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A NEW EQUATION FOR THE LINEAR REGULATOR PROBLEM J. C a s t i

December 1974

R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s a r e p u b l i c a t i o n s r e p o r t i n g o n t h e work o f t h e a u t h o r . Any v i e w s o r c o n c l u s i o n s a r e t h o s e o f t h e a u t h o r , a n d d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t t h o s e o f IIASA.

(2)
(3)

A New E q u a t i o n f o r t h e L i n e a r R e g u l a t o r P r o b l e m

J . C a s t i *

A b s t r a c t

I n t h i s a r t i c l e a new e q u a t i o n i s d e r i v e d f o r t h e o p t i m a l f e e d b a c k g a i n m a t r i x c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e s t a n - d a r d l i n e a r r e g u l a t o r problem. I t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t , i n

c o n t r a s t t o t h e u s u a l a l g e b r a i c R i c c a t i e q u a t i o n w h i c h r e q u i r e s t h e s o l u t i o n o f n ( n

+

1 ) / 2 q u a d r a t i c a l l y n o n l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s , t h e new e q u a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h e s o l u t i o n o f o n l y nm s u c h e q u a t i o n s , w h e r e m i s t h e number o f s y s t e m i n p u t t e r m i n a l s , a n d n i s t h e d i m e n s i o n o f t h e s t a t e v e c t o r o f t h e s y s t e m .

U t i l i z i n g t h e new e q u a t i o n , r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e i n v e r s e p r o b l e m o f l i n e a r c o n t r o l t h e o r y .

I . I n t r o d u c t i o n

W e c o n s i d e r t h e p r o b l e m o f m i n i m i z i n g

m

J =

I

[ ( x , Q x ) + ( u , u ) ] d t

,

0

o v e r a l l p i e c e w i s e c o n t i n u o u s c o n t r o l l a w s u ( t ) , w h e r e t h e s t a t e x and t h e c o n t r o l u a r e c o n n e c t e d by t h e l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n

Here x a n d u a r e n , m - d i m e n s i o n a l v e c t o r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , F , Q , a n d G a r e n x n , n x n , a n d nxm c o n s t a n t m a t r i c e s , w i t h Q n o n - n e g a t i v e d e f i n i t e . W e l l known [l] r e s u l t s f r o m o p t i m a l c o n t r o l t h e o r y s t a t e t h a t t h e s o l u -

t i o n t o t h i s p r o b l e m i s

*

I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r A p p l i e d S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s , L a x e n b u r g A u s t r i a .

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w h e r e P i s t h e u n i q u e n o n - n e g a t i v e d e f i n i t e s o l u t i o n o f t h e a l g e b r a i c R i c c a t i e q u a t i o n

Q

+

PF

+

F ' P

-

PGG'P = 0

.

(ARE)

The q u a n t i t y H' = G ' P i s , f o r o b v i o u s r e a s o n s , c a l l e d t h e o p t i m a l f e e d - b a c k g a i n m a t r i x a n d , i f t h e p a i r ( F , G ) i s c o n t r o l l a b l e w h i l e t h e p a i r

J . 1 .

( F , Q ) 1s o b s e r v a b l e , t h e n i t c a n b e shown t h a t t h e c l o s e d l o o p s y s t e m

i s a l s o a s y m p t o t i c a l l y s t a b l e .

T h e i n v e r s e p r o b l e m o f l i n e a r c o n t r o l t h e o r y i s t h e f o l l o w i n g : G i v e n a n a s y m p t o t i c a l l y s t a b l e c o n t r o l l a w G ' P , c h a r a c t e r i z e a l l p o s i - t i v e s e m i - d e f i n i t e m a t r i c e s Q l e a d i n g t o t h e g i v e n c o n t r o l l a w t h r o u g h t h e ARE.

N o t i c e t h a t t h e ARE r e p r e s e n t s a s e t o f n ( n + 1 ) / 2 q u a d r a t i c a l l y n o n l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f P a s P i s s y m m e t r i c . V a r i o u s s u c c e s s i v e a p p r o x i m a t i o n [10] a n d d l r e c t [ll] m e t h o d s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d f o r f i n d i n g t h e p o s i t i v e s e m i - d e f i n i t e s o l u t i o n o f ARE.

I n t h i s p a p e r , we s h a l l p r e s e n t a new e q u a t l o n w h i c h i s a l s o q u a d r a t i c a l l y n o n l i n e a r b u t i n t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f H a n d n o t P. S i n c e H i s a n nxm m a t r i x , t h e new e q u a t l o n r e p r e s e n t s o n l y nm a l q e b r a i c e q u a - t i o n s w h i c h , i f m < ( n

+

1 ) / 2 , r e p r e s e n t f e w e r e q u a t i o n s t h a n t h o s e n e e d e d f o r t h e ARE. ~ l s o , i t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t t h e new e q u a t i o n h a s some a n a l y t i c f e a t u r e s w h i c h e n a b l e u s t o e a s i l y o b t a i n some u s e f u l r e - s u l t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i n v e r s e p r o b l e m .

1 1 Main R e s u l t s

B e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p a l r e s u l t s , r e c a l l a f e w u s e f u l f a c t s f r o m m a t r i x t h e o r y : l e t A a n d B b e nxm, pxq m a t r i c e s , r e s p e c t i v e - l y . T h e n t h e K r o n e c k e r p r o d u c t o f A a n d B, d e n o t e d A B B, i s t h e npxmq m a t r i x w h o s e ( i . j ) t h e l e m e n t i s a . . B , i = 1 , .

. .

, n p , j = 1 , 2 , .

.

.mq.

1 I

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N e x t , l e t A b e a n nxm m a t r i x . By o ( A ) w e d e n o t e t h e nmxl m a t r i x formed f r o m A by " s t a c k i n g " t h e c o l u m n s o f A b e g i n n i n g w i t h the f i r s t . T h u s ,

o ( A ) = !alla21

- -

a n l a 1 2 a 2 2

...

a n2

...

a nn ) I

.

I n t e r m s o f t h e o p e r a t i o n s B and o , w e c a n o b t a i n t h e u s e f u l f o r m u l a [2]

v a l i d f o r a n y t h r e e m a t r i c e s P , A , Q f o r which t h e p r o d u c t PAQ makes s e n s e . T h i s r e s u l t w i l l b e e x p l o i t e d below. Note a l s o t h a t o ( A

+

B)

= o ( A )

+

u (B) and u (aA) = a o ( A ) f o r a n y s c a l a r a , s o t h a t o i s a l i n e a r o p e r a t o r from t h e s p a c e o f mxn r e a l ( o r c o m p l e x ) m a t r i c e s t o R nm ( o r

c n m ) .

We u s e t h e s e f a c t s now t o p r o v e o u r

Main Theorem. Assume t h e s y s t e m m a t r i x F h a s no c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r o o t s o n t h e i m a g i n a r y a x i s . Then t h e o p t i m a l f e e d b a c k q a i n m a t r i x H s a t i s f i e s t h e e q u a t i o n .

U ( H ) = ( G ' B I ) ( I B F I

+

F ~ B I ) - ~ ~ ( H H ~ - Q )

.

( H E )

P r o o f . By d e f i n i t i o n H = P C . Thus, t h e ARE may b e w r i t t e n a s Q

+

PF

+

F ' P - H H ' = 0

.

A p p l y i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n n and r e l a t i o n (1) we o b t a i n

The a s s u m p t i o n o n F i n s u r e s t h a t (:[BF'

+

FBI) i s n o n - s i n g u l a r . T h u s ,

However, o ( H ) = o(PG) = ( G I B I ) o ( P ) . Thus m u l t i p l y i n g ( 2 ) by ( G ' B I ) , we o b t a i n ( H E ) .

Remarks. i ) A s n o t e d a b o v e , H E r e p r e s e n t s nm q u a d r a t i c a l l y

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n o n l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f H . T h u s , t h e

" a l g e b r a i c d e g r e e " o f d i f f i c u l t y i n s o l v i n g HE i s t h e s a m e a s t h a t i n s o l v i n g t h e ARE. H o w e v e r , i f m < ( n + 1 ) / 2 , t h e r e a r e f e w e r e q u a t i o n s i n HE a n d s o i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h e c o m p u t i n g b u r d e n i s r e d u c e d . More d i s - c u s s i o n o f t h i s m a t t e r i s g i v e n i n S e c t i o n 111.

i i ) From t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f a p p l y i n g v a r i o u s s u c c e s s i v e a p p r o x i - m a t i o n m e t h o d s , HE i s i n b e t t e r f o r m t h a n ARE s i n c e t h e unknown q u a n t i - t y H s t a n d s a l o n e o n t h e l e f t s i d e o f HE. T h i s e n a b l e s s t a n d a r d a l g o - r i t h m s t o b e a p p l i e d w i t h o u t f u r t h e r m a n i p u l a t i o n .

i i i ) The s o l u t i o n o f HE i s t h e l i m i t i n g f u n c t i o n f o r t h e g e n e r a l i z e d X-Y e q u a t i o n s i n t r o d u c e d i n [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 ]

.

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o o b s e r v e t h a t HE c a n n o t b e o b t a i n e d b y a s i m p l e e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e c r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f t h e f i n i t e i n t e r v a l C a u c h e y p r o b l e m , b u t m u s t b e a p p r o a c h e d t h r o u g h t h e p r o c e d u r e e m p l o y e d a b o v e .

i v ) I t i s t o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t a l l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e ARE s u c h a s u n i q u e n e s s o f t h e p o s i t i v e , s e m i - d e f i n i t e s o l u t i o n , m o n o t o n i c i t y o f a p p r o x i m a n t s i n n u m e r i c a l s c h e m e s , e t c . may b e e x t e n d e d t o t h e HE, t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d e f i n i t i o n s a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s b e i n g i n d u c e d b y t h e d e f i n i - t i o n H = PG, e . g . t h e n a t u r a l o r d e r i n g H 1 - H 2 w o u l d f o l l o w f r o m P1

; P 2 , w:lere :-Il = P1G,H2 =

- P2G. we now e m p l o y t h e HE i n o r d e r t o p r o v e

a n i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t f o r t h e i n v e r s e p r o b l e m o f l i n e a r c o n t r o l t h e o r y .

I n v e r s e P r o b l e m T h e o r e m . L e t ( F , G ) b e c o n t r o l l a b l e a n d l e t H 1 d 2 b e t . . e s o l u t i o n s o f t h e e a u a t i o n s

L-

- " i ' ~ , ,ye

Q1d2

a r e p o s i t i v e s e m i - d e f i n i t e , ( F , Q ; )

,

(F,Q') b e i n g o b s e r v -

--

2

c . b l e . .- - T h e n a n e c e s s a r y a n d s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i t i o n f o r ( * ) a n d ( * * I t o h - , v e t h e s a m e p o s i t i v e s e m i - d e f i n i t e ( s e e n o t e i v a b o v e ) s o l u t i o n i s

. -

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Y (Ql - Q2) E ker [(GIC1) (ICF'

+

F'CI)-~]

.

Proof. We first remark that the controllability, observability

,

and definiteness assumptions imply, through standard arguments and the definition H = PG, that both ( * ) and ( * * ) have a unique, positive, semi-

+ +

definite solution. We denote this solution by H1,H2, respectively. We first prove necessity.

Let H1

+

= .:H Subtracting ( * * ) from ( * )

,

we have

"bus, a(Q2

-

Q1) E ker (G'CI)

[

(ICF'

+

F'CI)

-'I .

On the other hand, let the condition be satisfied. We write ( * )

and ( * * ) as

Thus, since the right-hand sides of ( * ) and ( * * ) are the same, we see that H1 and H2 both satisfy the same equation and, since this equation has a unique positive semi-hefinite solution, the theorem is proved.

Remarks. i) Since a (Q2 - Q ) contains nL elements, while 1

ker [(G'CI) (ICF'

+

I is of dimension run, there are n(n

-

m) de-

-

I

grees of freedom in selecting an element Q2 - Ql c ker[-1. However, the semi-definiteness and controllabilitv reauirements may reduce this to a lesser number, depending upon the structure of F.

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i i ) The f o r e g o i n g r e s u l t e a s i l y e n a b l e s u s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e a l l Q 2 w h i c h a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o a f i x e d Q1, i n t h e s e n s e o f g e n e r a t i n g t h e same f e e d b a c k law. E x p l i c i t l y , f o r a l l s u c h Q 2 w e h a v e

o ( Q 2 ) = O'(Q1) B k e r [ I I

+

F ' C I ) ' I ]

,

when $ d e n o t e s t h e d i r e c t sum o f two v e c t o r s p a c e s . 111. D i s c u s s i o n

I n t h i s p a p e r , w e h a v e p r e s e n t e d a new e q u a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e o p t i m a l l i n e a r r e g u l a t o r g a i n m a t r i x and h a v e u s e d t h i s e q u a t i o n t o ob- t a i n some new r e s u l t s f o r t h e i n v e r s e problem o f l i n e a r c o n t r o l t h e o r y . S e v e r a l t o p i c s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r i n v e s - t i g a t i o n and w i l l b e r e p o r t e d o n i n f u t u r e p u b l i c a t i o n s . Among t h e s e a r e :

a ) C o m p u t a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s - e v e n t h o u g h HE u s u a l l y r e s u l t s i n a f e w e r number o f e q u a t i o n s t o s o l v e t h a n ARE, t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e t e r m

(IC3F'

+

F ' @ I ) - ~ , r e q u i r i n g t h e i n v e r s e o f a n n 2 x n 2 m a t r i x , i n t r o d u c e s scme n o n t r i v i a l c o m p u t a t i o n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . By v a r i o u s p a r t i t i o n i n g m e t h o d s t h i s i n v e r s e may b e c a l c u l a t e d i n O(n 4 ) m u l t i p l i c a t i o n s , b u t i t i s n o t y e t c l e a r t h a t s o l v i n g HE a l w a y s r e s u l t s i n a f a s t e r c o m p u t a t i o n t h a n s o l v i n g ARE. A l s o , c o m p a r a t i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f d i r e c t v s . i t e r a - t i v e m e t h o d s n e e d t o b e c a r r i e d o u t , a s w e l l a s s t u d i e s f o r t h e c a s e when F h a s m u l t i p l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r o o t s ;

b ) A n a l y t i c a l S t u d i e s - t h e e q u a t i o n HE i s a s u b s t a n t i a l g e n e r a l i - z a t i o n o f t h e H - e q u a t i o n o f r a d i a t i v e t r a n s f e r , w h i c h was o r i g i n a l l y s t u d i e d by Ambartsumian and C h a n d r a s e k h a r . S e v e r a l i n t e r e s t i n g p r o p e r - t i e s o f t h e H f u n c t i o n h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d i n t h e r a d i a t i v e t r a n s f e r c a s e , a n d i t i s now a m a t t e r o f some i n t e r e s t t o see i f g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s may b e o b t a i n e d . From t h e r e s u l t s o f C 7 , 1 2 1 , i t would a p p e a r p r o m i s - i n g , b u t t h e d e t a i l s r e m a i n t o b e worked o u t .

A l s o , i t i s well-known t h a t t h e r e e x i s t i n t i m a t e c o n n e c t i o n s

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b e t w e e n t h e R i c c a t i e q u a t i o n and l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l s y s t e m s . I t would b e i n t e r e s t i n g t o know i f t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e HE a l s o h a s s u c h c o n n e c - t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y s i n c e o n e o f t h e p r i m a r y m e t h o d s f o r s o l v i n g t h e ARE i s b a s e d upon t h i s c o n n e c t i o n [ll] ;

C ) I n f i n i t e - D i m e n s i o n a l Problems - t h e i n f i n i t e - d i m e n s i o n a l , f i n i t e t i m e , q u a d r a t i c c o s t - l i n e a r d y n a m i c s c o n t r o l p r o b l e m was s t u d i e d i n

[ 6 ] from t h e p o i n t o f view o f o b t a i n i n g a l t e r n a t e s t o t h e o p e r a t o r R i c c a t i e q u a t i o n f o r c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e o p t i m a l f e e d b a c k law. I t was shown t h a t whenever t h e r e a r e o n l y a f i n i t e number o f p l a c e s w h e r e c o n t r o l may b e e x e r t e d o r m e a s u r e m e n t s made, t h e new e q u a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n a c o m p u t a t i o n a l improvement o v e r t h e o p e r a t o r R i c c a t i e q u a t i o n . I t seems n a t u r a l t o c o n j e c t u r e t h a t t h e HE may b e e x t e n d e d t o t h e o p e r a - t o r s i t u a t i o n w i t h no s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f i c u l t y b u t a g a i n t h e d e t a i l s a r e s t i l l u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

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R e f e r e n c e s

[l] B a r n e t t , S . M a t r i c e s i n C o n t r o l T h e o r y , L o n d o n , Van N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , C o . , 1 9 7 1 .

[2] B e l l m a n , R . I n t r o d u c t i o n t o M a t r i x A n a l y s i s , 2nd e d . , N e w Y o r k , McGraw-Hill C o . , 1 9 7 0 .

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( t o a p p e a r November 1 9 7 4 )

.

[4] C a s t i , J . " R e d u c t i o n o f D i m e n s i o n a l i t y f o r S y s t e m s o f L i n e a r Two-Point B o u n d a r y V a l u e P r o b l e m s w i t h C o n s t a n t

C o e f f i c i e n t s

,"

J . Math. A n a l y . A p p l i c . ,

45

( l 9 7 4 )

,

522-531.

[5] C a s t i , J , R . K a l a b a , a n d K . M u r t h y . "A N e w I n i t i a l V a l v e Method f o r O n - l i n e F i l t e r i n g a n d E s t i m a t i o n , "

IEEE

T r a n s . I n f o . T h e o r y , IT-18 ( 1 9 7 2 ) , 515-518.

[6] ' C a s t i , J . a n d L. L j u n g . "Some N e w A n a l y t i c a n d C o m p u t a t i o n a l R e s u l t s f o r O p e r a t o r R i c c a t i E q u a t i o n s " ( t o a p p e a r i n SIAM J . C o n t r o l , 1 9 7 4 )

.

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