, Shin¹⁴Kō(ChenKang)^陳康;on9/4/1439(Zhengtong4)senttoChina,ac- companyingRyōKyūho(LiangQiubao)梁求保

CaiRang^蔡瀼(1401–1433)¹⁵ TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi)

REMARKS:On23/3/1437 (Zhengtong 2) sent toMin as Interpreter-clerk

(tongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi長史),RyōKyūho(LiangQiubao)^梁求保

3rdGeneration

CaiJing^蔡璟(1426–1486)¹⁶

TITLE:Administrator(zhangshi^長史)

REMARKS:On9/8/1464(Tianshun8)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministra- tor(zhangshi^長史)of a Qinghe^慶賀 mission, accompanyingtheyounger brotheroftheking,ShōBu^尚武;on15/8/1468(Chenghua4)senttoMin andBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributemission,togetherwith the Interpreter-clerk (tongshi), Rin Mo (Lin Mao) 林茂, et al.; 7/9/1470

12 AccordingtotheKumemurakeikafu,246-292.CaiChongemigratedtotheRyūkyūs in1392(hongwu25).TheCaifamilywasoneofthethirty-sixfamiliessenttothe RyūkyūsbytheMingemperorTaizuin1392.Cf.Kumemurakeikafu,246;seealso DaMinghuidian(1587),105.6b(1587).ForCaiChong,cf.Kumemurakeikafu,246.

Thedataofthe九米村係家譜havebeensupplementedbyinformationfromtheelec- tronicversionsoftheRekidaihōan^歷代寶案andtheChūzanseifu^中山世譜.Many moreinterpreters,administrativeclerksordiplomatswiththefamilynameCaicanbe foundinthesesources,inparticularforthelatertimeperiods,butitisnotclearifthey werealldirectdescendantsofCaiChong.

13 Kumemurakeikafu,247.

14 SakamakiShunzō(1964),15,transcribesthislastnameas“Shin”,butitcouldpossibly alsobereadas“Chin”.

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(Chenghua6)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofaXie’en mission,togetherwiththeInterpreter-clerk(tongshi),RyōŌ(LiangYing)梁應,etal.;on3/9/1473(Chenghua9)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministra- tor(zhangshi)ofatributemission,togetherwiththeInterpreter-clerk(tong- shi),GiKen(WeiJian)^魏鋻,etal.

CaiZhang^蔡璋(1445–1504)¹⁷

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché(cunliu^存留)inaXie’en^謝恩-missionandactingas on-board Interpreter-clerk (zai chuan tongshi

在船通事),

Administrator (zhangshi)

REMARKS:On 7/9/1470 (Chenghua 6)sentto Min as ResidenceAttaché

(cunliu)andason-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofaXie’enmission,accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),SaiKei(CaiJing)蔡璟;on 28/9/1472(Chenghua8)senttoMinasResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon- boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofaXie’enmission,accompanying theroyallydispatchedenvoy(ōkyū^王舅),BuJitsu?¹⁸^武實,andtheGrand Master for ProperConsultation (zhengyidafu 正義大夫) Tei Hō (Cheng Peng)程鹏;on15/9/1476(Chenghua12)senttoMinasResidenceAttaché (cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi) ofaXie’enmission,accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),RiEi(LiRong)^李榮;on 6/8/1483(Chenghua19)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi) ofatributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsulta- tion(zhengyidafu),TeiHō(ChengPeng)程鹏

CaiXuan^蔡璇(?–1520)¹⁹

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché(cunliu^存留),on-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuan tongshi),andChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi^都通事)

REMARKS:On20/8/1485(Chenghua21)senttoMinasResidenceAttaché

(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission, accompanying the Grand Master forProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu),TeiHō(ChengPeng)^程鹏;on25/9/1486(Chenghua22)senttoMin asResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantong- shi) of a Xie’enmission, accompanyingtheroyally dispatchedenvoy, Ba Shinrei^馬審禮,andtheAdministrator(zhangshi),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)^鄭玖; on12/9/1489(Hongzhi2)sentonaQinghemission;hispositionwasraised tothatofaChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)andhewassenttoMinand

18 Thisreadingisunclear.

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Beijing,accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy,MaBotsuto^麻勃都, andtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),RyōToku (LiangDe)梁德;on20/8/1493(Hongzhi6)senttoMinasResidenceAtta- ché(cunliu)andon-boardChief-Interpreter-clerk(zaichuandutongshi)ofa tributeandQinghemission),accompanyingtheGrand MasterforProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Ryō Toku (Liang De) ^梁德; on 18/9/1508 (Zhengde3)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)of tributemission

CaiQi^蔡齊(?)²⁰

TITLE:ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)

REMARKS:On4/8/1463(Tianshun7)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)ofaXie’enmission,accompanyingtheroyallydis- patched envoy,ŌSatsuto^王察都,andtheAdministrator(zhangshi),Ryō Hin(LiangBin)^梁賓;on15/8/1469(Chenghua5)senttoMinandBeijingas ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingthe GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiHō(ChengPeng)

程鹏;on28/9/1472(Chenghua 8)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)ofaXie’enmission,accompanyingtheaccompany- ing theroyally dispatchedenvoy,Bu Jitsu²¹^武實, andtheAdministrator (zhangshi),RiEi(LiRong)^李榮;on3/9/1474(Chenghua10)senttoMinand BeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofaXie’enmission,accompanyingthe GrandMaster forProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiHō (ChengPeng)^程鹏

CaiXi^蔡曦(?)²²

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk (tongshi), ChiefInterpreter-clerk (dutongshi), Ad- ministrator(zhangshi)

REMARKS:On9/8/1464(Tianshun8)senttoMinandBeijingasInterpreter- clerk(tongshi)ofaQinghemission,accompanyingtheyoungerbrotherof theking,ShōBu^尚武;on12/10/1466(Chenghua2)senttoMinasInter- preter-clerk(tongshi)ofatributemissiontogetherwithRinMo(LinMao)林茂;on15/9/1476 (Chenghua12) senttoMin andBeijingas ChiefInter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)ofthcrownprince(taizi^太子)onaQinghemission, accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),Tei Hō(ChengPeng)^程鹏;on26/9/1479(Chenghua15)senttoMinandBeijing

21 Againthisreadingisunclear.

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asAdministrator(zhangshi)ofaXie’enmission,accompanyingtheroyally dispatchedenvoy,BaIsei馬怡世,andtheGrandMasterforProperConsul- tation(zhengyidafu),TeiHō(ChengPeng)程鹏;on12/8/1481(Chenghua 17)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributemission, togetherwiththe GrandMasterforProperConsultation (zhengyidafu), RyōŌ(LiangYing)^梁應;on12/8/1485(Chenghua21)senttoMinandBei- jingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributemission,togetherwithwiththe GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiHō(ChengPeng)

程鹏

4thGeneration CaiBao^蔡寶(?)²³

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)

REMARKS:On23/8/1477(Chenghua13)senttoMinandBeijingasInter-

preter-clerk(tongshi)ofaQingfeng^請封mission,accompanyingtheAdmin- istrator(zhangshi),RyōŌ(LiangYing)^梁應;on11/8/1487(Chenghua23) senttoMinandBeijingasofficialstudent(guansheng官生)andInterpreter- clerk (tongshi) of a Xie’enmission, accompanyingthe Grand Master for Proper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Tei Hō (Cheng Peng) ^{程鹏}; on 12/9/1489(Hongzhi2)senttoMinandBeijingasInterpreter-clerk(tongshi) of a tribute mission, accompanying Administrator (zhangshi), Ryō Nō (Liang Neng) ^梁能;on21/8/1491(Hongzhi4)senttoMinandBeijingas ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingthe GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),RyōToku(LiangDe)

梁德

;on16/8/1495(Hongzhi8)senttoMin andBeijing asChiefInter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributeandXie’enmission,accompanyingthe GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)

鄭玖;on13/7/1497(Hongzhi10)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMas- terforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiRen(ChengLian)^程璉;on 9/8/1501(Hongzhi14)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(du tongshi)ofatribute mission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProper Consultation(zhengyidafu),TeiRen(ChengLian)程璉

CaiBin

蔡賓

(?)²⁴

TITLE:ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),Administrator(zhangshi)

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REMARKS:On11/8/1487(Chenghua23)senttoMinandBeijingasofficial student(guansheng)ona Xie’enmission,accompanyingtheGrandMaster for Proper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Tei Hō (Cheng Peng) 程鹏; on 12/9/1489(Hongzhi2)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(du tongshi) ofa tributemission,accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi), RyōNō(LiangNeng)^梁能;on20/8/1493(Hongzhi6)senttoMinandBei- jingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompanying theGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),RyōToku (LiangDe)^梁德;on16/8/1495(Hongzhi8)senttoMinandBeijingasAd- ministrator (zhangshi) of a tribute and Xie’en mission togetherwith the GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)

鄭玖;on3/8/1499(Hongzhi12)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator (zhangshi)ofatributemissiontogetherwiththeGrandMasterforProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Tei Kyū (Zheng Jiu) ^{鄭玖}; on 12/7/1504 (Hongzhi17)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatribute missiontogetherwiththeGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyi dafu),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)鄭玖;on2/9/1506(Zhengde1)senttoMinand BeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributeandQinghemission,accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy,Akanishi^亞嘉尼施²⁵

CaiShi^蔡實(?)²⁶

TITLE:Residence Attaché (cunliu), Interpreter-clerk(tongshi), Chief Inter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)

REMARKS:On6/8/1483(Chenghua19)senttoMinandBeijingasResidence Attaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatribute mission, accompanying the Grand Master for Proper Consultation (zhengyidafu),TeiHō(ChengPeng)程鹏;on12/8/1485(Chenghua21)sent toMin as Residence Attaché(cunliu) andon-board Interpreter-clerk (zai chuantongshi) of a tributemission, accompanyingthe GrandMaster for Proper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Tei Hō (Cheng Peng) ^{程鹏}; on 12/9/1489(Hongzhi2)senttoMinandBeijingasInterpreter-clerk(tongshi) of a tribute mission offering xiang 香 (incense, spices, perfumes); on 21/8/1491(Hongzhi4)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(du tongshi) ofatributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Ryō Toku (Liang De) ^梁德; on 20/8/1493

25 ReadingaccordingtoSakamakiShunzo(1964),22.IntheoriginaltexttheChinese versionofthecharacterisprovided,notthemodernJapanesewriting.

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(Hongzhi6)senttoMinandBeijingChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofa Qinghemission

CaiMing

蔡明

(?)²⁷

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché (cunliu), Interpreter-clerk(tongshi), Chief Inter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)

REMARKS:On 16/8/1472 (Chenghua 8) sent to Min as Interpreter-clerk

(tongshi)ofatributeandXie’enmission,accompanyingtheGrandMaster for Proper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Tei Kyū (Zheng Jiu) ^{鄭玖}; on 11/8/1487(Chenghua23)senttoMinasofficialstudent(guansheng),Resi- denceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofa Xie’enmission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation (zhengyidafu),TeiHō(ChengPeng)程鹏;on12/9/1489(Hongzhi2)sentto MinasResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuan tongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingAdministrator(zhangshi),Ryō Nō(LiangNeng)^梁能;on21/8/1491(Hongzhi4)senttoMinandBeijingas ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingthe GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),RyōToku(LiangDe)

梁德;on16/8/1495(Hongzhi8)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter- clerk(dutongshi)ofatributeandXie’enmission,accompanyingtheGrand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)^鄭玖;on 13/7/1497(Hongzhi10)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk (dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProper Consultation(zhengyidafu),TeiRen(ChengLian)^程璉

5thGeneration CaiQian

蔡遷

(?)²⁸

TITLE:Administrator(zhangshi)

REMARKS:On13/8/1508(Zhengde3)senttoMinandBeijingasAdminis-

trator(zhangshi)ofa tributemissiontogether withtheGrandMasterfor Proper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Ryō Nō (Liang Neng) ^{梁能}; on 19/8/1510(Zhengde5)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi) ofatributemissiontogetherwiththeGrandMasterforProperConsulta- tion(zhengyidafu),RyōNō(LiangNeng)^梁能;on13/8/1512(Zhengde7) senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributemissionto- getherwiththeChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),KinRyō(JinLiang)金良

etal.;on13/8/1514(Zhengde9)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator

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(zhangshi)ofatributemissiontogetherwiththeactingConsulandAdminis- trator (shudaifushi zhangshi暑大夫事長史),ShinGi (ChenYi) 陳義; on 13/9/1516(Zhengde11)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi) ofatributeandXie’enmissiontogetherwiththeGrandMasterforProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Shin Gi (Chen Yi) ^{陳義}; on 15/9/1517 (Zhengde12)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatribute missiontogetherwiththeInterpreter-clerk(tongshi),TeiRoku(ChengLu)

程祿

CaiJin^蔡進(?)²⁹

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi)

REMARKS:On13/9/1516(Zhengde11)senttoMinasInterpreter-clerk(tong- shi)of atributeandXie’enmission, accompanyingtheGrand Masterfor ProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),ShinGi(ChenYi)^陳義

CaiSui^蔡邃(?)³⁰

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché(cunliu),Interpreter-clerk(tongshi)

REMARKS:On15/9/1517 (Zhengde12)senttoMin asResidenceAttaché

(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),SaiSen(CaiQian)^蔡遷; on17/8/1523(Jiajing2)senttoMinandBeijingasInterpreter-clerk(tongshi) ofatributeandXie’enmission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProper Consultation(zhengyidafu),TeiJō(ZhengSheng)^鄭繩

CaiBo^蔡栢(?)³¹

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché(cunliu),Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),Administrator (zhangshi)

REMARKS:On13/7/1497(Hongzhi10)senttoMinasResidenceAttaché

(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission, accompanying theGrand Master forProper Consultation(zhengyi dafu),TeiRen(ChengLian)^程璉;on3/8/1499(Hongzhi12)senttoMinas ResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi) ofatributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsulta- tion(zhengyidafu),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)^鄭玖;on19/8/1507(Zhengde2)sent toMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributeandXie’enmis- siontogetherwiththeGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu), TeiRen(ChengLian)程璉

29 Kumemurakeikafu,251-252.

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CaiQuan^蔡權(?)³²

TITLE:HeadofaMilitarySquad(huochang^火長)

REMARKS:On13/7/1497(Hongzhi10)senttoMinasHeadofaMilitary

Squad(huochang)ofatributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterfor ProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiRen(ChengLian)^程璉;on3/8/1499 (Hongzhi12)senttoMinasHeadofaMilitarySquad(huochangofatribute mission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyi dafu),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)^鄭玖

CaiMo^蔡模(1474–1513)³³

REMARKS:On3/8/1499 (Hongzhi12) senttoMin as ResidenceAttaché

(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission, accompanying the Grand Master forProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu),TeiKyū(ZhengJiu)^鄭玖;on9/8/1501(Hongzhi14)senttoMinas ResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi) ofatributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsulta- tion(zhengyidafu),TeiRen(ChengLian)^程璉;on12/7/1504(Hongzhi17) senttoMinasResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zai chuan tongshi) ofa tributemission, accompanyingthe Grand Masterfor ProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiRen(ChengLian)程璉

6thGeneration

CaiHan

蔡瀚

(1502–1566)³⁴

TITLE:GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu^正議大夫),Inter- preter-clerk(tongshi),Administrator(zhangshi)

REMARKS:On15/8/1525(Jiajing4)senttoMinandBeijingasInterpreter- clerk(tongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhang- shi),KinRyō(JinLiang)^金良;on15/8/1529(Jiajing8)senttoMinandBei- jingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributemissiontogetherwiththeChief Interpreter-clerk (du tongshi), Ryō Chin (Liang Chun) 梁椿 et al.; on 12/8/1531(Jiajing10)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)of a tributeandXie’enmissiontogetherwith theGrand MasterforProper Consultation(zhengyidafu),KinRyō(JinLiang)^金良;on8/2/1535(Jiajing 14)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofaXie’enmission,

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accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy,MōJitsu^毛實;on22/1/1541 (Jiajing20)senttoMinandBeijingasGrandMasterforProperConsultation (zhengyidafu正議大夫)ofatribute andQinghemissiontogetherwiththe royallydispatchedenvoy‘Ndarū³⁵^殷達鲁

CaiCheng^蔡澄(?)³⁶

REMARKS:On15/8/1525(Jiajing4)senttoMinasResidenceAttaché(cunliu) andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission,ac- companyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),KinRyō(JinLiang)^金良 CaiHao^蔡浩(?)³⁷

TITLE:—

REMARKS:On17/8/1523(Jiajing2)issentasofficialstudent(guansheng)to theGuozijian^國子監inNanjingtogetherwithSaiEnbi(CaiYanmei)^蔡延

美,TeiFu(ZhengFu)^鄭富andRyōShi(LiangZi)^梁梓 CaiYanmei^蔡延美(?)³⁸

TITLE:ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),Administrator(zhangshi) REMARKS:On17/8/1523(Jiajing2)sentasofficialstudent(guansheng)tothe Guozijian^國子監inNanjing;on12/8/1531(Jiajing10)senttoMinandBei- jingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributeandXie’enmission,ac- companyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu^正議大

夫),KinRyō(JinLiang)^金良;on20/8/1537(Jiajing16)senttoMinandBei- jingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributeandQinghemission,accompa- nyingtheGrand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),ShinFu (ChenFu)^陳賦etal.;on7/9/1541(Jiajing 20)senttoMinand Beijingas Administrator(zhangshi)ofatributemissiontogetherwiththeInterpreter- clerk(tongshi)TeiGen(ZhengYuan)鄭元etal.;on13/2/1549(Jiajing28) senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributemissionto- getherwiththeGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),Ryō Ken(LiangXian)梁顯etal.

CaiYanhui^蔡延會(?)³⁹

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché(cunliu),Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),Administrator (zhangshi),GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)

35 AccordingtoSakamakiShunzō(1964),24.

36 Kumemurakeikafu,253-254.

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REMARKS:On27/10/1535 (Jiajing 14)sent to Min as Residence Attaché (cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission, accompanying the Grand Master forProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu),RinSei(LinSheng)^林盛;on20/8/1537(Jiajing16)senttoMinasResi- denceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofa tributeandQinghe mission,accompanyingtheGrand MasterforProper Consultation(zhengyidafu),ShinFu(ChenFu)^陳賦;on22/1/1541(Jiajing 20)senttoMinasResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk (zaichuantongshi)ofatributeandQinghemission,accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy,‘Ndarū^殷達鲁;on11/1/1545(Jiajing24)senttoMin asResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutong- shi)ofatributemission,accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),Ryō Ken(LiangXian)梁顯;on7/2/1547(Jiajing26)senttoMinandBeijingas Administrator(zhangshi)ofatributeandXie’enmissiontogetherwiththe GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),ShinFu(ChenFu)^陳

賦;on16/8/1551(Jiajing30)senttoMinasGrandMasterforProperCon- sultation(zhengyidafu)ofatributemissiontogetherwiththeAdministrator (zhangshi),RyōGen(LiangXuan)梁炫etal.;theymetwithaTaifun,were driftedtoTaipingshan^太平山(atpresentHongKong)andeventuallygot backhomefromthere;on9/2/1557(Jiajing36)senttoMinandBeijingas GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofatributeandXie’en missiontogetherwiththeAdministrator(zhangshi),SaiChōki(CaiChaoqi)

蔡朝器etal.;on25/9/1559(Jiajing38)senttoMinandBeijingasGrandMas- terforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofatributeandXie’enmissionto- getherwiththeChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),RyōShaku(LiangZhuo)

梁灼etal.

7thGeneration

CaiChaoqing^蔡朝慶(1521–1560)⁴⁰

REMARKS:On17/9/1542(Jiajing21)senttoMinasChiefInterpreter-clerk (dutongshi)togetherwithGoRa(WuLuo)吳羅etal.;on11/1/1545(Jiajing 24)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)supervising thetributeoflocalproductsandsendingbackKoreandrifters;on13/2/1549 (Jiajing28)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofa tributemission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation

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(zhengyidafu),RyōKen(LiangXuan)^梁顯,andtheAdministrator(zhang- shi),SaiEnbi(CaiYanmei)蔡延美

CaiChaoqi^蔡朝器(1525–1587)⁴¹

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché(cunliu),Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),GrandMaster forProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)

REMARKS: On 7/3/1547 (Jiajing 26) sent to Min as Residence Attaché

(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)ofatributeandXie’enmission, accompanying theGrand Master forProper Consultation(zhengyi dafu),ShinFu(ChenFu)^陳賦andtheAdministrator(zhangshi),SaiEnkai (CaiYanhui)^蔡延會;theyreturnedhomethe10thdayofthe8thmonththe same year; on 16/8/1551 (Jiajing 30) sent to Min as Residence Attaché (cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission, accompanying theGrand Master forProper Consultation(zhengyi dafu),SaiEnkai(CaiYanhui)^蔡延會;but they metwith a Taifun,were drifted to Taiping shan and eventually got back home from there; on 10/2/1553 (Jiajing32) senttoMin asResidenceAttaché (cunliu)andon- boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission,accompany- ingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),RyōGen(LiangXuan)^梁炫;on9/2/1557 (Jiajing36)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatribute andXie’enmissiontogetherwiththeGrandMasterforProperConsultation (zhengyidafu),SaiEnkai(CaiYanhui)蔡延會;on13/9/1561(Jiajing40)sent toMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofatributeandXie’enmission, accompanying the royallydispatched envoy,Gen Toku

源德

; on 15/2/1569(Longqing3)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi) ofatributeandQinghemission,accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy,MōRen毛廉;on28/2/1575(Wanli3)senttoMinandBeijingasGrand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofatributemissiontogether withtheChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),KōBunkan(HongWenhuan)

红文缓etal.

CaiChaojun^蔡朝俊(1532–1581)⁴² TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi)

REMARKS:On29/10/1560(Jiajing39)senttoMinasAssistantInterpreter- clerkforthereceptionoftheHeavenlyenvoys(yingjietianshifutongshi^迎接

天使副通事),accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),RyōGen(Liang Xuan)梁炫;on22/2/1565(Jiajing44)senttoMinasInterpreter-clerk(tong-

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shi)ofatributeandXie’enmissionsendinglocalproductstogetherwiththe Envoy,GoTōshū(WuTongxiu)吳桐秀etal.;on27/2/1566(Jiajing45)sent toMinasInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)togetherwiththeEnvoy,BaKanei(Ma Jianing)^馬加寜etal.,toescortmetropolitanofficialsbacktothecourt;on 15/2/1569(Longqing3)senttoMinasInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)ofatribute andQinghe mission sending local productstogether with theEnvoy, Ba Shinfu⁴³(MaShenbu)^馬沈布etal.

CaiChaoyong^蔡朝用(1526–1576)⁴⁴

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk (tongshi), ChiefInterpreter-clerk(du tongshi), Ad- ministrator(zhangshi)

REMARKS:In1550(Jiajing29),CaiChaoyong(SaiChōyō)issenttoBeijingas official student(guansheng)togetherwithfive otherpersons;on9/2/1557 (Jiajing36)senttoMinandBeijingasInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)ofatribute missiontogetherwiththeGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyi dafu),SaiEnkai(CaiYanhui)^蔡延會,andtheAdministrator(zhangshi),Sai Chōki(CaiChaoqi)蔡朝器;on29/10/1560(Jiajing39)senttoMinasChief Interpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofaYingjiemissiontomeettheHeavenlyen- voys (tianshi^天使),accompanyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),RyōGen (LiangXuan)^梁炫;on15/2/1562(Jiajing41)senttoMinasChiefInterpreter- clerk(dutongshi)togetherwiththeenvoy,BaSanro(MaSanlu)^馬三路;on 27/2/1567(Longqing1)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi) ofatributemissiontogetherwithTeiRoku(ZhengLu)鄭祿etal.

CaiChaojie^蔡朝傑(1539–1587)⁴⁵ TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi)

REMARKS:On21/2/1571 (Longqing5)senttoMinas ResidenceAttaché

(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributeand Xie’enmission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation (zhengyidafu),TeiKen(ZhengXian)^鄭憲;on28/2/1575(Wanli3)sentto MinasResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuan tongshi)ofatribute mission,accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProper Consultation(zhengyidafu),SaiChōki(CaiChaoqi)^蔡朝器;theyreturned

43 Thiscouldpossiblyalsoreadas“BaChinfu”.

44 ACaiChaoyongfromthe7thgenerationismentionedinRyūkyūSaishikafu(Liuqiu Caishijiapu)^{琉球蔡氏家譜},undertheentryJiajing29.SeeKumemurakeikafu,297.He isalsomentionedintheChūzanseifu,j.7,asofficialgovernmentstudent(guansheng^官生)undertheentryofKingShōSei^尚清(1527–1555).HeisthefatherofCaiYan^蔡延 (1575–1644).

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homethe21stdayofthe12thmonth;heleftagainon21/12/1575(Wanli3) toMin as Residence Attaché(cunliu) andon-board Interpreter-clerk (zai chuantongshi)togetherwiththeHeadofaMilitarySquad(huochang),Rin Seiei(LinShirong)^林世榮,tobringadditionalsulphur(liuhuang)astribute CaiChaoxin^蔡朝信(1551–1608)⁴⁶

TITLE:ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),Administrator(zhangshi) REMARKS:On27/2/1599(Wanli27)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatribute,Xie’enandQingfengmission,accompa- nyingtheAdministrator(zhangshi),TeiDō(ZhengDao)^鄭道;on4/9/1602 (Wanli30)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator(zhangshi)ofaQinghe andXie’enmission,accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy,MōKeiso

毛繼祖;on18/9/1604(Wanli32)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator (zhangshi)ofaQingheandXie’enmission

CaiLian^蔡燫(?)⁴⁷

REMARKS:On22/2/1565(Jiajing44)senttotheGuozijianinNanjingasan officialstudent(guansheng);on21/12/1575(Wanli3)senttoMinasChief Interpreter-clerk(dutongshi)forthereceptionofaKanhe^勘合certificateand the official investiture documentfor a status as king,accompanying the Administrator(zhangshi),RyōSan(LiangShan)梁燦

CaiHuan蔡焕(?)⁴⁸

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi)

REMARKS:On20/2/1574(Wanli2)senttoMinasResidenceAttaché(cunliu) andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofaQinghemission,accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy,BaChūsō^馬忠叟

8thGeneration

CaiHuan^蔡煊(1566–1587)⁴⁹

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi) REMARKS:On24/2/1582(Wanli10)senttoMinasInterpreter-clerk(tongshi) ofatributemission,accompanyingthetheGrandMasterforProperCon- sultation (zhengyi dafu) and Chief Interpreter-clerk (du tongshi), Tei Rei

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(ZhengLi)^鄭禮,tobringadditionalsulphur(liuhuang)andotheritemsas tribute;on5/3/1587(Wanli15)senttoMinandBeijingasChiefInterpreter- clerk(dutongshi)ofatributeandXie’enmission,accompanyingtheGrand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),TeiRei(ZhengLi)^鄭禮 CaiYan^蔡延(1575–1644)⁵⁰

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché (cunliu), Interpreter-clerk(tongshi), Chief Inter- preter-clerk (du tongshi), Grand Master forProperConsultation (zhengyi dafu)

REMARKS: On 11/9/1601 (Wanli 29) sent to Min as Residence Attaché

(cunliu)andon-boardInterpreter-clerk(zaichuantongshi)ofatributemission, accompanying the Grand Master forProper Consultation (zhengyi dafu),TeiKō(ZhengHou)鄭逅;on11/2/1613(Wanli41)senttoMinand BeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompa- nyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),KinJūreki (JinShili)^金仕歷;on9/2/1626(Tianqi6)senttoMinandBeijingasGrand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofatributemissiontogether withtheChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),TeiHanken(ZhengFanxian)

鄭藩献etal.;on21/10/1631(Chongzhen4)senttoMinasGrandMasterfor ProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofaQingfengmissiontogetherwiththe Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),GenShikan^阮士乾(RuanShiqian)

9thGeneration

CaiJian^蔡堅(1587–1647)⁵¹

TITLE:Administrator (zhangshi), Grand Master for Proper Consultation (zhengyidafu),GrandMasterwiththePurple-goldenRibbon(zijindafu^紫金

大夫)

REMARKS:On2/9/1610(Wanli38)senttoMinandBeijingasAdministrator (zhangshi) of a tribute mission together with the envoy, Ba Seiki (Ma Chengji)^馬成驥;in1614(Wanli42)sentMinandBeijingasAdministrator (zhangshi)ofamissionrequestingrepeatedtributepaying,accompanyingthe royallydispatchedenvoy,GoKakurei吳鶴齡;on4/10/1617(Wanli45)sent toMinandBeijingasGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)

50 Kumemurakeikafu,297.HeisalsomentionedinChūzanseifu,j.7,undertheentryof KingShōHō^尚豊(1621–1640)asGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu) inTianqi6.SeealsoentriesinRekidaihōan,I:19–01(/rekiho1txt/19.txt),andI:26–18 (/rekiho1txt/26.txt).IntheKumemurakeikafu,297,heismentionedasthesonofthe 7thgenerationCaiChaoyong^蔡朝用(1526–1576).

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together with the royally dispatched envoy, Mō Keiso ^毛繼祖; in 1621 (Tianqi1)senttoMinandBeijingasGrandMasterforProperConsultation (zhengyidafu)ofatributeandQingfengmissiontogetherwiththeroyally dispatchedenvoy,MōHōgi^毛鳳儀;on15/10/1633(Chongzhen6)sentto MinandBeijingasGrandMasterwiththePurple-goldenRibbon(zijindafu) ofaXie’enmissiontogetherwiththeroyallydispatchedenvoy,GoKakurei

吳鶴齡;on20/10/1638(Chongzhen11)senttoMinandBeijingasGrand MasterwiththePurple-goldenRibbon(zijindafu)ofatributemissionto- getherwiththeenvoy,MōKeizen(MaoJishan)^毛繼善

CaiGuocai^蔡國材(1612–1643)⁵²

REMARKS:On11/9/1634(Chongzhen7)senttoMinasanon-boardInter-

preter-clerk(tongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingSaiKin(CaiJin)^蔡

錦⁵³;on7/3/1642(Chongzhen15)senttoMinandBeijingasaChiefInter- preter-clerk(dutongshi)onatributemission,accompanyingSaiKin(CaiJin)

蔡錦

CaiGuoqi^蔡國器(1632–1644)⁵⁴

TITLE:Residence Attaché (cunliu), Interpreter-clerk(tongshi), ChiefInter- preter-clerk (du tongshi),Grand Master for ProperConsultation(zhengyi dafu)

REMARKS:On21/2/1653(Shunzhi10)senttoMinandBeijingasResidence Attaché(cunliu)andInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)ofatributeandQinghemis- sion,accompanyingtheroyallydispatchedenvoy(ōkyū^王舅),BaShūki^馬宗

毅,andShaHitsushin(XieBizhen)^謝必振;on11/5/1670(Kangxi9)sentas GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofatribute mission together with the the censor (ermu guan), Mr. Go ^吳; on 24/10/1676 (Kangxi15)sentasGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofa Jiegong mission inquiring about the tribute situation [due to the events aroundGeng Jingzhong^耿精忠];⁵⁵on5/6/1682 (Kangxi21)dispatchedas Grand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu);inthe11thmonth senttoMinandBeijingtogetherwiththeResidenceAttaché(cunliu)andIn-

53 Hewasobviouslyinvolvedintheembezzlementofofficialsilver(ōgin^王銀).The missionhadasumof1,000kanme,thatis100,000liang,ofto-Tōgin^渡唐銀(lit.silver forsailingtoChina)onboard;subsequentlytheyprovidedthirty-oneChinesemer- chantswithsilverinordertopurchaseHusilkforthem.SeeKikōNishizato(1997), 68;alsoSchottenhammer(2010),esp.110.

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terpreter-clerk (tongshi), Sai Taku(Cai Duo)^蔡鐸,and thecensor (ermu guan),MōBunshō(MaoWenxiang)毛文祥etal.⁵⁵

10thGeneration CaiBin蔡彬(1642–1681)⁵⁶

TITLE:ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi);GrandMasterforProperConsul- tation(zhengyidafu)

REMARKS:In1663(Kangxi2)senttoMininordertostudy(dushu讀書),ac- companyingtheGrandMasterwiththePurple-goldenRibbon(zijindafu)of aXie’enmision,KinSeishun(JinZhengchun)^金正春;on9/3/1666(Kangxi 5)senttoMinasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofaJiegongmissionto- getherwiththeenvoy,SaiJun(CaiChun)^蔡純etal.

CaiYingrui^蔡應瑞(1651–1701)⁵⁷

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),Grand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)

REMARKS:Between 24/2/1678 (Kangxi17) and26/1/1679) dispatched to

Min as Interpreter-clerk (tongshi), accompanying the Grand Master for ProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),ŌMeisa(WangMingzuo)^王明佐;⁵⁸on 12/3/1688(Kangxi27)senttoBeijingandMinasChiefInterpreter-clerk(du tongshi) of a tribute mission, accompanyingthe censor (ermu guan), Mō Kiryū(MaoQilong)毛起龍,andtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation (zhengyi dafu),Sai Taku (CaiDuo) 蔡鐸;⁵⁹on2/5/1694 (Kangxi33) dis-

55 Kumemurakeikafu,298.Accordingly,hehadfirstbeendispatchedalreadyonthe 19thdayofthe6thmonthasenvoytomeetChenYingchang^陳應昌,whohadbeen senttoChūzanbythe“South-pacifyingKing”,GengJingzhong^耿精忠,torequest sulphur. According to the electronic version of the Rekidai hōan, I:27–07 (/rekiho1txt/27.txt),theresponsiblecensorwasthenFuMoshō^冨茂昌.Thedispatch of1676isnotmentionedthere.

57 Kumemura kei kafu, 301. He is also mentioned in theRekidai hōan, I:27 (/re- kiho1txt/27.txt):in27–15asChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)andinI:27–18as GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu).Hisson,CaiWenxiang^蔡文湘 (1679–1699),wassenttoMintostudyin1695(Kangxi34).SeeKumemurakeikafu, 309.Hisson,CaiWenpu^蔡文浦 (1671–1745),wassentto Mintostudyin1695 (Kangxi34).SeeKumemurakeikafu,303.

58 ThisinformationisneitherincludedintherecentcopyoftheKumemurakeikafunor intheelectronicversionsoftheRekidaihōanorChūzanseifu.

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patchedasGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)ofatribute mission,accompanyingthecensor(ermuguan),ŌKeitoku(Weng)翁敬徳⁶⁰

11thGeneration

CaiBing蔡炳(1657–1694)⁶¹

REMARKS: On 1/10/1684 (Kangxi 23) dispatched as Residence Attaché

(cunliu)andInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)ofatributemissiontoMin,accompanying thecensor (ermuguan),Go Seishun(Wu Shijun) ^吳世俊, andthe Grand Master for Proper Consultation (zhengyi dafu), Tei Eian (Zheng Yong’an)^鄭永安;theysetsailsforMinthe22nddayofthe1stmonththefol- lowingyear(1685);on13/2/1690(Kangxi29)dispatchedtoMinasInter- preter-clerk(tongshi)ofatributemission,accompanyingthecensor(ermu guan),OnInketsu(WenYunjie)^温允傑,andtheGrandMasterforProper Consultation(zhengyidafu),KinGentatsu(JinYuanda)^金元達

CaiZhuo^蔡灼(1662–1713)⁶²

TITLE:Interpreter-clerk(tongshi),ChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi),Grand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)

REMARKS: On 12/3/1688 (Kangxi 27) dispatched as Residence Attaché

(cunliu) andInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)ofatribute mission,accompanying thecensor(ermuguan),MōKiryū(MaoQilong)毛起龍,andtheGrandMas- terforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),SaiTaku(CaiDuo)蔡鐸;1695 (Kangxi34)dispatchedasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofamissionre- ceivinganofficialletterandtributeenvoys,accompanyingtheenvoy,On Inketsu(WenYunjie)^温允傑;⁶³in1702(Kangxi41)dispatchedtoMinand BeijingasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofatributemission,accompanying thecensor (ermuguan), Mō Kiryū (MaoQilong) 毛起龍, andthe GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),SaiŌshō(CaiYing- xiang)^蔡應祥;⁶⁴between4/9/1709(Kangxi48)and22/11/1709senttoMin asGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),withtheChiefIn-

60 Kumemurakeikafu,302,onlyspeaksofMr.Weng^翁氏. 61 Kumemurakeikafu,263.

62 Kumemurakeikafu,277.Inaddition,heismentionedintheChūzanseifu,j.8,under KingShōTei^尚貞(1669–1709)andinj.9underKingShōEki^尚益(1710–1712)as GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu).SeealsoKumemurakeikafu, 278.

63 Entry15/5/1696(Kangxi35)inRekidaihōan,I:11(/rekiho1txt/11.txt).

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terpreter-clerk(dutongshi),SaiBunkan(CaiWenhan)^蔡文漢;⁶⁵on7/2/1712 (Kangxi51)dispatchedtoMinandBeijingasGrandMasterforProperCon- sultation(zhengyidafu)ofatributemission,accompanyingthecensor(ermu guan),MōKyūkei(MaoJiujing)^毛九經⁶⁶

CaiWenpu^蔡文浦(1671–1745)⁶⁷

REMARKS:On 30/1/1698 (Kangxi38) sent to Min as Residence Attaché

(cunliu)andInterpreter-clerk (tongshi), togetherwith MōBunketsu (Mao Wenjie) ^{毛文傑} and the Chief Interpreter-clerk (du tongshi), Tei Shirin (ZhengShilun)^鄭仕倫[^鄭士綸]⁶⁸

CaiWen^蔡温(1682–1761)⁶⁹

TITLE:ResidenceAttaché(cunliu),andInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)

REMARKS:On3/2/1708 (Kangxi 47) sent to Min as Residence Attaché

(cunliu),accompanyingtheGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyi dafu),MōBuntetsu(MaoWenzhe)毛文哲;⁷⁰on19/2/1716(Kangxi55)sent toMinandBeijingasGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu) ofaQingfengmission,accompanyingthecensor(ermuguan),Mr.Shō^尚⁷¹ CaiWenhe^蔡文河(1683–1750)⁷²

TITLE: Residence Attaché (cunliu); Chief Interpreter-clerk (du tongshi), GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)

REMARKS:In1710(Kangxi49) appointedasInterpreter-clerk (tongshi);on 3/2/1713 [left Naha on 25/11/1713] (Kangxi 52) dispatched as Residence

65 Entry8/6/1710(Kangxi49)inRekidaihōan,II:5(/rekiho2txt/r5.txt).

66 Entry6/11/1712(Kangxi51)inRekidaihōan,II:6(/rekiho2txt/r6.txt).

67 Kumemura kei kafu, 303. He is mentioned in Rekidai hōan, II:01-14 (/re- kiho2txt/r2.txt),as ResidenceAttaché(cunliu)and Interpreter-clerk(tongshi).Cai Wenhan蔡文漢ismentionedinRekidaihōan,II:02–9and02–11(/rekiho2txt/r2.txt) asInterpreter-clerk(tongshi).

68 Entry9/10/1699(Kangxi38)inRekidaihōan,II:01-13(/rekiho2txt/01.txt).

69 Kumemura kei kafu, 365. He is also mentioned in Rekidai hōan II:04-19 (/re- kiho2txt/04.txt),asResidenceAttaché(cunliu),andInterpreter-clerk(tongshi).

70 Kumemurakeikafu,366.SeealsotheentriesinRekidaihōan,II:04-17II:04-20(/re- kiho2txt/04.txt).

72 Kumemurakeikafu,325.HeisalsomentionedintheChūzanseifu,j.9,asGrand MasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)underKingShōKei^尚敬(1713–1751).

SeealsotheentriesinRekidaihōan,II:10-10(/rekiho2txt/10.txt),andII:11-03 (/re-

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Attaché (cunliu) and Interpreter-clerk (tongshi) together with Ryō Shōjitsu (Liang Chengshi )梁承實;on25/11/1718(Kangxi57)dispatchedtoBeijing asChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)ofaXie’enmission,accompanyingthe royallydispatchedenvoy,ShōRyūyoku^向龍翼,andtheGrandMasterwith thePurple-goldenRibbon(zijindafu),TeiJunsoku(ChengShunze)^程順則;⁷³ on24/1/1730(Yongzheng8)senttoMinasGrandMasterforProperCon- sultation(zhengyidafu),togetherwiththeroyallydispatchedenvoy,ShōKo- kusai向克濟⁷⁴

12thGeneration

CaiXun^蔡壎(1681–1714)⁷⁵

REMARKS:On24/11/1704(Kangxi43) senttoMin asResidence Attaché

(cunliu) andInterpreter-clerk(tongshi)ofatribute mission,accompanying thecensors(ermuguan),OnKaiei(WenKairong)^温開榮andSaiChōkō(Cai Zhaogong)^蔡肇功;between17/11/1710(Kangxi49)senttoMinasChiefIn- terpreter-clerk(dutongshi) ofatributemission,accompanyingthecensor (ermuguan),MōMeiji(MengMingshi)孟命時,andtheGrandMasterfor ProperConsultation(zhengyidafu),GenIshin(RuanWeixin)^阮維新etal.;

on3/2/1714(Kangxi53)dispatchedasChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutongshi)of atributemissiontoBeijing;inthe8thmonth,hefellsickanddeceasedinthe 9thmonth

CaiYong^蔡墉(1687–1748)⁷⁶

TITLE:General Manager (zongguan), Chief Interpreter-clerk (du tongshi), GrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)

REMARKS:On6/2/1711(Kangxi50)dispatchedasthegeneralmanager(zong- guan)ofaJiegongmission,accompaningtheChiefInterpreter-clerk(dutong- shi),GiRan(WeiLuan)^魏鸞etal.toMin;in1719(Kangxi58)senttoMin andBeijingasGrandMasterwiththePurple-goldenRibbon(zijindafu^紫金

大夫)andAssistantInterpreter-clerk(zantongshi^賛通事),accompanyingthe GrandMasterwiththePurple-goldenRibbon(zijindafu紫金大夫),TeiJun-

73 Entry12/6/1720(Kangxi59)inRekidaihōan,II:11-03 (/rekiho2txt/11.txt).

74 Entry [month is unclear] (Yongzheng 9) in Rekidai hōan, II:18-01 (/re- kiho2txt/18.txt).

76 Kumemurakeikafu,340.HeisalsoismentionedintheChūzanseifu,j.9,asChief Interpreter-clerk(dutongshi)andGrandMasterforProperConsultation(zhengyidafu)